Current Trends and

Development

FACT:

No library is ever complete, no library have all the reading materials which may be in demand by its readers at any point of time.

BRIEF HISTORY

• Resource sharing started in 1960’s and said to be as old as librarianship

• It firstly existed in the form of inter-library loan.

• And as evidence , inter-library loan was found in the period around 200 B.C. with material borrowed by the library of Pergamum from the great Alexandria library of that time.

• (Kraus,J.W.) Library cooperation can be traced to the monastic libraries in the first half of the 13 th century.

• 138 English and Scottish monasteries have manuscripts that have been indicated by location by the Registrum Librorum Angelial.

What is interlibrary Cooperation?• Communities of two or more libraries formally bound to,

coordinate, cooperate on, consolidate specified functions.

• An intent to share resources, knowledge, bibliographic data, services and even computer facilities to provide some or all aspects of library service.

• Academic, public, special and even K-12 school libraries face numerous challenges such as diminishing funds, limited space and staff, outdated assessment policies, print resources as opposed to non-print resources and technological concerns. In an effort to address these challenges, libraries have turned to various collaborative endeavors. One such endeavor has been the development of library consortia.

WHY THE NEED OF RESOURCE SHARING?

Inadequate utilization of overall resources of materials and finances

Great increase in the number of users as also their demand

Information being sought has become extremely diverse

ELEMENTS OF CONSORTIUM BUILDING

1. Mutual ObjectivesEach of the partnering entities needs to

have a clear understanding of its objectives which must be developed and combine with those of other partners

2. Joint Desicion Making ProcessAll problems and decision whenever

possible must be jointly owned and resolved by the team

3. Continuous ImprovementAll partners must continue to

receive worthwhile benefits from the arrangement. This demands a continuous review of the partners’ performance over the life of the consortium

FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIBRARY CONSORTIUM ACCORDING TO BRETT BUTLER:

1. Dependent system which is operated multi –laterally in response to the common desires of a group member libraries.

2. A duplex element, which enables which separates a network from a publication on information service which is one-way.

3. It must also be digital which involves some use of computers or of technology.

4. The distribution of information which may take many forms such as catalogue card, print out , etc.

5. An independent organization separate from the administrative, political and fiscal bounds of its members.

* The advent of the computer and state of the art telecommunication technologies has come to play a major role in support of resource sharing and networking.

TYPES OF LIBRARY COOPERATION

1. Bilateral – materials are exchanged between two participating libraries.

-- usually calculated upon proportional basis according to some agreed-upon-value.

Example: one for one / two for one

2. Multilateral development- pooling method more than two libraries contribute to and draw from a pool of material.

3. Dual service – two or more participating libraries take advantage of one of the participants to produce a common output , a union list.

4. Service centre - a number of library employ the services of a facilitating participant to input and process material for individual purposes rather than to end of a common output.

CHALLENGES OF CONSOTIUM

BUILDING

1. Team WorkRecognition of the value of each team member

and specailty, respecting each members’ opinion and seeking understanding of each others’ views contribute to eam members’ feeling valued and part of the team

2. Trust, Openness, and HonestyTrust will be built over time with each of the

partners delivering their commitmentsTrust will drastically cut down the cost of

running a consortium where partners constantly cross check information from other partners to avoid being taken advantage of

Trust also requires openness and no room for hidden agenda. Libraries coming together to form a consortium must make careful choice of partners. If every member is treated fairly then no one will need to waste time working money issues

3. Win – Win Approach All partners should receive an acceptable benefit

from it rather than working for an indivuidual short term gains, the benefit of the cosotium as a whole must be considered

Once the win – win mindset is in place, the energies will be noticeable. The contributions of all members should be recognized and apprecaited no matter how small it is

EXAMPLES:

• The Farmington plan and the Latin American Co-operative Acquisitions Project(LACAP)

• Midwestern Inter-Library Centre (MILC)

• Calcutta library nerwork (CaLibNet)

• Delhi Library Network (DelNet0

• Madras Library Network (MalLibNet)

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

What is Information Technology?- Is the use of any computers, storage, networking and other physical device infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all forms of electronic data (Harvard Business Review).

