Asian Development Bank. 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2163; evaluation@adb.org; www.adb.org/evaluation

Evaluation Approach Special Evaluation Study on ADB’s Support for Natural Disasters April 2012 Team Leader: Toomo Ueda, Principal Evaluation Specialist (email: tueda@adb.org) Contact: evaluation@adb.org

A. Rationale

1. Over the past three decades, the number of disasters triggered by extreme natural events (referred to here as “natural disasters”), has been increasing dramatically. 1 Interestingly, disasters with hydrometeorological causes, such as floods and storms, have accounted for the bulk of the increase, not disasters with geophysical causes, such as earthquakes (see Figure 1). 2. For example, the global incidence of floods tripled from about 50 per year in the 1980s to 150 per year in the 2000s. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the cost of damage from all types of natural disasters is now 18 times higher than it was in the 1950s.2 Asia in particular has suffered the brunt of the burden, accounting for half of the economic cost of disasters over the past 20 years (see Figure 2). 3. In 2011 alone, Asia-Pacific experienced major floods in Thailand, Pakistan, and Australia, and an earthquake and tsunami in Japan. The most recent flood in Thailand reportedly killed more than 600 people, flooded thousands of factories and knocked about 1 percentage point off economic growth in the third quarter 2011. In addition, floods in the state of Victoria and other neighboring states in Australia in January 2011 caused the highest damages ($5.1 billion) 3 in the country since 1981, when droughts cost $14.4 billion. 4 The Tohoku

1 The Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) in Belgium has a global disaster database

called EM-DAT, which is frequently used and cited by United Nations agencies and policymakers, as this is the most comprehensive publicly available data on the occurrence of natural disasters. The EM-DAT database has several criteria for a disaster to be counted. It must meet one or more of the following four criteria: (i) 10 or more people killed; (ii) 100 people or more are reported affected; (iii) a state of emergency is declared; and (iv) an international call for assistance is issued. A natural disaster must furthermore have one or more of the following five types of causes: (a) geophysical event including earthquake, volcano eruption, dry mass movement; (b) meteorological event, such as a storm; (c) hydrological event, including flood, wet mass movement, (d) climatological event, including extreme temperature change, drought, wildfire, and, (e) biological disaster, such as epidemic, insect infestation, animal stampede.

2 IMF. 2003. “Being Prepared: Natural Disasters Are Becoming More Frequent, More Destructive, and Deadlier, and Poor Countries are Being Hit the Hardest,” by Paul K. Freeman, Michael Keen, and Muthukumara Mani. Finance and Development 40 (3):42–45, amounts have been updated using the CRED EM-DAT database and converted in 2010 dollars using http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm. Also see Independent Evaluation Group (IEG). 2006. Hazards of Nature: Risks to Development, an IEG Evaluation of World Bank Assistance for Natural Disasters. Washington, DC: World Bank.

3 $ refers to US dollars. 4 CRED. July 2011. CRED Crunch Issues No. 24.

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earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan on 11 March 2011 caused close to 20,000 deaths and missing, and cost the country some $210 billion.5

Figure 1: Number of Climate-related Disasters

Figure 2: Economic Damage from Disasters Worldwide

Source: "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database; www.emdat.be - Université Catholique de Louvain - Brussels – Belgium.” Created on: Feb-13-2012. Data version: v12.07.

5 "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, www.emdat.be - Université catholique de Louvain -

Brussels – Belgium." Created on: Feb-13-2012. Data version: v12.07.

$952 billion$927 billion

Economic damage outside of Asia 1992–2011

Economic damage in Asia 1992–2011

Source: "EM-DAT: The Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance of the US Agency for International Development (USAID)/Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (OFDA/CRED) International Disaster Database; www.emdat.be - Université Catholique de Louvain - Brussels – Belgium.” Created on: Feb-13-2012. Data version: v12.07.

0

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Total number of hydrometeorological disasters Total number of geophysical disasters

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4. Two major drivers account for much of the increase in hydrometeorological disasters: one is population growth combined with per capita economic growth, in turn leading to higher population densities, urbanization, changes in land use, deforestation, and migration to coastal lowland areas. The other driver is climate change. As the world warms, weather-related events such as heat waves, storms, rain spells and droughts are becoming more extreme, the sea level rises, and the environment becomes more susceptible to landslides, floods, fires, and pests.6 Both population growth and climate change are predicted to continue, leading to even more natural disasters in the future.7 5. In the new Climate Change Vulnerability Index from Maplecroft, a risk management group, 4 of 5 cities classified as “extreme risks” among the world’s fastest growing urban areas are in Asia: Kolkata in India, Manila in the Philippines, Jakarta in Indonesia, and Dhaka and Chittagong in Bangladesh. Most of these mega cities are also located close to the sea, which poses an additional risk. Guangzhou, Mumbai, Delhi Chennai, and Karachi are classified as “high risks.” B. Natural Disaster Management in ADB 6. ADB was the first regional multilateral development bank (MDB) to adopt a dedicated disaster policy in 1987. The main focus of the 1987 policy, Rehabilitation Assistance to Small Developing Member Countries (DMCs) Affected by Natural Disasters, was on midterm disaster response, after the emergency rescue stage. Post-disaster assistance was extended to all DMCs through the 1989 Rehabilitation Assistance after Disasters Policy. Both policies covered simple repair of damaged socioeconomic infrastructures frequently affected by natural disasters but expanded in the latter policy to accommodate wider restoration of economic activities. The 1989 policy likewise emphasized “due regard to feasible improvements and disaster-mitigation measures” in the rehabilitation works. The 1989 policy also gave directions toward more active

6 Online guide “Weather on Steroids” from the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo. Retrieved

on February 13, 2012 from: https://www2.ucar.edu/atmosnews/attribution. Recent articles on the link between natural disasters and climate change published in Nature and Nature Climate Change were the following: Robert Mendelsohn, Kerry Emanuel, Shun Chonabayashi, Laura Bakkensen. The impact of climate change on global tropical cyclone damage. Nature Climate Change, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1357 Min, Seung-Ki, Xuebin Zhang, Francis W. Zwiers, and Griele C. Hegerl. 2011. Human Contribution to More-Intense Precipitation Extremes. Nature, Vol. 470, 378-381 (17 February 2011); Pall, Pardeep, Tolu Aina, Daithi A. Stone, Peter A. Stott, Tor Nozawa, Arno G. J. Hilberts, Dag Lohmann, and Myles T. Allen. 2011. Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Contribution to Flood Risk in England and Wales in Autumn 2000. Nature, Vol. 470, 382-385 (17 February 2011); Stott, Peter A., D. A. Stone, and M. R. Allen. 2004. Human Contribution to the European Heat wave of 2003. Nature, 432, 610-614 (2 December 2004).

7 “A recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) special report on managing the risks of extreme weather events and disasters concludes the frequency of heavy precipitation, daily temperature extremes, intensity of tropical cyclones, droughts, and sea level will be increased (IPCC 2011).” Abhas K Jha, Robin Bloch, and Jessica Lamond. 2012. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. The World Bank: Washington, D.C.; and IPCC, 2011: Summary for Policymakers. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1-19; and IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. “Summary for Policymakers.” In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Avery, T., Tignor, M. and Miller, H.L. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press; and Füssel, H-M. 2009. “An updated assessment of the risks from climate change based on research published since the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.” Climatic Change 97 (3): 469-82; and The World Bank. 2010. Natural Hazards, UnNatural Disasters: The Economics of Effective Prevention. Washington. D.C.

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involvement of ADB in disaster prevention and mitigation, recognizing the need for ADB to have a role in reducing the vulnerability of DMCs to natural disasters and improving its own processes in terms of formulating programs with disaster mitigation, and to include disaster risk analysis in the appraisal of projects. A new Disaster and Emergency Assistance Policy (DEAP) in June 2004 adding the elements of prevention and mitigation of the impact of future disasters signaled ADB’s shift to more proactive response to disasters by putting emphasis on minimizing the impacts of disasters thru prevention and mitigation in order to achieve sustained development of DMCs. 7. The 1987 and 1989 policies were based on the notion that, with timely assistance to reconstruction after disasters, the affected DMC could maintain development momentum. Reactionary assistance usually resulted in scarce national resources being diverted, sometimes permanently, from important development programs.8 The 2004 DEAP looked at disaster in a more holistically or a cyclical response focusing on (i) support for reducing disaster risk in DMC (Figure A5.1 is a disaster risk management framework advocated by World Bank, which is often cited by ADB documents); (ii) providing rehabilitation and reconstruction assistance following disaster; and (iii) leveraging ADB’s activities by developing partnerships. The 2004 policy recognized the “cycle” concept (Figure A5.2, Appendix 5) for disaster and emergency assistance, putting emphasis on importance of risk management and preparedness along with conventional stronghold of assistance in rehabilitation and reconstruction activities. The main purpose of the evaluation is to see how much disaster risk reduction has gained weight and more focus in the ADB interventions. 8. Up to April 2008, ADB had provided over $7 billion in emergency assistance through 75 loans, 50 grants and 110 technical assistance (TAs), at a rate of almost one per month, over the 20-year period up to 2004. ADB gradually further increased its attention to disaster risk management. Strategy 20209 was issued in 2008, and in para. 53, it noted “ADB will continue to mainstream disaster risk management [DRM] and provide early and medium-term disaster response and assistance in partnership with specialized aid agencies.” In addition, ADB took part in the 2005 Hyogo Framework of Action (a United Nations [UN] sanctioned disaster response initiative), which was adopted by 168 UN member countries.10 The main purpose of the 2008 Action Plan for the DEAP was to encourage “greater support for risk-reduction activities.” In para. 4, it stated, “the international community recognizes the implications that disasters have on development, and DRM is emerging as a field in development work, although it has yet to cohere around concrete best practices.” 9. Currently, ADB’s Regional Sustainable Development Department (RSDD) includes a small team (comprised of two international and two national staff), in charge of DEAP related

8 ADB. 2008. Positioning ADB’s Disaster and Emergency Assistance Policy in a Changing Regional Environment.

Manila. Para. 9: From June 1987 through September 2006, 25 DMCs received almost $6 billion in disaster and post-conflict assistance in the form of loans, TA and grants (this figure includes ADB assistance provided to DMCs for mitigation, rehabilitation and reconstruction associated with natural hazards, technological hazards, conflict, health emergencies and environmental threats), which financed 235 disaster-related projects. Of these, 75 were provided as loans $4.8 billion), 50 as grants ($1.1 billion), and 110 provided as TA ($119 million). Disregarding the funding source, 32.8% projects focused primarily on preparedness or disaster management, while 27.5% dealt with emergency response and 39.7% addressed rehabilitation and reconstruction.

