species distributions
DESCRIPTION
Species Distributions. Biogeography (ENVR333) 9/10 & 9/12 2007. As the environment changes, species adapt to a moving target that can affect competitive situations. Species Interactions Competition Coexistence Mututalism Commensalism Amensalism Parasitism Mimicry Predator-Prey - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Species Distributions
Biogeography (ENVR333)9/10 & 9/12 2007
As the environment changes, species adapt to a moving target that can affect competitive situations.
Species Distributions• Species Interactions
– Competition– Coexistence
• Mututalism• Commensalism• Amensalism• Parasitism• Mimicry
– Predator-Prey• Environmental
Gradients• Niches
Competition• Interspecific competition• Intraspecific competition• Resource exploitation• Interference competition• Principle of Competitive Exclusion
Paramecium = single-celled, ciliated protozoan that feeds on bacteria.
Competitive Exclusion
European starling
Figure 4.4 MacDonald 2003
Figure 4.5 MacDonald 2003
Spatial niche partitioning
Morphology: Oystercatchers
stabber
hammerer
Morphology: Cichlids
Mutualism: Ants and Aphids
Mutualism: Lichenized Fungi
Commensalism: Rhino birds
Mutualism: Pollinators - Pollinated
Mutualism: Jays and Oaks
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Commensalism: Epiphytes
Commensalism: Epiphytes
Forage lichens
Commensalism: Epiphytes
Cyanolichens (n-fixers)
Commensalism: Clown Fish/Sea Anemone
Commensalism: Hitchhiking Seeds
Sweet Cisely
Commensalism: Hitchhiking Seeds
Burdock
Allelopathy
Micro Parasites
Macro Parasites
Batesian Mimicry
Batesian Mimicryred on yellow kill a fellow, red on black won’t hurt jack
Coral SnakeScarlet King Snake
Batesian Mimicry
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From left to right are the Common Wasp, Vespula vulgaris, and some of its mimics - the Hornet Moth, Sesia apiformis, the Wasp Beetle, Clytus arietis, and the Hoverfly, Syrphus ribesii.
Figure 4.1 MacDonald 2003
Predator-Prey Relationships
stenophagous Chalhill Blue Butterfly
Predator-Prey Relationships
Figure 4.2 MacDonald 2003
Figure 4.3 MacDonald 2003
Figure 4.7 MacDonald 2003
Figure 4.9 MacDonald 2003
Ecocline or Ecotype?
Summary• Interactions: many and varied
• Distributions: physical/biological factor
• Role of gradients and niches
• Not locked into place