- Set of tools, processes and methodologies (such as coding or programming of data communications, data conversion, storage and retrieval, systems analysis and design, systems control) and associated equipment employed to collect, process, and present information in broad terms, IT also includes office automation, multimedia and telecommunications.

SPECIALIZED COMPETENCIES OF SPECIAL COLLECTION PROFESSIONALS: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

• Special collections professionals use the tools of information technology to manage collections and provide enhanced access to primary resource materials. As part of their mission to make their collections available to research communities and the general public, they explore, evaluate, and adopt appropriate technologies to achieve their goals.

• Working with rapidly changing information technologies requires them to be flexible, committed to continual learning, and able to collaborate with librarians and staff in other areas of the library and parent institution.

• Special collections professionals develop standards and best practices for the application of information technologies to functions relevant to their profession.

COMPETENCIES:

• B.1. Maintains awareness of issues, standards, trends, and current best practices regarding the full range of information technologies

• B.2. Understands the use of methodologies, including digital imaging and recording technologies, for creating reproductions of primary source materials

• B.3. Is familiar with the use of digital asset management systems and metadata for providing access to digitized primary source materials

• B.4. Is familiar with schemas used for encoding digital collection resources and descriptions

• B.5. Is familiar with the creation and maintenance of web sites

• B.6. Is familiar with publishing trends related to digital resources

• B.7. Maintains awareness of changes in the scholarly uses of information technology and user expectation

DIGITIZATION

• conversion of an analog format into a digital format

• digitizing rare materials for access and preservation is one of the most challenging aspect of modern rare book librarianship

• the demand for digital access in all its permutation is increasing just as quickly as technology develops and changes

What is Digitization?

• all the while digitization is a relatively new function for libraries, which are adopting as quickly and effectively as they can

• in the near future digital access will be an integral part of the day-to-day operation of special collections libraries

• Reference service, interlibrary loan, user requests for digital images of rare materials arte already more and more becoming a free, or self-service, offering for the library’s communities.

Digitization for Preservation

>It creates valuable new digital asset worthy of long-term preservation.

>Association for research Libraries (2014) endorsed digitization as an acceptable preservation strategy.

>Lessens use of original

>Long-term commitment to maintain files

-Technology, funding, equipment, personal needs to maintain accessibility to files.

> combines policies, strategies and actions to ensure access to reformatted and born digital content regardless of the challenges of media failure and technological change.

> The goal of the digital preservation is the accurate rendering of authentication content over time

> Serious concerns re: fragile materials as demands increase to have them in digital format.

-Need to consider preservation/conversation requirements of original prior to digitization

* There is considerable unease within the library sector at the prospect of relying on a digital copy as a substitution for other formats.

* Many librarians felt that film still provided the best preservation medium.

* There was a general acceptance among librarians that “ digital surrogates could assist in deflecting demand away from handing originals.”

* Digitization should not be allowed to detract from traditional conservation efforts to preserve the original.

Challenges and Issues of Library Digitization1. Digitization entails policy initiation, setting priorities and planning.

2. Libraries need to do benchmarking of digitization projects.

>Managing staff resistance to change.

>Orientation of library users.

> Copyright permission to digitized library materials

> Institutional buy-in

> Technical drawbacks

> Plagiarism

> What access is allowed.

> Electronic Theses/Dissertations and publishers

Threats to Digital Assets

Ø Storage medium deteriorate overtime.

Ø Obsolescence of the carrier

Ø File format obsolescence

Ø Older versions of software may not work on new harder or operating system

Ø Valuable digital assets of institution are at risk of being inaccessible

Ø The success of preserving digital materials requires standards for file formats.

Digitization of library resources “ is changing the ways in

which collections are used and accessed.”

“It is important to evaluate whether or not digitization is

truly worthwhile before undertaking a digitization initiative.”

“Valuable digital resources, which will bring prestige to

the institution that create and maintain them, wil be those

that can support scholarship without any loss of the

benefits of working with the originals.”