9 ADB. 2008. Strategy 2020: The Long-Term Strategic Framework of the Asian Development Bank 2008–2020. Manila.

10 The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) is the first plan to detail the work that is required from all different sectors and actors to reduce disaster losses. It was developed and agreed on with the many partners needed to reduce disaster risk - governments, international agencies, disaster experts and many others - into a common system of coordination. It was adopted at the World Disaster Reduction Conference in January 2005 in Kobe, Japan.

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knowledge and capacity development. The team has produced several thematic papers on new trends and issues that ADB DEAP operations may have to adapt to. One states that “ADB’s disaster risk management assistance intensified and broadened during 2005–2010 to include more disaster risk reduction to complement recovery and reconstruction operations.”11 It also states that ADB’s advantages compared with other MDBs or bilateral donors are its regional presence, good working relationships with its client countries, and well-established strategic partnerships with UN agencies, other regional bodies, and the private sector. Lastly, the papers state that ADB Asia-Pacific is more prone to natural disasters than any other regions, and that disasters continue to erode development gains throughout the region. The main results of a recent RSDD self-assessment in this area (footnote 11) are as follows:

(i) Natural disasters continue to increase due to compounded causes. Disaster-related risks continue to increase, because of urbanization, poor regulatory environments, unplanned human settlements, environmental degradation, and increasing vulnerability to unforeseen economic crises. 12

(ii) ADB tends to rely on spring-cleaning of existing portfolio to obtain the funds needed to respond to major natural disasters. (It does this by re-packaging already committed loan envelopes into rehabilitation programs – thereby in effect avoiding additional lending to the country).

(iii) ADB indirectly provides assistance for disaster preparedness and prevention through (a) a small number of thematic funds, and (b) selected cofinancing by ADB’s development partners. However, these only cover a small fraction of disaster types and preparedness activities.

(iv) ADB’s overall support to disaster management has focused mainly on the physical infrastructure sector (e.g., road, ports, water supply), not in the social sector (e.g., education, health, community mobilization).

C. Review of Other MDBs’ Evaluation in Disaster Risk Reduction 10. Disaster and emergency assistance of MDBs is evolving into four interconnected components: (i) support for hazard management and DRM activities, (ii) immediate early disaster recovery help, (iii) longer-term reconstruction and rehabilitation assistance, and (iv) development of policies and instruments to augment immediate financial assistance during the disaster relief period. Appendix 1 summarizes major lessons drawn by the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG), an independent unit within the World Bank,13 World Bank and other institutions. The following are major recommendations made by IEG:

(i) The design of natural disaster response projects should be kept simple. It should take into account that community ownership helps to develop capacity for disaster preparedness; that speed needs to be balanced with accountability; and that monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is challenging but essential.

(ii) Crisis times provide an opportunity for raising the level of disaster preparedness of countries in the future: disaster response situations often present the best starting points to develop disaster preparedness (pre-disaster) activities. This is because of the temporarily high profile of disasters.

11 ADB. 2011. RSDD ADF XI Replenishment Meeting Paper on Emergency Assistance Fund. (November draft). 12 Interestingly, RSDD self assessment review did not cite climate change as one of causes for increasing risks. This

aspect will be investigated in the study proposed by this approach paper. 13 IEG. 2006. Hazards of Nature: Risks to Development, an IEG Evaluation of World Bank Assistance for Natural

Disasters. Washington, DC: World Bank.

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(iii) Disaster management should be linked to the broader development agenda. Donor support for disaster management should be related to broader national approaches to sustainable development and poverty reduction.

(iv) Staff and institutional capacity: (a) World Bank lacks an effective way to reliably bring staff and relevant disaster risk reduction knowledge to its borrowers and (b) multi-sectoral expertise is essential.

11. A 2006 evaluation by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)14 concluded that the culture of rehabilitation and reconstruction that has prevailed in the countries affected by natural disasters should change to facilitate preparation and execution of prevention and mitigation programs. The same culture change should happen in the institutions that finance those activities and in bilateral aid. D. Objective and Scope 12. Given that natural disasters impact particularly on the poor and the vulnerable and affect economic growth, the Independent Evaluation Department (IED) decided to undertake a special evaluation study (SES) in 2012 to explore ways to improve ADB operations in natural disaster management cycle. While IED has produced several project performance evaluation reports (PPERs) (see Appendix 2) on natural disasters, and some assessment through sector assistance program evaluations (SAPEs) in recent years (including 2010 Fragile and Conflict Status Country evaluation15 and 2011 regional SAPE transport in the Pacific), this will be the first study to focus on the effectiveness of natural disasters assistance. Appendix 3 contains a comprehensive list of all ADB emergency assistance related projects, including natural disasters related projects. 13. The objectives of the SES are to assess (i) relevance of DEAP (both 2004 policy and 2008 action plan) in the evolving context surrounding disaster response in Asia-Pacific, (ii) adequacy of ADB response to disaster and disaster risks in Asia as measured by outcomes and impact of its interventions, and (iii) development of ‘good practices’ for implementation of ADB operations and country programming. The SES will review projects and TAs approved during the period of 1995–2011 across all the regions and sectors of ADB. While ADB DEAP also covers post-conflict, this SES will focus on natural disaster and leave emergency responses to economic or food crises, and post-conflict responses aside. This SES will focus on three types of natural events; namely floods, storms (cyclones, typhoons) and earthquakes (including tsunami). It will cover emergency assistance operations related to these events, but also normal infrastructure operations, in so far as these have added elements to make the outputs more disaster resilient. 14. The SES’s principal evaluation criteria will include: (i) relevance of ADB natural disaster operations as articulated in DEAP; (ii) responsiveness of ADB natural disaster operations in terms of efficiency and formulation; and (iii) results (or implication of results), in terms of achievement of intended outcome and impact. Appendix 4 is the evaluation matrix. Before deriving evaluation on these three pillars of criteria, the study will first generate background papers on key issues that are associated to natural disaster operations, that includes (not

14 D. Todd and H. Todd. 2011. Evalution Brief 16: Natural Disaster Response—Lessons from Evaluations of the

World Bank and Others. Washington, DC: IEG/World Bank, and IDB. 2004. Evaluation of Inter-American Development Bank’s Operational Policy on Natural and Unexpected Disasters. Washington, DC.

15 IED. 2010. Special Evaluation Report: Asian Development Bank’s Support to Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries. Manila.

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exhaustive): disaster resilient standard, gender, hazard mapping, livelihood restoration,16 and post-Hyogo Framework for Action. Important evaluation steps to look at the three criteria are as follows:

1. Relevance

(i) Assess trends in geophysical, hydrological, and meteorological events and their link to significant disasters in Asia region by literature reviews or database manipulations;

(ii) Assess DMC vulnerability, risk exposure, resilience to natural disasters and impacts on their economies by reviewing literature and databases pertaining to economic growth and disaster impacts.17 Based on the widely used formula Risk = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability, IED will attempt to compile natural disaster risks of DMCs covering not only natural phenomena, but also man-made causes (e.g., population density, low-lying river bed habitation and public awareness);18

(iii) Consider the need for an ADB long-term strategy or target for disaster management and offer recommendations for strengthening ADB’s strategy in this area.

2. Responsiveness

(i) Trace the trend and changes in the types of ADB assistance in the last 10 years

of ADB operations and ADB country programming in disaster management (from risk assessment, at national level, emergency preparedness assistance, investment in risk mitigation, capacity building, catastrophe risk financing19);

(ii) Trace the trend in inclusion of natural disaster resilience in infrastructure sector development project objectives including but not limited to roads, flood, water supply, etc. This also includes the trend in enforcement or improvement in planning, building standards/regulations and procurement process;20

(iii) Examine ADB internal organization and assess capacity building needs to see any areas for improvement for mainstreaming disaster management operations. The study will also look at the current DEAP, which covers both natural disaster and post-conflict, to see how sufficient clear guidance can be given on issues and steps in ADB intervention.21

16 Along with community participation, this issue will be looked at in-depth in Indonesia tsunami cases, collecting

evidence of various donor intervention or small scale survey or focus group discussion. 17 Vulnerability assessment will be looking at all DMC countries in Asia-Pacific mostly analyzing existing publications

and reports by compiling key assessment by specialized agencies, added by ADB’s country partnership strategy (CPS) and portfolio analysis. In-depth study will be limited to 3–4 countries (and in those countries, several key projects) based on desk review and thorough overview of project scope and performances.

