special relativity
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Special Relativity
AP Physics
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Relative Velocity of Light
Either
1. Addition of Velocities are WRONG
2. Laws of E and M are not the same in all inertial frames of reference
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Principle of Relativity
The Postulates1) Laws of Physics are same in all inertial frames of reference (at rest or constant v)
2) Speed of light in a vacuum has the same value (3 x 108 m/s) regardless of the motion of the observer or source.
Note: There is no preferred frame of reference
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Consequences of Relativity
• No Absolute Length
• No Absolute Time
• Simultaneous or NOT
• Mass Increase
• Equivalence of Mass and Energy
• New Math - for velocity addition
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Simultaneity2 events simultaneous in one reference frame are in general NOT simultaneous in a 2nd frame moving relative to the first.
There is no preferred inertial frame of reference!
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Time Dilation - The Light Clock
Light bounces off the mirrors. Each up and down “bounce” is a tick on the clock.
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Time Dilation
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Time Dilation
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Time Dilation
Moving clocks run slower than those at rest by a factor of -1
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Experimental Proof - Muon Decay
What will the lifetime of a muon measured if it is moving at 0.60 c? The mean lifetime at rest is 2.2 x10-6 s.
Answer: 2.8 x 10-6 s
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Another Problem
Mr. Smith travels at 0.99 c for 1 year (to him). How much time goes by for his physics class at relative rest?
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Twin Paradox