BENEFITS OF DIGITIZATION

• Digitization for AccessMost special materials, due to their rarity and fragile

state, are usually withdrawn from the main collection and given only limited access. Digitization tackles this problem by creating accurate facsimile of the original item.

1. Simultaneous access to digital asset by multiple users• digitization creates broader and enhanced access to a

wider community

2. Efficient comprehensive search to digitized library resources from anywhere at any time.

- Digitization makes the invisible to be visible

- Digital information can be accessed without any geographical limitation, thus providing remote access

- It removes the problem of distance, as users do not have to be physically present in the library

- Original materials are fragile and must be consulted in person and on-site; digital materials appear robust, arte readily duplicated, and can be transferred anywhere the network reaches.

3. Clearer image than microfilm and easier to read.4. Provides excellent surrogates of originates.

(e.g. Exhibitions, research, publicity, etc.)

- Easily retrieved and manipulated, transmittable, and transportable from a repository to the sites of research, presentation, and teaching.

- Increasing researcher’s expectations on availability of materials in digital format.

5. Sourcing of sufficient funds - The proportion of additional materials to be digitized will depend upon the available fund. - Allocation of adequate fund by the appropriate authorities.

• Digitization as a Preservation StrategyAssociation for Research Libraries (2014) endorsed

digitization as an acceptable preservation strategyThe availability of high quality digital surrogates will satisfy

most users' need to look at and handle the source item itself.

Most holders of rare and valuable materials are acutely aware of the damage of repeated handling can do to the original documents and are constantly seeking to limit the access. The availability of high resolution digital surrogate can then be ofhelp to the archivist or curator or librarian as it will act as another possibility for the researcher to gain access to the original material.

It is important to stress that digitization must only be viewed as a preservation strategy in the sense that it provides a surrogate that can be used to facilitate access and therefore enables the original to be protected more than would otherwise be possible. By minimizing the extent to which a fragile document has to be exposed to light and handling, risks that will impact on its ongoing preservation can be minimized.

Digitization should not be allowed to detract from traditional conservation efforts to preserve the original. Most librarians still consider microfilms as the best preservation medium as it can last for hundreds of years.

• Increasing Awareness Since special materials are usually of limited access most

users are not aware of the full of the collection, a digital process may increase knowledge of a particular collection.

A digital copy of the item will reintroduce it to the public without any security risk or the danger of possibly further damaging the original

• Generate Income

It should be recognized that an online presence raises the profile of an institution, especially if it is making available items of high value. This, in turn, may attract more income from external sources such as increasing the chances in grant applications or drawing potential sponsors to the institution

GUIDELINES FOR DIGITIZATION PROJECTS

• User driven - based on a high demand for enhances access to content

• Opportunity driven - when money is available for a particular initiative

• Preservation driven - when money is available for a particular initiative

• Revenue driven - where there is an opportunity to generate income from digital resources

In online exhibitions, digitized holdings are combined with descriptive text that usually offers more information than a basic catalog record would provide

Because archives, historical and special collections exist to be found and used, for most archivists, the rise of the Internet and the World Wide Web has been a welcome means ofexpanding the audience for collections.

The Web is a powerful platform for promoting repositories, sharing information about collections and reaching out to potential new users.

What is Online Exhibition?

In the 21st century, telling a user he/she will have to travel to you to get an answer toquestions is becoming less and less acceptable

Users want everything to be easy to discover access and share. Finding and telling the stories contained in collections used to be

the province of researchers; now, to make the archives a compelling and relevant online destination, archivists are finding it’s also part of their job to promote the value of their holdings.

For most archives, sharing descriptions of collections on the Web has brought an overall increase in the number of requests.

A. BLOGS originated as an abbreviation of “web log” are Web documents created by softwares that allow

material to be published on a Website in the same manner as log -or diary- entries and written in a journal.