18 If regional analysis is difficult, IED may try to do case study in the Philippines. 19 Current trends in ex-ante disaster management projects include satellite based forecasting, flood modeling,

warning systems, seismic risk mitigation such as retro fitting infrastructure, innovative risk financing instruments including risk insurance pools, land use planning, standards and codes, enforcement, instructional capacity for emergency at national and local levels.

20 IED will look at procurement issues and challenges in Pakistan case studies, as ADB had interventions in both earthquake and flood rehabilitation, and given that Pakistan had fair amount of cases involving procurement, standard compliance and supervision issues.

21 Also for effective measures to further strengthen mainstreaming natural disaster risk management reduction in all major sectors, IED will carry out focused group discussion with key relevant RSDD units, communities of practice (COPs), and perhaps do survey-monkey based questionnaire to mission leaders involved in past emergency assistance loans (EALs) and key TAs.

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3. Results

(i) Assess benefit (as against cost of ADB intervention) of the current investments for the DMC concerned to see how the impact can be strengthened; 22

(ii) Trace modalities of ADB assistance, focus and sector coverage to see how they can be in line with member countries’ needs, and with other donors;

(iii) Evaluate donor coordination and role of ADB in disaster management in Asia Pacific, compared to the role of others.

E. Evaluation Methodology 15. The SES will be prepared in four work components:

(i) Statistical analysis and desk study regarding hydrological/meteorological disaster occurrence in the last 30–50 years, investigating any plausible connection with climate change, population, economic growth and other issues (e.g., deforestation, urbanization) and develop risk profiles at country level.

(ii) Desk study to assess the performance of (a) ADB disaster related projects and TAs and (b) infrastructure projects geared to improved disaster resilience. Desk study will also examine how much disaster risk was featured in country risk analysis in the relevant country partnership strategies (CPSs). This process will also look at DMC expectation to ADB assistance in the area of natural disasters. Based on the notion that there are many other donors which are active in the emergency rescue, rehabilitation/reconstruction, and disaster mitigation, IED will look at what are the areas of ADB niche or comparative advantage.

(iii) Field case studies of selected projects/TAs (including those classified as emergency response and other projects with disaster resilience components or objectives) to profile good and poor projects, and to compile good practices. IED may either conduct some focus group discussions with selected government officials, or conduct some surveys in the country or electronically.

16. The countries where ADB has had significant investment in the disaster management are: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines, and People’s Republic of China (PRC). With consideration to budget constraints and time requirements, tentatively the Independent Evaluation Mission (IEM) would be most likely to visit Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, and possibly Cambodia to cover a smaller economy with sizeable ADB intervention. 23 The IEMs will have the following main tasks:

(i) Meet with government officials in the country capitals to obtain feedback on ADB’s strategic positioning, and effectiveness of ADB assistance.

(ii) Conduct field visits to projects, especially on two types, one related to reconstruction/rehabilitation, and the other to risk reduction (mitigation/ prevention). Discussions will be held with government policymakers and staff responsible for disaster management. A particular focus will be whether ADB projects sufficiently take into account risk mitigation factors and sustainability.

(iii) Conduct dialogue with selected development assistance donors and agencies active in the disaster management sector and infrastructure/ environment/natural resources sectors, to draw recommendations on what is

22 Either Bangladesh or Cambodia, the study will try to do a quasi-cost benefit analysis – project costs, calculated

economic benefits, against similar cases in the same country, costs of mitigation investment against damage costs without any mitigation measures. (This would have some location-specific and financial assumptions, though).

23 However, IEM countries may change to other countries after portfolio analyses.

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ADB’s niche or value addition.

F. Chronology of Natural Disaster Bank Lending

17. ADB RSDD’s natural disaster portfolio (during 1987–2011)24 lists 122 projects, with a total lending amount of $6.912 billion. The largest number of natural disaster projects and the highest financing amount was recorded in 2005 (25 projects, $1.4 billion). The observed spike in the number of projects and lending amount of natural disaster projects in 2005 is attributed to the Asian tsunami.

Source: IED. 18. When analyzed by 5-year intervals, the number of natural disaster-related projects dramatically increased from 18 in 1997–2001 to 40 in 2002–2006. The high level of natural disaster financing continued in 2007–2011: there were 36 natural disaster projects, leading to a financing of $2.131 billion, the highest volume recorded since 1987. There is a steady increase in the number of natural disaster-related projects and the corresponding amount released: 1987–1991 (12 projects, $609 million), 1992–1996 (16 projects, $697 million), 1997–2001 (18 projects, $1.507 billion), 2002–2006 (40 projects, $1.969 billion), and 2007–2011 (36 projects, $2.131 billion). G. Evaluation Team 19. Taking into account the wide ranging issues with the natural disaster management operations, it is proposed that the evaluation team comprises the following IED staff and consultants.

24 Data on ADB’s Natural Disaster portfolio is from RSDD’s database of ADB’s disaster-related projects, limited to

loans and grants. RSDD’s database classifies projects according to two disaster/emergency categories: (1) natural disaster, and (2) post-conflict/conflict.

0.0%

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15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

0.0%

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15.0%

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25.0%

Figure 3: Natural Disaster Portfolio: All Approved Projects by Year,Percentage of Natural Disaster against Total Investment

% of Total Lending (Loans and Grants) % of Total No. of Projects (Loans and Grants)

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(i) Principal Evaluation Specialist will cover multi-sector, urban and social (team leader);

(ii) Principal Evaluation Specialist, mainly responsible for transport; (iii) Evaluation Specialist, mainly responsible for water resources, environment,

standards and economic impact assessment; (iv) Evaluation Officer; (v) Associate Evaluation Analyst; (vi) International Evaluation Consultant, data and sector analysis, 4 person-months; (vii) Applied Econometrician, 2 person-months, intermittent at HQ; (viii) International Consultants on Post-Disaster Assessment, 1.5 person-months

each; (ix) International Consultant on Disaster Risk Assessment and Mitigation, 1.5 person-

months; (x) International Peer Reviewers, 2 weeks total; (xi) Research Analyst x 3, 5 person-months each, intermittent at HQ; and (xii) Local consultant to help logistics, meeting arrangements and survey/data

collection in IEM countries, 1 person-month each in IEM countries. 20. The International Evaluation Consultant (IEC) will have a strong background in assessing multilateral financing institutions’ performance of their policies, programs and projects and internal management processes and project design and lending. The IEC will assist the team leader and team members in compiling the necessary data and information related to disaster management available in ADB mainframe, and publications. The Applied Econometrician will have a strong background in statistical analysis of development projects based on project proceeding and management database. He/she will assist the team leader in conducting the literature review and as time allows correlation analysis between the disaster occurrence and climate change related data. 21. The International Consultants on (a) Post-Disaster Assessment (x2), and (b) Disaster Prevention and Coordination will have a strong background and experience in analysis of economies and population and natural resources and environment such as land, forests, water, developing ”road maps” for investments including cost/benefit analysis and provide technical advice and skills transfer for disaster-prone countries to be able to properly strategize and design projects effectively to: (i) strengthen disaster preparedness and mitigation in social services (e.g. satellite based forecast, early warning, institutional capacity) and infrastructure projects and natural resources management as well as technical assistance (e.g., retro-fitting public infrastructure, flood modeling, land-use planning) in developing countries and (ii) support towards reconstruction process, particularly cognizant of Asia-Pacific context (i and ii, respectively). Preferably, the Post-Disaster Assessment consultant should have strong engineering project experience to be able to examine the level of engineering standards used in the civil works. The International Peer Reviewer will provide timely suggestions and advice at various stages (including approach paper, draft report peer review, after inter-department circulation, plus some technical advice when necessary) of the study. The Research Associate will have strong statistical background and proven skills in survey data analysis using STATA computer software (or SPSS, SAS) for statistical analyses. He/she will provide a full range of statistical assistance to the team leader and other team members in conducting statistical and econometric analyses.

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22. The schedule for the SES is proposed as follows:

Milestone Target Dates Concept clearance 19 October 2011 Evaluation approach paper 2 Apr 2012 Consultant recruitment 30 Mar 2012 Independent evaluation mission Mar–May 2012 Peer review completed 30 June 2012 Draft SES for interdepartmental review II July 2012 Director-level meeting IV July 2012 Board circulation II Sep 2012

H. Knowledge Dissemination Plan 23. The SES will be discussed at the Development Effectiveness Committee Meeting in September/October 2012. It will be available to the public after the approval by the Director General, IED. The SES will be uploaded on ADB external and internal websites as well as will provide inputs to ADB’s vision for improvement in disaster management. The findings of the SES will be presented at an internal seminar to ADB Board and Operations management with a view to guide the implementation of the recommended improvements to current ADB disaster management., The SES may also contribute to ADB’s inputs to various external events scheduled in late 2012, including Government of Japan-IMF/World Bank co-sponsored events in Japan in October 2012.

