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SPECIES DIVERSIFICATION IN MANGROVE BASED ECOSYSTEM

OF KANNUR DISTRICT, KERALA, INDIA

Geeji M.T.Organic Life

Trivandrum, KeralaIndia

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Temperature hit a record-breaking 510C in the city of Phalodi, Rajasthan-The Independent

Global warming increases 'food shocks' threatBBC-14 August 2015

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Summer heat melts roads in Gujarat’s Valsad district-DECCAN CHRONICLE. May 23, 2016

7 dams go dry in Marathwada- India Today

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Chennai: 50 mm rain in 60 minutes causes havoc in the cityDNA, India, Tue, 24 Nov 2015

Antarctica's Ice Is Being Carved Up From BelowThe Washington Post , March 16, 2016

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Rising sea level: it’s time to actTHE HINDU, May 1, 2016

Massive disaster happened in the mussel farms of Kasaragod during 2015-16

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ERRORS WE MADE

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Latest assessment by WHO-Climate change is likely to kill 2,50,000more people each year by 2030.Most of the death will be due to epidemics,heat stress and malnutrition.Death due to childhood malnutrition areprojected to 95000.In the next year heat exposure will causearound 38000 deaths.

UPCOMING THREATS

SOLUTIONS

Efforts should take to promotelow carbon health care facilitiesand technologies.Should take measures to reduceglobal warming.

HIGH “CARBON CONSERVATION”

LOW “CARBON EMISSION”

HOW?

“CONSERVE THE NATURAL CARBON STORE”

“REDUCE THE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS”

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MANGROVE FACTS

One of the most productive wet landecosystem. Cover the globe, where no vegetation is possiblei.e., in the tidal areas of estuaries. Occupies less than 1% of the world surface. Evidences show, existence since 30 to 40 millionyears ago. The word “Mangrove” compiled from “Mangue”(Portuguese- tree bush), “Grove” (English).

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ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

Assessed to produce 29 to 75 tones/hectorof biomass. Microbes of mangroves ecosystem can fix20g nitrogen/ m2. One among the most carbon rich forest inthe tropics (1.023 mg carbon/ hector). Nearly 29.5% of net primary production isexported to the marine eco-system.

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS cont.

The organic carbon stock of the “above-ground biomass” in this ecosystem is 62Mg/ha/year. This “natural sewage treatment plant” havethe ability to metabolize organic waste. Capable of removing excessive nutrients inthe shrimp farms (70% for NO3- N and NH4-N).

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS

Average yield of fish and shell fish are estimated as

nearly 90 Kg/ha to 220Kg/ha (FAO 1995).

This coastal bio shield gave protection to the lives of

people:

During “Chakaria Sundarbans” in Bangladesh

(1960).

Super cyclone of Odissa (1999).

“Wukong typhoon” in Vietnam (2000).

Tsunami of 2004 in Pichavaram, Tamil Nadu.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC cont.

Play vital role in moderating monsoonal tidal flux in

the estuarine.

Traditional communities collect:

Fuel wood

Fodder

Honey

Medicinal plants

Timber

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GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION

Asia - 42 %Africa -20 %

North & Central America- 15 %

Oceania - 12 %South America - 11 %

MANGROVES IN INDIA

West Bengal- 2110800 ha.

Orissa- 20300 ha.

AP.329000 ha.

TamilNadu- 3500 ha.Kerala- 2189 ha.

Goa- 1600 ha.

Maharashtra-15800 ha.

Gujarat-93600 ha.

Andaman- 63700 ha.

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Kerala – An overview

Formed on 1st November 195614 Districts Occupies almost 7% of India’s coastline (589.5 kilometers).Arabian Sea on the west and Western Ghats on the east.Area : 38,863 square kilometers.Population: 3,34,06061Population density : 859/ Sq.KmSex ratio: 1084: 1000 Literacy rate : 92.66%Rivers: 44Freshwater resources :1,35,564 ha.Brackish water resources: 1,15,968 ha.Mangrove Area: 2189 ha.

MANGROVES OF KERALAAegiceras corniculatumAvicennia marinaAvicennia officinalisBruguiera cylindricaBruguiera gymnorrhizaBruguiera sexangulaCeriops tagalExcoecaria agallocha

33 mangrove associates are also prevailing along in the

Kerala coastal.

Excoecaria indicaKandelia candelLumnitzera racemosaRhizophora apiculataRhizophora mucronataSonneratia albaSonneratia caseolaris

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KANNUR- “THE LAND OF MANGROVES”Holds about 82% of Kerala’s mangroves

KANNURMangrove distribution MAJOR SPECIES

Rhizophora mucronataBruguiera cylindricaLumnitzera racemosaAegiceras corniculatumAcanthus ilicifoliusAvicennia officinalisAvicennia marina

Costal Distance: 82 KmArea 2,966 Km2Population 2,412,365Density 813 / Km2Literacy 92.80 %Mangrove area 529.25 ha

Major mangrove zones: 24Fin fishes and shell fishes: 14Butterfly species : 33 NosMolluscs : 20 species

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MAJOR MANGROVE ZONES- KANNUR

MADAKKARA MANGROVE FOREST

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DHARMADAM AREA

KOWWAYIKKAYAL

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NATIVE MANGROVE SPECIES EXCLUSIVELY FROM KANNUR

Sonneratia alba Aegiceras corniculatum

Rhizophora mucronataLumnitzera recemosa

FAUNAL DIVERSITY

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Etroplus maculatus

Cobia Megalops cyprinoides Glossogobius sp.

Grey mulletGrey mullet Liza macrolepis Etroplus suratensis

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MANGROVE AFFORESTATION-RESOURCES NEEDED

• Natural resources:– Favourable environmental conditions

• Socio-economic resources:– Amble public awareness of the importance of

mangroves.• Institutional/Scientific resources:

−Knowledge of appropriate afforestation techniques/mass multiplication/Germplasm conservation.

MANGROVE CONSERVATION INITIATIVES-IN KERALA

Afforestation programmes by Department ofForest, Government of Kerala and NGOs.

Germplasm conservation/Awarenessprogrammes/ Mangrove Nursery- MangroveResearch Centre, Puduveypu (KUFOS).

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VARIOUS MANGROVE AFFORESTATION PROGRAMMES

Department of Forest-Kannur

Apollo Tyres and Wildlife Trust of India - Kannur

MANGROVE RESEARCH CENTRE-PUDUVEYPU, KERALA • Part of Fisheries Station, Kerala University of

Fisheries and Ocean Studies.• Started on 1/8/2012.• Mandate:

– To conserve the most important mangrovevarieties.

– To establish a Germplasm centre ofmangrove and mangrove associate.

– Conduct awareness programmes onMangroves and Fisheries.

– To take up research programmes onmangroves, especially in the line of bio-activecompounds present in these plants.

Dr. K. Dinesh, PIAssociate Professor & Head

Fisheries Station & Mangrove Research Centre

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MANGROVE NURSERY-MANGROVE RESEARCH CENTRE, PUDUVEYPU

PRESENT SCENARIO

“Conserve Our Carbon Stores”-mangroves

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