Archives, historical and special collection organizations are using blogs to share information about their collections and activities, highlight processing projects, publish data-based archival content and provide innovative ways to support archival processes like description and reference while including a public-facing component.

sponsored as a general outreach tool Several archives are also taking advantage of the flexibility of

blogging software to create innovative approaches to sharing information about their collection

eg. Dickinson College’s Reference Blog Blogs also provides archivists with a tool for searching past

answers to help respond to questions on similar subjects

eg. Special Collections and University Archives at the University of Massachussetts Amherst

B. PODCASTS coined in 2004 by combining the words “iPod” and

“broadcast” a series of digital audio or video content made available

on the Web for subscription and/or download. also described as audio blogging or video blogging the key aspect of podcasts is that they are downloaded

by users rather than streamed to users.

Podcasting allows archivists to share a wide variety of information about your collectiono share digitized audio or video archival content and

recordings of publico create an ongoing open-ended podcast serieso create a podcast series around a specific topic

designed to have only a programs or tours predetermined number of episodes

eg. The National Archives of the United Kingdom Podcast - this series captures and publishes talks and events given at

the National Archives that are of broad general interest

- invited experts to talk about their collection but also has videos coming from their collection

Los Alamos Historical Society’s Series - shares exerpts from its oral history and events of the building

of the world’s first atomic bombs

- draws on the archives and existing collections bringing attention to materials that the public might not otherwise access or even aware of.

- Audio files came from their collection

C. FLICKR AND OTHER IMAGE-SHARING SITES Image - Sharing Sites Web sites that allow users to upload digital ages and share them on

the Web. (eg. Flickr, Photobucket.com, Webshots.com, Snapfish.com) has been embraced by the cultural heritage community and is widely

used by libraries, museums, archives and historical societies because of low cost and level of expertise needed to post images and because of its enormous public popularity in:o Sharing Digitized Archival Material (eg. Library of Congress)o Sharing Current Photographs of Your Organization - some are also

using these sites to share photographs of theirpresent day activities (eg. Special Collections Research CenterAlone in the Archives)

D. YOUTUBE AND OTHER VIDEO-SHARING SITES sites that allow anyone with an account to post and share

digitized videos of any kind used to share original content that they have created and to

share digitizedmaterials from their collections. Unlike still images, film, or video content requires the right

type of player toaccess it. Many collections that hold videos do not necessarily continue tomaintain the type of machines necessary to view them. Older machines aresubject to breakings that are expensive and difficult to fix. For these reasons filmand video content are ideal candidates for digitalization and distribution via theWeb.

eg. National Library of Scotland (www.youtube.com/user/NLofScotland)

BFI films (www.youtube.com/user/BFI films) – holds collection of films from the birth of the cinema to the present

University of Michigan – Armstead Snow Motors

Visiting Special Collections

E. TWITTER AND MICROBLOGGING SITES

blogging on a very small scale

• How Can Your Institution Use Twitter?o Providing News about Your Institution

many large archives and historical organizations have embraced Twitter as another way to communicate news and establish connections with their audiences.

eg. Library of Congress (@librarycongress) Twitter can be a way of both keeping in touch with established

audiences and reaching out to new ones by promoting their institution

o Innovative Uses for TwitterOne way to create a different voice for your Twitter account is to

literally give it a different voice

eg. Tenement Museum's Twitter Account (@tenementmuseum)written from the point of view of the building but still provide the

usual news about the events

Wiltshire and Swindon Archives (@heritagewshc) including messages that describe the document that has been pulled

for researchers this gave the account's followers insight into the holdings of the

archives and also allowed this information to be discoverable by those searching Twitter

Genny Spencer's Diary (@genny_spencer) short entries recorded in an early twenties

F. WIKI a Web site that allows many people to contribute by editing content and

adding pages, working collaboratively to create an information resource creating and maintaining a successful wiki takes sustained effort from a

community of participants the wikis that archives and historical organizations have created seem to

fall into two distinct categories based on who the primary group of contributors is expected to be:

a. Wikis Created Primarily by Internal Contributors many archives use wiki software to create Web resources that

describe their own holdings or institution this type of use seems particularly popular among colleges and

universities to create wikis describing their institution's history.