Appendixes: 1. Major Findings and Lessons Learned from Other MDB Evaluations 2. IED Lessons and Recommendations from Past PPERS on Emergency Assistance 3. List of ADB Projects under Natural Disaster and Post-conflict with Ratings 4. Evaluation Criteria, Questions, and Summary Methodology 5. Disaster Risk Management Conceptual Framework TU/sll

12 Appendix 1

MAJOR FINDINGS AND LESSONS LEARNED FROM OTHER MDB EVALUATIONS 1. Multilateral development banks (MDBs) activities in disaster and emergency assistance are evolving into four interconnected components: (i) support for hazard management and disaster risk management (DRM) activities, (ii) immediate early disaster recovery help, (iii) longer-term reconstruction and rehabilitation assistance, and (iv) development of policies and instruments to augment immediate financial assistance during the disaster relief period. Some of the major lessons learned on natural disasters from Independent Evaluation Group (IEG), World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) are summarized below. Lessons from Asian Development Bank (ADB) are also presented. A. Lessons from Other MDBs 1. Independent Evaluation Group, 25 World Bank 2. The following are major recommendations from IEG:

(i) Project design and implementation: (a) Keep projects with simple design:

Keep project design as simple as possible within what is likely to be a complex implementation environment.

Streamline procedures as far as possible to meet the need for quick delivery. However, such attempts to deliver rapidly should not be at the expense of national and local ownership. The best compromise must be reached between the two.

(b) Community ownership develops capacity for preparedness: Effective ownership requires a broad range of stakeholders to be

involved. Community-driven approaches to recovery simultaneously develop

capacity for future disaster-related activities. Housing reconstruction programs that give maximum responsibility to

homeowners have been found more effective than contractor-led systems. However, they need specific measures to ensure that vulnerable people can participate.

(c) Speed and accountability has to be balanced: Although speed is important in designing and implementing

reconstruction programs, this should not be at the expense of accountability and transparency.

Reconstruction programs should ensure that effective grievance and complaint mechanisms are in place, for those who may feel excluded.

Flexibility (particularly for procurement procedures) and the ability to revise project targets and activities are vital in post-disaster situations, particularly when major infrastructure activities are implemented by multiple stakeholders.

(d) M&E is challenging but essential: Information, communication and data management systems, which are

vital in any disaster-related situation, have often proved weak.

25 IEG. 2006. Hazards of Nature: Risks to Development, an IEG Evaluation of World Bank Assistance for Natural

Disasters. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Appendix 1 13

Strong monitoring and evaluation systems (MES) are even more important than normal (since disaster-related projects face unusual implementation barriers associated with weakened institutions expending substantial funds quickly.)

(ii) Crisis time is an opportunity for raising levels for preparedness:

Disaster response situations often present the best opportunities to develop disaster preparedness (pre-disaster) activities, because of the temporarily high profile of disasters.

Building such disaster preparedness elements during the response stage may require delivery of activities through a fast stream (response) and a slower stream (long-term preparedness).

(iii) Disaster management should be linked to broader agenda:

To be effective, donor support to disaster management should be related to broader national approaches to sustainable development and poverty reduction.

A key partnership of the World Bank in natural disaster is the ProVention Consortium, launched in February 2000 to reduce disaster risk in developing countries and to make disaster prevention and mitigation an integral part of development efforts. The Consortium is an international network focused on sharing knowledge and leveraging resources to reduce disaster risk. Though launched by and originally housed in the Bank, it is currently under the management of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in Geneva.

(iv) Staff and Institutional capacity:

(a) Institutional capacity to disseminate international experience is necessary: Whether or not there is a designated unit to deal with natural disasters

and hazard risks, the Bank needs the capacity to quickly gather and disseminate international experience to borrowers in an emergency.

Task teams need support while conducting post-disaster assessments and designing emergency interventions tailored to the needs and capacities of each borrower.

(b) Multi-sectoral expertise is essential: Responding to disasters requires multi-sectoral expertise. Including

disaster-knowledgeable people on Bank missions following major crises can be crucial.

The Bank has very few such people who has wealth of experience actually seeing the extensive destruction, or depth of country knowledge in crisis, and it currently has no consistent mechanism for mobilizing them to respond to natural disasters. Bank needs to be selective in staffing identification.

Pulling members of the Hazard Management Thematic Group (at least, WB has this) away from their ongoing responsibilities inevitably has a negative impact on their normal activities.

14 Appendix 1

There is so few knowledgeable staff on disaster risk management that the same people tend to be called upon repeatedly.

2. Inter-American Development Bank26 3. In the case of IDB, the failure to support a balanced approach to management has also been flagged as an important issue in an evaluation.

(i) Still short on prevention. An imbalance of IDB instruments across the disaster risk cycle. Even though prevention is strongly emphasized in several documents, emergency and post-disaster activities still receive much broader attention.

(ii) A mismatch between IDB program and project priorities, incentive structures, and implementation capacities, as the result of which countries are not able to put into practice the new approaches developed with assistance from support programs.

(iii) Imbalance of countries’ priorities concentrating on sustainable development and on poverty reduction and neglecting disaster prevention, even in severely prone regions.

4. The IDB evaluation concludes that the culture of rehabilitation and reconstruction that has prevailed in the countries affected by natural disasters, as well as in the institutions that finance those activities and in bilateral aid, should shift to facilitate preparation and execution of prevention and mitigation programs. B. Lessons from Asian Development Bank 1. Office of the Auditor General 5. ADB’s Office of the Auditor General (OAG) produced its audit report on Emergency Assistance Financing on 21 September 2011.27 The main objective of the audit were: (i) assess the effectiveness of ADB’s procedures and adequacy of associated guidance to support the implementation of the Disaster and Emergency Assistance Policy (DEAP), (ii) evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of internal controls over emergency assistance financing, (iii) determine whether emergency assistance financing has been provided in a timely and responsive manger, (iv) review compliance with relevant policies, guidelines and procedures as carried out by administering divisions, and (v) assess and verify the degree of implementation of the DEAP Action Plan. Some key lessons and recommendations that are relevant to the Independent Evaluation Department’s (IED) study are as follows:

(i) Guideline on flexibility is needed: There should be guidelines on the degree of flexibility to assess a DEAP project’s viability and sustainability (including the use of financial and economic rate of return).

(ii) Performance audit conditions need to be reflected in financial agreement: Performance and financial audit covenants indicated in the report and recommendation of the President (RRP) were not reflected in the financing agreements of 2 emergency assistance loans (EALs), and legal clearance processes were not in place to confirm the fulfillment of withdrawal conditions stipulated in the legal agreements.

26 D. Todd and H. Todd. 2011. Evaluation Brief 16: Natural Disaster Response—Lessons from Evaluations of the

World Bank and Others. Washington, DC: IEG/World Bank, and IDB. 2004. Evaluation of Inter-American Development Bank’s Operational Policy on Natural and Unexpected Disasters. Washington, DC.

27 ADB. 2011. Report on the Audit of Emergency Assistance Financing. Manila (September, OAG).

Appendix 1 15

(iii) Covenants on financial audits were not complied with: On the audit covenants in DEAP projects, there were: (a) lack of external financial audits for 2 co-financed grants; (b) lack of performance audits for some DEAP projects; and (c) exclusion of the quick disbursing component in one project’s financial statements. Compliance monitoring of EAL audit covenants should be strengthened to ensure quality and effectiveness of ADB’s response under conditions of urgency and flexibility.

6. The conclusion in OAG’s audit report was that the 2008 DEAP Action Plan, which developed approaches to embed disaster risk management and reduction within ADB’s operational practices, should be evaluated. Implementation progress and additional actions to address ADB’s evolving business needs should be reported accordingly in the update (IED is currently unclear if this updating is done by the Regional Sustainable Development Department [RSDD]/regional departments [RDs]) of the DEAP Action Plan. 2. Regional Sustainable Development Department 7. Regional Sustainable Development Department’s (RSDD) self examination: Currently, there is a small team (comprised of two international and two national staff), which is in charge of DEAP and emergency assistance related knowledge and capacity development. After 2008, the RSDD team has produced several thematic papers on new trends and issues that ADB DEAP operations may have to adapt to. RSDD and operations state that “ADB’s disaster risk management assistance intensified and broadened during 2005–2010 to include more disaster risk reduction to complement recovery and reconstruction operations. 28 Some other main ones are as follows:

(i) ADB operations in disaster management (a) Asia-Pacific is prone to natural disaster:

Asian and the Pacific is more prone to natural disasters than any other region of the world. Disaster-related risks continue to increase, because of urbanization, poor regulatory environments, unplanned human settlements, environmental degradation, climate variability, and increasing vulnerability. Disasters continue to erode development gains throughout the region.

(b) ADB tended to rely on spring-cleaning of existing portfolio: Constrained by a lack of additional resources, ADB has typically responded to need for fund in response to crises through reprogramming, project restructuring, and reallocation of loan savings.

(c) Reliance on Special-Purpose Trust Fund: When region-wide trust funds have been established, such as the Asia Pacific Disaster Response Fund, they cover a limited number of phases of the disaster cycle, and are severely underfunded.29 When additional resources (rather than reprogramming is available) are readily available, ADB has acted quickly. However, where resources were not made available separately, the process was much slower. ADB indirectly provides assistance for disaster preparedness and prevention through (a)

28 ADB. 2011. RSDD ADF XI Replenishment Meeting Paper on Emergency Assistance Fund. (November draft). 29 The fund was established in 2009 as a special fund to provide incremental, quick-disbursing grants of up to $3

million for each distinct declaration of a state of national disaster to assist DMCs in meeting immediate expenditures for the restoration of life-preserving services to communities affected by disasters and in augmenting aid provided by other donors. As of 31 May 2011, $18.7 million of the total $40 million in available resources has been used and/or committed from the fund.

16 Appendix 1

a small number of thematic funds, and (b) selected donor cofinancing. However, these only cover a small fraction of disaster types and preparedness activities.

