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Special Topic:Pesticide Use in USAID Activities

GEMS Environmental Compliance-ESDM Training Series

Kabul ▪ July / August 2016

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SESSION OBJECTIVES:

• Understand importance of pesticide use in USAID programming

– Food security, economic growth

– Vector control, public health

• Characterize adverse impacts of pesticide use on human health and the environment.

• Discuss USAID approach to assessing and mitigating impacts + preparation of compliance documentation.

• Understand “pesticide safer use” from partner perspective and discuss project-based “best practices.”

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PESTICIDE USE

• Key input for increased agricultural production, can promote economic growth

• Used to protect food stocks, important aspect of food aid programming (e.g., FFP)

• Vector control efforts can improve public health

– PMI, Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS)

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TYPICAL PESTICIDE USES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

In-field crop protection

Dosing of lakes, ponds & lagoons to

control disease vectors

Spraying for mosquito and other disease vector control

Stored product protection (seeds,

food aid crops, etc.)

Household insect and structural pest control

Insecticide treated bed nets

Treatment of export crops, fumigation of

timber

Outbreak pest control – locusts,

rodents, etc.

Livestock tick control-dipping,

spraying, pouring

And other uses. . .

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PESTICIDE SAFER USE + COMPLIANCE

• Pesticides are especially harmful to human and environmental health

– Pesticides are produced and formulated to kill

– USAID approaches pesticide use with extreme caution

• Dedicated portion of Reg. 216

– 22 CFR216.3(b)—USAID Pesticide Procedures

• Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan: PERSUAP

WHAT DO USAID’S REGULATIONS REQUIRE?Simply stated. . .

IF “Pesticide procurement or use” is part of a proposed activity,

THEN:Additional environmental analysis is required

More specifically. . .

1. Direct purchase of pesticides

2. Payment in kind, donations, provision of free samples and other forms of subsidies

3. Provision of credit to borrowers could be procurement

4. Guarantee of credit to banks or other credit providers could be procurement

Procurement includes . .1. Sale

2. Handling, transport, storage,

3. Mixing, loading, application

4. Disposal

5. Provision of fuel to transport pesticides

6. Technical assistance in pesticide management, including training

Use includes . .

PESTICIDE PROCUREMENT OR USE

FERTILIZERS ARE NOT SUBJECT TO USAID’S PESTICIDE PROCEDURES

Fertilizers are often lumped with pesticides under the generic heading of “agrochemicals.”

BUT the Pesticide Procedures do not apply to:–Use of synthetic fertilizers–Use of organic fertilizers

Still, the EMMP can specify and identify good fertilizer use and soil fertility practices,

Refer to USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines for agricultural best management practices.

USAID Pesticide Procedures, 216.3(b), apply the principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to every activity that involves or influencespesticide purchaseor use.

REGULATION 216 AND PESTICIDE USE

WHAT IS INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)?

IPM is an ecologically-based pest management approach which prioritizes:

- The health of crops and their ecological system;

- Monitoring, degrees of intervention, reduced risk and low toxicity controls such as biological and botanical controls;

- Actions required when pests reach economically-damaging levels.

WHAT IS INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT?

*CGIAR policy statement on IPM

Favor the “least toxic” controls

The more selective the control the fewer non- target impacts.

Safe for farmers and their families, safe for consumers,

Safe for the ecosystem.

How to select IPM pest control options:

In IPM, the use of pesticide is a “last resort.”

PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP)

PERSUAP is triggered by an IEE determination and has two major parts that meet 216.3(b) Pesticide Procedures:

Pesticide Evaluation

Report &Safer Use Action Plan

Response to thePesticide Procedures requirements

Identifies actions and actors for mitigation & monitoring, including

compliance with host country & private** procedures

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USAID PESTICIDE PROCEDURESWhen a project includes assistance for procurement or use, or both, of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction, the Initial Environmental Examination for the project shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticideuse to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact. Factors to be considered in such an evaluation shall include, but not be limited to the following:

(a) The USEPA registration status of the requested pesticide;

(b)The basis for selection of the requested pesticide;

(c) The extent to which the proposed pesticide use is part of an integrated pest management program;

(d) The proposed method or methods of application, including availability of appropriate application and safety equipment;

(e) Any acute and long term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use and measures available to minimize such hazards;

(f) The effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use;

(g) Compatibility of the proposed pesticide with target and non-target ecosystems;

(h) The conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils;

(i) The availability and effectiveness of other pesticides or nonchemical control methods;

(j) The requesting country's ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use and disposal of the requested pesticide;

(k) The provisions made for training of users and applicators; and

(l) The provisions made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of the pesticide.

OPEN DISCUSSION:

Examples from theField

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Thank you

Special Topic:�Pesticide Use in USAID Activities�Slide Number 2Pesticide UseTYPICAL PESTICIDE USES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESPesticide Safer Use + ComplianceWHAT DO �USAID’S REGULATIONS REQUIRE?PESTICIDE PROCUREMENT OR USEFERTILIZERS ARE NOT SUBJECT TO USAID’S PESTICIDE PROCEDURESSlide Number 9WHAT IS �INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)?WHAT IS �INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT?PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP) Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15