EXAMPLES:

You Mass wiki (www.library.umass.edu.spcoll/youmass/doku.php)

Drew University wiki (http://wiki.drew.edu/Special:Allpages)

SCRC wiki (http://scrc:swem.wm.edu/wiki) from the College of William and Mary

Montana History Compass (http://mthistory.pbworks.com/w/page/97588818/Home)

from the Montana Historical Society

b. Wikis Targeted at Public Contributorsinclude wikis whose expected contributors are members of

the general public

eg. Chinese-Canadian: Profiles from a Communitythe site provides a model for using a wiki to promote and

me accessible a set of records that is of vital interest to one particular community as well as providing background information and resources to help members of that community locate and expand on the information in the records

eg. Your Archives Wiki

G. FACEBOOK AND OTHER SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES

Social Networking Sites- is an online platform that allows users to create a public profile and interact with other users on the website.

ADVANTAGES OF USING FACEBOOK

1. Providing General Information – Facebook allows archivists to share essential informations about theirorganization such as address, contact information, and Web site addressFacebook also allows users to upload a profile image to be

displayed; most archives use their logo, an image of the building or reading room,or an image of an interesting object from their collection

2. Sharing Content and News – most archives seem to be using Facebook groups and pages more topromote their current activities than to share information about their historical collections (eg. Historical Society of Washington)

3. Communicating with Supporters

4. Sharing Information from Other Web 2.0 Sites – one of the strenghts of Facebook has been the ease with which users canshare content from other popular Web 2.0 applications via Facebook.For example, many archives have added applications to their pages thatautomatically pull in the latest images added to their Flickr andYouTube accounts

5. Collecting Documentation of Your Community – Some Facebook users use Facebook extensively to communicate withtheir peers. For these users, communication on Facebook may havereplaced traditional forms of communication, such as hardcopy fliers forevents, memos or minutes

H. ONLINE CHAT

provides another venue for users to interact with the archivist in real time

(eg. Meebo,Google talk, Gmail, Facebook) provide a fast and convenient way for users to get their

questions answered andmakes the archivist to users in the Web.

CHALLENGES:

if the archivist is unavailable at the time and the person asking question doesn't have an account or any identifying information, there is no way to contact the usef later to provide an answer.

whenever you have set your chat feature "on" you must be available at any time to answer questions. Letting a question go without a reply can resuult in frustrated users.

Describes the exchange of data between various organizations, people and technologies

In the library world, resource sharing means that you are collaborating with one or more libraries to maximize access to a larger array of resources by sharing the collections of the cooperating libraries or pooling funding to purchase shared digital resources. In this day of shrinking resource dollars, most libraries participate in some type of resource sharing, even whenthey may not be aware of it.

Resource sharing provides the cooperating libraries with an opportunity to access materials from other libraries, which should result in a cost savings.

What is Information Sharing?

Resource sharing is a mode of library operation wherebyall or part of the library functions are shared in common among several libraries, as the goal of resource sharing is to maximize the availability of materials and services at the minimum expense. Library resources comprise manpower material, function, method and services.

Resource sharing encompasses information,bibliographical and textual database, cooperativeacquisition, cataloguing, manpower, equipment,expertise and services. Resource sharing via network implies automation, data communication and effective cooperation.

APPROACHES TO RESOURCE SHARING1. State or National Cooperation2. Regions Eg. Cordillera Administrative Region Consortium (CARe)3. Networks - In the past two decades, information technology has made

significant progress. The current state of information handling is indeed sufficient to support and encourage the sharing of resources among libraries.

- The pace of technological improvement shows no signs of abatement and libraries will find it rewarding to explore the realm of networking possibilities that this new technology makes feasible

- Especially, the present decade has seen a greatly renewed interest in library cooperation and mutual benefits, prominently at national and international levels.

A library network is broadly described as a group of libraries coming together with some agreement of understanding to help each other to satisfy the information needs of their clientele.

• Characteristics • Two or more libraries with a common desire and goals;

• Two way communication system for free flow of information from one source to another

• Objectives • Centralize the information processing system; and

• Reduce communication gap among libraries.