(d) ADB’s focus has been in the hard infrastructure sector: ADB typically supports infrastructure, environment, education, and finance areas of operation, but this may be extended based on need and demand from developing member DMCs and/or other development partners. For example, when a tsunami hit the Solomon Islands in 2007, the government asked ADB to rehabilitate a road, while the World Bank focused on health and education. ADB had been involved in the transport sector for a long time and the World Bank had been supporting social sectors before the disaster. This clear division of responsibility remained an efficient approach during the disaster response as well.

(ii) Donor coordination: ADB’s comparative advantage are its regional

presence, good working relationships with its client countries, and well-established strategic partnerships with United Nations agencies and other development partners (especially those based in Asia and the Pacific), specialized nongovernment organizations, regional bodies, and the private sector. This allows for an integrated disaster management response that is multi-sectoral, fully aligned with and supportive of its DMCs’ long-term development goals and institutional and capacity building programs.

3. Asian Development Bank Institute 8. Lessons of Experience from the Asian Development Bank Institute’s (ADBI) The Asian Tsunami 30 study. There is a very extensive international literature that discusses lessons learned from delivering aid during natural disasters. Numerous official documents discuss disaster risk reduction policy in broad terms, and many reports were issued by different agencies which discussed their experiences of delivering post-tsunami aid in Asia. Depending upon the detail, it is possible to list hundreds of lessons reported by monitoring and evaluation teams working in different sectors. Rather than survey this literature in detail, the most important broad lessons which emerge from the experiences surveyed in the study were identified. Eight main lessons are summarized below.

(i) Objectives. The very large number of different donors involved in the delivery of

assistance following the Asian tsunami, as well as other actors such as the media and policymakers, had many differing objectives. The effective delivery of humanitarian emergency relief was one of these objectives, but only one.

(ii) Local responses. The fastest relief after the Asian tsunami was usually provided by local communities. The key role that local communities play in providing fast relief needs more recognition; strategies to improve the capacity of local communities to cope in times of disaster should receive high priority.

(iii) Coordination. The overall coordination of the tsunami aid effort was often very

difficult. A large number of different agencies were involved. The early

30 S. Jayasuriya and P. McCawley. 2010. The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster.

Cheltenham/Northampton: ADBI.

Appendix 1 17

establishment of credible national and international agencies with recognized standing can help improve coordination arrangements.

(iv) Stages. Responses, and the role played by different actors, varied over time. In planning, it is important to distinguish between the relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction and post-assistance stages.

(v) Supply-oriented donors. Donors often tended to be supply-oriented rather than demand-responsive. Mechanisms are needed to ensure that local communities affected by a natural disaster have adequate opportunities to indicate what they see as their priority needs.

(vi) Finance. The details of arrangements for the provision of international finance were often problematic. The performance of the international donor community sometimes fell below the standards generally expected in the delivery of international aid in terms of speed and scale.

(vii) Cost increases. Local Dutch Disease effects, reflected in sharp increases in some costs for items in short supply, occurred in some areas after the tsunami. Aid planners should allow for sharp cost increases, particularly in the construction activities, when drawing up assistance programs.

(viii) Methods of spending. Assistance following the Asian tsunami was delivered in many different ways. The way in which aid is provided has many implications for, among other things, the speed of delivery and effectiveness of the assistance. Donors should consider carefully the best way of providing help; choices include whether the aid should be in cash or in kind, and what form in kind aid might take.

18 A

ppendix 2

IED LESSONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM PAST PROJECT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION REPORTS ON EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE

Project Name Issues Lessons RecommendationsLoan 1202-BAN[SF]: Secondary Towns Integrated Flood Protection Project (PPAR)

The revenue-generating abilities of KCC and the pourashavas are constrained by their limited resource base and their inability to collect current and past holding charges from government agencies

Project targets for revenue generation and O&M support by KCC and the pourashavas were ambitious. The participating pourashavas did not have the capacity or the will to assume the additional responsibilities for maintaining flood protection works. Considerable problems also persist regarding the institutional, organizational, and financial capacity of the pourashavas to provide effective local services. Nevertheless, ADB’s efforts to avoid overambitious targets to support the devolution of governance and to assist local governments in improving revenue generation through more innovative approaches toward capacity building apply lessons learned from this experience.

ADB needs to discuss with the Government the financing of O&M costs for flood protection works, including the role, if any, of pourashavas. Because the national government and the local governments lack sufficient resources for routine maintenance of flood protection works, communities that have realized considerable benefits from the Project should be organized and encouraged to manage and fund such activities as needed by mid-2004. The policy dialogue with the Government also must cover adequate allocations to BWDB for periodic maintenance.

KCC and the pourashava lack a commitment to the maintenance of the flood protection works undertaken by Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), which is seen as the responsible line agency

In cases where the principal EA and the local government report to different ministries—as the pourashavas and BWDB did under this Project—extending cooperation beyond the duration of a project is unlikely. Thus, joint responsibility for O&M after project completion is not likely to succeed.

NGOs effectively have provided garbage collection facilities to Khulna. By mid-2004, the Government and ADB might consider enlisting NGOs in other towns to perform this service.

BWDB has insufficient resources to finance maintenance nationwide. Some of the works completed under the Project will require costly reconstruction, unless routine maintenance is carried out immediately

Solid waste dump sites designed without proper environmental controls damage the surrounding areas over the long term. Appropriate environmental safeguards should be a component of future interventions.

The dump sites in Bangladesh do not have sanitary linings or leachate and gas removal systems. Sanitary linings should be introduced at dump sites in the country as part of the ongoing project preparatory TA for the Secondary Towns Integrated Project Phase II.

Land reclassification, completed at the time of the PCR, has not been announced officially. Thus, the reclassification has not been enacted and the additional revenues that should have been generated have not been realized.

For future interventions, significant benefits would be realized if slum improvement, sanitation, and SWM components are expanded or encouraged to ensure that their importance within an overall project design is not minimized. As a result, investment would be focused on the comprehensive upgrading of major low-income areas.

In Bangladesh, where resource constraints restrict allocations for maintenance, higher quality civil works that reduce the need for maintenance may be more appropriate. For

Appe

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Project Name Issues Lessons Recommendationsexample, the mattress and wire mesh used to protect the bank revetments in Kurigram required considerably less maintenance for a longer period than the less costly alternatives used in Dinajpur. Similarly, the low-cost unbound brick footpath paving for slum improvement areas was broken in a number of towns, requiring rehabilitation only a few years after completion. A more lasting solution, where the bricks are held in place by cement, would have been more appropriate.

Loan 1259-VIE[SF]: Irrigation and Flood Protection Rehabilitation Project in Viet Nam (PPAR)

The need for improved environmental management on irrigation schemes

The main lesson that can be drawn from the project experience is the desirability of a holistic approach to irrigation scheme upgrading and development. This would assess the need for lower level irrigation and drainage system upgrading as well as headworks and main system work often financed by multilateral lending institutions. Thus, the approach should define lower level requirements at the outset and outline a program to address the most critical constraints. This would allow irrigation scheme upgrading to proceed in an ordered and participatory manner, rather than the ad hoc, top-down approach dictated by the project design.

Rehabilitation of secondary structures should be completed by the irrigation management companies.

Defining systems to extend participatory irrigation management (PIM).

Guidelines for tertiary canal upgrading should be developed.

Systems should be defined to encourage ownership of irrigation assets by farmers/villagers and thus reduce theft of gates.

PIM on hydraulic boundaries should be extended to all canals.

Loan 1633-KGZ: Flood Emergency Rehabilitation Project (PPER)

Sustainability of the project outcomes has emerged as the key concern, whose different aspects include (i) ADB's previous emergency assistance policy and the funds available under the project loan that could not provide more than quick fixes, rather than sustainable development results; (ii) the recurrent nature of disasters in the Kyrgyz Republic; and (iii) the generally weak maintenance regime that had led to a

The key lesson identified is related to ADB’s role in post-disaster operations. If urgency is the key and funding limited, the subprojects selected should all have achievable outcomes, with a focus on facilities that cost relatively little and are a priority in the context of emergency disaster relief for the affected population. This would apply to resettlement centers and meant leaving infrastructure rehabilitation to a separate project with realistic timeframe and adequate

The IEM has proposed that the Government follow up on the following subprojects: (i) Murdash school, located in Alay Rayon, Osh Oblast. The tiles used for the floor of the main school corridor are wall tiles intended for kitchens or bathrooms. They are weak and slippery and pose a serious accident hazard for teachers and students, requiring urgent replacement. (ii) Kojoke school, located in Nookat Rayon,

20 A

ppendix 2

Project Name Issues Lessons Recommendationsbacklog of deferred maintenance and may have contributed to the dimension of the disaster. Of the 34 subprojects visited by the IEM, the sustainability of 16 (40%) was rated either less likely or unlikely.

funding to achieve sustainable results. ADB’s Disaster and Emergency Assistance Policy (2004) addresses this issue.

Osh Oblast. The linoleum flooring is torn and needs to be replaced with a material that provides insulation from the cold concrete floor. (iii) Jalal Abad–Kazarman Road, Suzak Rayon. The culvert subproject on the road does not appear to receive maintenance. It was half clogged by debris and siltation when the IEM inspected it. As such, it will not effectively protect the road from future floods. (iv) Gumkana village school. The school has no heating, and the electrical wiring in the attic is covered with rice straw, presenting a serious fire hazard.

The mix of (i) a variable project scope, (ii) inadequate construction supervision on the ground, and (iii) non-adherence to procurement standards has created an aura rife for corruption and fund abuse.