Eg. Filipiniana Heritage Library

4. Consortia Eg. Baguio Benguet Theological Library Association (BBTLA)5. Interlibrary Loan Agreements

Interlibrary Loan- is the process by which a library requests material from, or supplies material to, another library. (Interlibrary Loan Code for United States)

is a system that allows for libraries to borrow and share materials across a wide variety of topics as well as vast geographic locations. It is the most common use of cooperation between libraries as well as within specific consortia. Consortia can grow into something that covers much larger ground than a simple inter-library loan agreement. Many consortia within the United States have ventured further and developed integrated library systems, or ILS.

e.g. Archive Grid

Special Collection guidelines on Interlibrary Loan- Only certain collections were available for ILL

- Special Collection Development would review every request as to whether not to or to lend the item

- If the requesting library did not have a controlled reading room, it was not available for loan

- Items must be lent or returned using UPS/FedEx

- If with 50 mile radius, costumers must come to the library themselves

- No removable book label on materials

- Bookband must have instructions on how to handle materials (e.g. No photocopying, wear with gloves, etc.)

- ACLR/RBMS Guidelines for Interlibrary and Exhibition Loan of Special Materials

ILL WITH SPECIAL COLLECTIONS FLOW (USING OCLC’S WORLDCAT)

ILL WORKFLOW PROBLEMS• Special collections location information and local notes

are not generally available through WorldCat Local Holdings Record

• Special collections rarely work with ILL to add lending policies and deflection rules to OCLC Policies Directory

• Libraries lack efficient systems for communicating special collections handling instructions

• Librarian

That’s the end of our report and

thank you for listening…

References:• American Library Association. (2016). Interlibrary Loan. Retrieved March 1, 2016 from

http://www.ala.org/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet08#intl.

• Dupont, C. (2011). ILLiad international conference: Borrowing and lending special collections: new guidelines, new policies, new horizons. Retrieved March 3, 2016 from http://www.slideshare.net/christiandupont/2011-il-liadconference-ill-and-special-collections

• Dupont, C. (2010). Enhancing Access to Archives and Special Collections through Interlibrary Loan. Retrieved March 2, 2016 from http://www.slideshare.net/christiandupont/enhancing-access-to-special-collections-through-interlibrary-loan

• Dupont, C. (2010). 2010 ILLiad international conference: ILL for archives and special collections: enhancing access to unique and special materials. Retrieved March 3, 2016 from http://www.slideshare.net/christiandupont/2010-il-liad-conference-dupont-ill-and-special-collections

• Galbraith, S. K., & Smith, G. D. (2011). Rare book librarianship: An introduction and guide. Santa Barbara, California: Libraries Unlimited.

• Gregory, V. L. (2011). Collection development and management for 21st century library collections: An introduction. New York: Neal-Schuman.

• Guidelines: Competencies for special collection professionals. Retrieved March 2, 2016 from http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/comp4specollect#it

• Lee, S. D. (2001). Digital imaging: A practical handbook. London: Library Association Publishing.

• Marais, H. (2004). Authority in an academic library consortium using a union catalogue maintained by a central office for authority. Retrieved March 1, 2016 from http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/

• 10500/2546/thesis.pdf;jsessionid=6AC73AAF2EAEB1C6659CD0E13B5A4157?sequence=1

• Networking and resource sharing In library and information. (2010). Retrieved March 8, 2016, from http://www.slideshare.net/mayjoyce89/networking-and-resource-sharing-in-library-and-information?qid=deb5d793-cab9-4c8a-8a2f-ebbdf2d2cb1a&v=&b=&from_search=1

• Reilly, B. F. (2003). Developing print repositories: Models for shared preservation and access. Managing economic challenges. Retrieved February 6, 2016 from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED482235.pdf.

• Sujatha, G. (1999). Resource Sharing and Networking of University Libraries. New Delhi: Ess Ess Publications, pp. 3-10.

• Theimer, K. (2010). Web 2.0 tools and strategies for archives and local history collections. London: Facet.

• http://www.eduscape.com/collections/12.htm.