The issue of proper funding is of a strategic nature and must be addressed countrywide and in country strategy programs. In the Kyrgyz Republic, natural disasters are recurrent and foreseeable. The risks involved should therefore be considered in country programs and regular project loans. As an alternative, a fund dedicated to disaster mitigation could be established.

The lessons include (i) ways to shorten disaster response times, (ii) the need to be more narrowly focused on priority emergency interventions, and (iii) the desirability of combining disaster relief operations with post-emergency reconstruction activities:

Even under emergency conditions, ADB’s Procurement Guidelines should not be compromised, the agreed project scope should be adhered to, and more emphasis should be placed on local consultants. Other lessons provided by the IEM suggest that (i) implementation periods should be assessed based on realistic project preparation and construction periods; (ii) disaster relief assistance cannot remedy deferred maintenance; (iii) emergency interventions should focus on transitional emergency assistance and address people’s immediate needs, leaving infrastructure rehabilitation for

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Project Name Issues Lessons Recommendationsdedicated project loans; and (iv) public education and awareness are the keys to disaster protection.

Loan 1666-BAN(SF): Flood Damage Rehabilitation Project (PPER)

(i) the large number of civil works packages typical for emergency assistance projects creates severe management challenges; (ii) corruption has been a major issue, although the Government has been trying to control it; and (iii) community participation is notably absent from emergency assistance projects despite it being highlighted as an important lesson from previous loans.

(i) ADB could improve its response time by adopting standardized measures to reduce the time to process emergency loans; (ii) large contract packages need to be awarded under future projects; (iii) future ADB projects need to establish more realistic implementation schedules; (iv) the early involvement of the Bangladesh Resident Mission in project administration was effective and should be continued; (v) loan covenants requiring borrowers to insure many scattered project facilities are not practical; (vi) the short-term recovery phase needs to be linked to the long-term reconstruction phase to ensure that the projects are sustainable; where necessary, the long-term phase should involve upgrading infrastructure to make it sustainable; (vii) ADB, in conjunction with the Government, could rethink the approach to focus on key infrastructure sectors, such as transport and water, which are more capital intensive, to ensure that these projects are more effective; and (viii) the operations evaluation could be conducted within 2 years of project completion to take better advantage of institutional memories.

(i) the Bangladesh Railway should maintain its tracks more effectively to avoid accidents, (ii) ADB develop a specific flood rehabilitation work plan for Bangladesh to respond more quickly to such disasters as they are likely to recur, and (iii) the Government be encouraged to set up the road maintenance fund to solve the problems of routine and periodic maintenance of all roads. ADB needs to initiate policy dialogue with the Government for completing the above actions.

Loan 1714-TAJ: Tajikistan Emergency Flood Rehabilitation Project (PPER)

The key issue and lesson identified relate to ADB’s role in post disaster operations. If urgency is imperative and funding limited, the selection of subprojects should be limited to achievable outcomes with a focus on facilities that cost relatively less and are a priority in the context of emergency disaster relief for the affected population. This would apply to resettlement centers and would have meant leaving infrastructure rehabilitation for a separate project. An ordinary project loan would allow a realistic time horizon for adequate funding to achieve sustainable results.

The IEM identified lessons suggesting that (i) implementation periods should be assessed based on realistic times for project preparation and construction; (ii) disaster relief assistance cannot remedy a situation of deferred maintenance; (iii) the emergency intervention should focus on transitional emergency assistance addressing immediate needs of the population, while infrastructure rehabilitation is left for dedicated project loans; and (iv) public education and awareness are the keys to disaster protection.

The IEM did not identify issues that require immediate follow-up action. Issues that should be considered under future ADB projects are related to maintenance management and funding of infrastructure facilities. These issues were taken up under subsequent infrastructure projects, including (i) Sustainable Cotton Subsector, (ii) Dushanbe–Kyrgyz Border Road Rehabilitation (Phase II), (iii) Road Rehabilitation, and (iv) Irrigation Rehabilitation.

22 A

ppendix 2

Project Name Issues Lessons RecommendationsADB’s Disaster and Emergency Assistance Policy (2004) addresses this issue. The recurrent nature of natural disasters in Tajikistan poses risks that are of a strategic nature and should be addressed at the country level and in regular project loans. As an alternative, a fund dedicated to disaster mitigation could be established.

Sources: ADB. 2006. Project Performance Evaluation Report for Loan 1666-BAN(SF): Bangladesh: Flood Damage Rehabilitation Project. Manila; ADB. 2005. Project Performance Audit Report on Loan 1259-VIE[SF]: Irrigation and Flood Protection Rehabilitation Project in Viet Nam. Manila; ADB. 2007. Project Performance Evaluation Report for Loan 1633-KGZ: Kyrgyz Republic Flood Emergency Rehabilitation Project. Manila; ADB. 2006. Project Performance Evaluation Report for Loan 1666-BAN(SF): Bangladesh Flood Damage Rehabilitation Project. Manila; and ADB. 2007. Project Performance Evaluation Report for Loan 1714-TAJ: Tajikistan Emergency Flood Rehabilitation Project. Manila.

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LIST OF ADB PROJECTS UNDER NATURAL DISASTER AND POST-CONFLICT WITH RATINGS

Loan/Grant No.

DMC

Title

Date of

Approval

Financing ($ million) Total

($ million)

Disaster/ Emergency Category

Performance Rating

OCR ADF OTHERS Other

Source PCR PCRVR PPER

0748 PAK Flood Control Sector Study 18-Feb-86 0 Natural Disaster PS 0857 INO Telang and Saleh Drainage Improvement 23-Feb-87 .30 Netherlands .30 Natural Disaster GS 0837 PAK Flood Protection Sector 25-Aug-87 115.00 115.00 Natural Disaster GS 0865 SRI Emergency Road Restoration 24-Nov-87 20.00 20.00 Post-

Conflict/Conflict

0882 BAN Flood Rehabilitation (Flood Control & Irrigation) 04-Feb-88 14.30 14.30 Natural Disaster NR GS 0892 BAN Flood Damage Restoration (Roads and

Railways) 30-Jun-88 40.00 40.00 Natural Disaster NR GS

0888 SRI Emergency Schools Restoration 30-Jun-88 15.00 15.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

GS

1087 PHI Bicol River Basin Flood Control Irrigation Development

08-Dec-88 1.85 UNDP 1.85 Natural Disaster

0941 BAN Flood Rehabilitation (Rural Infrastructure) 22-Dec-88 40.00 40.00 Natural Disaster 0946 PHI Infrastructure Restoration 19-Jan-89 20.00 20.00 Natural Disaster NR GS 0957 PAK Flood Damage Restoration 30-Mar-89 44.00 44.00 Natural Disaster NR GS 5335 REG International Workshop on Urban Flood

Protection and Drainage in East and Southeast Asian

23-May-89 .66 Natural Disaster

0967 BAN Second Flood Damage Restoration 24-Aug-89 80.00 80.00 Natural Disaster GS S 1205 BAN Second Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation 14-Sep-89 0 Natural Disaster S 1207 BAN Medium-Scale Irrigation, Flood Control and

Drainage 20-Sep-89 0 Natural Disaster S

5353 REG Regional Study on Disaster Mitigation 30-Oct-89 .37 Natural Disaster 1019 SAM Emergency Power Rehabilitation 17-May-90 .50 .50 Natural Disaster 1303 SAM Consultancy Services Related to the Western

Samoa Emergency Power Rehabilitation Loan 30-May-90 0 Natural Disaster HS

1318 BAN Dhaka Integrated Flood Protection 07-Jun-90 .35 Finland .35 Natural Disaster S S 1342 PHI Assessment of Reconstruction Costs of

Earthquake-Damaged Infrastructure in Luzon 26-Jul-90 0 Natural Disaster GS

1396 BAN Secondary Towns Integrated Flood Protection 24-Oct-90 0 Natural Disaster S 1053 PHI Earthquake Damage Reconstruction 22-Nov-90 100.00 100.00 Natural Disaster GS 1075 PHI Special Agricultural Inputs Supply 24-Jan-91 35.00 35.00 Natural Disaster 1467 PHI Study on Foodcrop Policies 24-Jun-91 0 Natural Disaster S S 1124 BAN Dhaka Integrated Flood Protection 21-Nov-91 91.50 91.50 Natural Disaster S 1609 BAN Formulation of Land Dev't Controls and

Procedures for Dhaka City 21-Nov-91 0 Natural Disaster S S

1149 BAN Cyclone-Damaged Road Reconstruction 19-Dec-91 28.80 28.800 Natural Disaster GS 1163 PHI Mt. Pinatubo Damage Rehabilitation 23-Apr-92 37.00 37.00 Natural Disaster PS 1711 AFG Assessment of Transport and Communication

Rehabilitation Priority 04-Jun-92 0 Post-

Conflict/Conflict

1171 COO Emergency Telecommunications Rehabilitation 16-Jul-92 .50 .50 Post-Conflict/Conflict

1182 BAN Rehabilitation of Damaged School Facilities 27-Oct-92 15.00 15.00 Natural Disaster GS 1193 SAM Cyclone Damage Rehabilitation 19-Nov-92 8.60 8.60 Natural Disaster PS

24 A

ppendix 3

Loan/Grant No.

DMC

Title

Date of

Approval

Financing ($ million) Total

($ million)

Disaster/ Emergency Category

Performance Rating

OCR ADF OTHERS Other

Source PCR PCRVR PPER

1790 SAM Monitoring and Management of the Cyclone Rehabilitation Program

19-Nov-92 0 Natural Disaster

1199 CAM Special Rehabilitation Assistance 26-Nov-92 67.70 67.70 Post-Conflict/Conflict

GS S

1794 CAM Project Implementation in the Transport and Agriculture Sectors

26-Nov-92 0 Natural Disaster S

1202 BAN Secondary Towns Integrated Flood Protection 03-Dec-92 55.00 55.00 Natural Disaster S S 1209 PAK Flood Damage Restoration (Sector) 15-Dec-92 100.00 100.00 Natural Disaster GS 1816 BAN Tree and Palm Plantation Project in Cyclone-

Prone Areas 23-Dec-92 .34 Norway .34 Natural Disaster PS

1829 PHI Subic Bay Area Urban Development 29-Dec-92 0 Natural Disaster 1218 RMI Emergency Typhoon Rehabilitation Assistance

Program 28-Jan-93 .50 .50 Natural Disaster

1847 RMI Disaster Mitigation and Management 28-Jan-93 0 Natural Disaster S S 1219 SOL Emergency Infrastructure Rehabilitation 18-Feb-93 .50 .50 Natural Disaster GS 1876 MAL Klang River Basin Integrated Flood Mitigation 28-Apr-93 0 Natural Disaster 1241 INO Flores Emergency Reconstruction 01-Jul-93 26.00 26.00 Natural Disaster 1910 INO Remote Sensing Applications for Natural

Resource Management 20-Jul-93 0 Natural Disaster

1915 PHI Second Highland Agriculture Development 26-Jul-93 0 Natural Disaster 1259 VIE Irrigation and Flood Protection Rehabilitation 26-Oct-93 76.50 76.50 Natural Disaster PS S 1968 VIE Operation and Maintenance Strengthening 26-Oct-93 0 Natural Disaster 5553 REG Institutional Strengthening of the Asian Disaster

Preparedness Center 16-Nov-93 .38 Natural Disaster

2012 BAN Khulna-Jessore Drainage Rehabilitation 14-Dec-93 0 Natural Disaster S 2066 IND Earthquake Emergency Rehabilitation

Management 03-Mar-94 0 Natural Disaster

1321 INO West Lampung Emergency Reconstruction 27-Sep-94 18.00 18.00 Natural Disaster GS 2185 INO Java Flood Control 19-Oct-94 0 Natural Disaster 5575 REG World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction 04-Nov-94 .10 Natural Disaster 1330 PNG Rabaul Emergency Program 08-Nov-94 .50 .50 Natural Disaster GS 1413 PAK National Drainage (Sector) 12-Dec-95 140.00 140.00 Natural Disaster US US 1425 INO North Java Flood Control Sector 18-Jan-96 45.00 45.00 Natural Disaster 1426 INO North Java Flood Control Sector 18-Jan-96 45.00 45.00 Natural Disaster 2562 PAK Second Flood Control Protection Sector 30-Apr-96 0 Natural Disaster 1438 SRI Emergency Rehabilitation of Petroleum Facilities 16-May-96 24.00 24.00 Post-

Conflict/Conflict HS

1479 INO South Java Flood Control Sector 07-Nov-96 103.00 103.00 Natural Disaster S S 2684 INO Capacity Building in Resettlement Management 07-Nov-96 0 Natural Disaster 1500 MAL Klang River Basin Environmental Improvement

and Flood Mitigation 05-Dec-96 26.30 26.30 Natural Disaster PS S

2807 PHI Clark Area Municipal Development 10-Jun-97 0 Natural Disaster 2817 PRC Strategic Options for the Water Sector 26-Jun-97 0 Natural Disaster 1578 PAK Second Flood Protection (sector) 13-Nov-97 100.00 100.00 Natural Disaster S S 1588 COO Cyclone Emergency Rehabilitation 08-Dec-97 .80 .80 Natural Disaster GS 2999 INO Planning for Fire Prevention and Drought

Management 20-Mar-98 0 Natural Disaster

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Loan/Grant No.

DMC

Title

Date of

Approval

Financing ($ million) Total

($ million)

Disaster/ Emergency Category

Performance Rating

OCR ADF OTHERS Other

Source PCR PCRVR PPER

1633 KGZ Flood Emergency Rehabilitation 24-Sep-98 5.00 5.00 Natural Disaster S S 1651 TAJ Postconflict Infrastructure Program 10-Dec-98 20.00 20.00 Post-

Conflict/Conflict PS PS

3114 TAJ Institutional Strengthening of the Transport and Energy Sectors

10-Dec-98 0 Post-Conflict/Conflict

1666 BAN Flood Damage Rehabilitation and Proposal to Use Loan Savings

18-Dec-98 104.00 104.00 Natural Disaster HS S

1684 VAN Cyclone Emergency Rehabilitation 20-Apr-99 2.00 2.00 Natural Disaster 1685 PRC Northeast Flood Damage Rehabilitation 22-Apr-99 110.00 110.00 Natural Disaster 1686 PRC Northeast Flood Damage Rehabilitation 22-Apr-99 110.00 .11 Natural Disaster 1687 PRC Northeast Flood Damage Rehabilitation 22-Apr-99 110.00 .11 Natural Disaster 2817 PRC Strategic Options for the Water Sector

(Supplementary) 14-Jul-99 0 Natural Disaster

3259 PRC Yellow River Flood Management Sector 22-Sep-99 0 Natural Disaster 1714 TAJ Emergency Flood Rehabilitation 02-Dec-99 5.00 5.00 Natural Disaster S S 3319 TAJ Flood Disaster Management 02-Dec-99 0 Natural Disaster 3376 PRC Songhua River Flood, Wetland, and Biodiversity

Management 27-Dec-99 .33 GEF .33 Natural Disaster

3379 IND Strengthening Disaster Mitigation and Management at the State Level

28-Dec-99 0 Natural Disaster

3401 TIM Transport Sector Restoration 10-Feb-00 0 Post-Conflict/Conflict

8181 TIM Emergency Infrastructure Rehabilitation Project - Phase I

13-Apr-00 29.80 Post-Conflict/Conflict

PS PS

3428 TIM Rehabilitation of the Telecommunications Sector 17-Apr-00 0 Post-Conflict/Conflict

3495 TAJ Strategy for Improved Flood Management 05-Sep-00 0 Natural Disaster 3504 TIM Rehabilitation of the Telecommunications Sector 26-Sep-00 0 Post-

Conflict/Conflict

3528 VIE Capacity Building for Water Resources Management (TA Cluster)

30-Oct-00 2.00 Netherlands 2.00 Natural Disaster

3542 SRI Preparation of the North East Emergency Rehabilitation Project

10-Nov-00 0 Post-Conflict/Conflict

1825 BAN Southwest Flood Damage Rehabilitation 21-Dec-00 54.80 54.80 Natural Disaster HS 1824 CAM Emergency Flood Rehabilitation 21-Dec-00 55.00 55.00 Natural Disaster S 1823 SOL Post-Conflict Emergency Rehabilitation 21-Dec-00 10.00 10.00 Post-

Conflict/Conflict

1826 IND Gujarat Earthquake Rehab. and Reconstruction 26-Mar-01 500.00 500.00 Natural Disaster S S 3644 IND Capacity Building for Earthquake Rehab. and

Reconstruction of Housing 27-Mar-01 0 Natural Disaster

3647 KAZ Technology and Institutional Devt. for Sustainable Locust Management

23-Apr-01 0 Natural Disaster

3659 BAN Jamuna and Meghna River Erosion Mitigation 28-May-01 0 Natural Disaster 3376 PRC Songhua River Flood, Wetland, and Biodiversity

Management 30-Jul-01 0 Natural Disaster

1835 PRC Yellow River Flood Management (Sector) 28-Aug-01 150.00 150.00 Natural Disaster S

26 A

ppendix 3

Loan/Grant No.

DMC

Title

Date of

Approval

Financing ($ million) Total

($ million)

Disaster/ Emergency Category

Performance Rating

OCR ADF OTHERS Other

Source PCR PCRVR PPER

3708 PRC Strategic Planning Study for the Preparation of the Yellow River Law

28-Aug-01 0 Natural Disaster

3712 PRC Flood Forecasting and Early Warning System in the Yellow River

28-Aug-01 .30 Denmark .30 Natural Disaster

3731 TIM Transport Sector Improvement 01-Oct-01 0 Post-Conflict/Conflict

1413-02

PAK Emergency Assistance for Drought & Impact Mitigation & Recovery Component

16-Oct-01 125.00 125.00 Natural Disaster

1846 SRI Northeast Community Restoration and Development Program

16-Oct-01 25.00 25.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

1852 TAJ Emergency Restoration of Yavan Water Conveyance System

30-Oct-01 3.60 3.60 Natural Disaster HS

1855 VIE Second Red River Basin Sector 13-Nov-01 70.00 70.00 Natural Disaster 9011 PRC Innovations for Participatory Flood Control by the

Poor Along the Yellow River 16-Nov-01 1.00 Natural Disaster

3819 TIM Postal Services Development 19-Dec-01 0 Post-Conflict/Conflict

3828 UZB Aral Sea Area Drought Relief 03-Jan-02 0 Natural Disaster 9013 AZE Integration of Internally Displaced Persons in

Mingechevir Rayon 30-Jan-02 2.50 Post-

Conflict/Conflict

3864 AZE Flood Mitigation Project 15-May-02 0 Natural Disaster 3874 AFG Capacity Building for Reconstruction and

Development 30-May-02 .14 Australia .14 Post-

Conflict/Conflict

3875 AFG Disaster Preparedness and Management Capacity Building

30-May-02 0 Natural Disaster

1912 TAJ Emergency Baipaza Landslide Stabilization 10-Sep-02 5.32 5.32 Natural Disaster 1919 PRC Songhua River Flood Management Sector 20-Sep-02 150.00 150.00 Natural Disaster 9024 AFG Road Employment Project for Settlement and

Integration of Returning Refugees and Displaced Persons

03-Oct-02 15.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

3977 INO Community-Based Land Rehabilitation and Management

05-Nov-02 0 Natural Disaster

9026 IND Sustaining Income and Basic Human Needs of the Poor in Disaster Prone Areas of Gujarat a/

06-Nov-02 3.40 Natural Disaster

1941 BAN Jamuna-Meghna River Erosion Mitigation Project 25-Nov-02 42.17 42.17 Natural Disaster 4000 BAN Second Secondary Towns Integrated Flood

Protection 25-Nov-02 0 Natural Disaster

4001 VIE Central Region Water Resources Sector 27-Nov-02 .40 Netherlands .40 Natural Disaster 1954 AFG Postconflict Multisector Program 04-Dec-02 150.00 150.00 Post-

Conflict/Conflict

4040 SRI Needs Assessment in Conflict-Affected Areas 16-Dec-02 0 Post-Conflict/Conflict

1980 TAJ Agriculture Rehabilitation 18-Dec-02 35.00 35.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

4052 TAJ Farm Debt Resolution and Policy Reforms 18-Dec-02 0 Natural Disaster 3874 AFG Capacity Building for Reconstruction and

Development (Supplementary) 31-Mar-03 .45 Denmark .45 Post-

Conflict/Conflict

Appe

ndix 3 27

Loan/Grant No.

DMC

Title

Date of

Approval

Financing ($ million) Total

($ million)

Disaster/ Emergency Category

Performance Rating

OCR ADF OTHERS Other

Source PCR PCRVR PPER

6149 REG Support for the Mekong River Commission Flood Management and Mitigation

20-Apr-03 1.00 Natural Disaster

1997 AFG Emergency Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

03-Jun-03 150.00 150.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

S

4159 INO Flood Management in Selected River Basins 12-Aug-03 1.00 Netherlands 1.00 Natural Disaster 4210 AFG Preparing the Regional Airports Rehabilitation 05-Nov-03 0 Post-

Conflict/Conflict

2045 KGZ Emergency Rehabilitation Project 11-Dec-03 5.00 5.00 Natural Disaster S S 2043 SRI Conflict-Affected Area Rehabilitation Program 11-Dec-03 50.00 50.00 Post-

Conflict/Conflict

2044 SRI Conflict-Affected Area Rehabilitation Program 11-Dec-03 30.00 30.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

9037 AFG Emergency Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

19-Dec-03 20,000,000

Post-Conflict/Conflict

2068 AZE Flood Mitigation 19-Dec-03 22.00 22.00 Natural Disaster S S 4301 AZE Supporting River Basin and Flood Management

Planning 19-Dec-03 0 Natural Disaster

9039 AFG Rural Recovery through Community-Based Irrigation Rehabilitation

26-Dec-03 5.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

3874 AFG Capacity Building for Reconstruction and Development (Supplementary)

28-Jan-04 .90 Denmark .90 Post-Conflict/Conflict

4324 PRC Hunan Flood Control Project 29-Mar-04 .55 Spain .55 Natural Disaster 4327 PRC Flood Management Strategy Study 14-Apr-04 0 Natural Disaster 3874 AFG Capacity Building for Reconstruction and

Development (Supplementary) 01-Jun-04 .27 Australia .27 Post-

Conflict/Conflict

2084 SRI North East Community Restoration and Development - Extension Project

15-Jun-04 10.00 10.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

4367 PAK Balochistan Rural Development and Drought Mitigation

03-Aug-04 .300 Denmark .300 Natural Disaster

9055 KGZ Reducing Vulnerability of the Poor to Natural Disasters

08-Sep-04 1.00 Natural Disaster

2105 AFG Regional Airports Rehabilitation Project Phase I 23-Nov-04 30.00 30.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

2117 BAN Secondary Towns Integrated Flood Protection (Phase 2)

02-Dec-04 80.00 80.00 Natural Disaster

4480 VIE Developing Agricultural Insurance 15-Dec-04 .60 PRF .60 Natural Disaster 2156 BAN Emergency Flood Damage Rehabilitation 20-Jan-05 152.30 27.700 Netherlands

($13m), Sweden ($14.7m)

180.00 Natural Disaster HS S

4562 BAN Early Warning Systems Study 20-Jan-05 .25 Netherlands .25 Natural Disaster 4564 THA Preparing a Development Plan for the Tsunami

Affected Andaman Region 09-Feb-05 .15 Natural Disaster

(PEP) MLD Saving the Tsunami Affected Trees 11-Feb-05 .25 PEP .25 Natural Disaster 4567 SRI Sri Lanka Post-Tsunami Needs Assessment and

Preparation for Emergency Assistance Implementation Strategies

18-Feb-05 .50 PRF .50 Natural Disaster

28 A

ppendix 3

Loan/Grant No.

DMC

Title

Date of

Approval

Financing ($ million) Total

($ million)

Disaster/ Emergency Category

Performance Rating

OCR ADF OTHERS Other

Source PCR PCRVR PPER

6233 REG High Level Coordination Meeting on Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Assistance to Tsunami Affected Countries

03-Mar-05 .15 Natural Disaster

4040 SRI Needs Assessment in Conflict-Affected Areas (Supplementary)

17-Mar-05 0 Post-Conflict/Conflict

0001 MLD Tsunami Emergency Assistance 31-Mar-05 20.00 Natural Disaster NR GS 2160 MLD Tsunami Emergency Assistance 31-Mar-05 1.80 1.80 Natural Disaster 0002 INO Earthquake and Tsunami Emergency Support 07-Apr-05 3.50 Netherlands 293.50 Natural Disaster NR GS 0003 INO Community Water Services and Health 07-Apr-05 16.50 4m - CAN

5m - NET 7.5m - UKG

16.50 Natural Disaster NR GS

0014 INO Contribution to the Multidonor Trust Fund 07-Apr-05 10.00 Natural Disaster 4574 CAM Community Self-Reliance and Flood Risk

Reduction 08-Apr-05 .50 PRF .50 Natural Disaster

(PEP) SRI Sustaining Livelihoods Development and Natural Resources Management

12-Apr-05 .25 PEP .25 Natural Disaster

0005 IND Tsunami Emergency Assistance (Sector) 14-Apr-05 100.00 Natural Disaster 2166 IND Tsunami Emergency Assistance (Sector) 14-Apr-05 100.00 100.00 Natural Disaster 0006 SRI Tsunami Affected Areas Rebuilding 14-Apr-05 150.00 Natural Disaster NR PS 0007 SRI North East Community Restoration and

Development II 14-Apr-05 14.00 14.00 Post-

Conflict/Conflict

0011 SRI Tsunami Affected Areas Rebuilding 14-Apr-05 53.20 European Commission

53.20 Natural Disaster NR PS

0013 SRI North East Community Restoration and Development II

14-Apr-05 5.90 Sweden 5.90 Post-Conflict/Conflict

NR GS

2167 SRI Tsunami-Affected Areas Rebuilding 14-Apr-05 7.00 7.00 Natural Disaster 2168 SRI Northeast Community Restoration and

Development II 14-Apr-05 26.00 26.00 Post-

Conflict/Conflict

9066 MLD Restoration of Livelihoods of the Tsunami-Affected Farmers in the Maldives

29-Apr-05 1.00 Natural Disaster

4595 THA Supporting Post-Tsunami Activities and Coastal Zone Management

10-Jun-05 .15 Natural Disaster

2174 COO Cyclone Emergency Assistance 30-Jun-05 2.83 2.83 Natural Disaster S S 4605 COO Strengthening Disaster Management and

Mitigation 30-Jun-05 0 Natural Disaster

4613 THA Subregional Development Plan for the Tsunami Affected Andaman Region - Phase II

06-Jul-05 1.70 Natural Disaster

4614 MLD Promoting Sound Environmental Management in the Aftermath of the Tsunami Disaster

19-Jul-05 .40 CFWS .40 Natural Disaster

9072 INO Sustainable Livelihood Development for Coastal Communities in the Special Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam

06-Sep-05 2,50 Natural Disaster

9073 INO Rehabilitation of Coral Reef and Mangrove Resources in the Special Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam

06-Sep-05 1,50 Natural Disaster

9074 INO Seismically Upgraded Housing in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and North Sumatera

06-Sep-05 2.00 Natural Disaster

Appe

ndix 3 29

Loan/Grant No.

DMC

Title

Date of

Approval

Financing ($ million) Total

($ million)

Disaster/ Emergency Category

Performance Rating

OCR ADF OTHERS Other

Source PCR PCRVR PPER

4327 PRC Flood Management Strategy Study (Supplementary)

28-Sep-05 .50 CFWS .50 Natural Disaster

9076 SRI Public Works Restoration and Rehabilitation of Line Drainage Systems of Tsunami-Affected Local Government Roads

04-Oct-05 2.00 Natural Disaster

9077 SRI Post-Tsunami Utility Connections for the Poor 14-Oct-05 2.00 Natural Disaster 0038 BAN Emergency Flood Damage Rehabilitation 15-Nov-05 13.00 Netherlands 13.00 Natural Disaster 0039 BAN Emergency Flood Damage Rehabilitation 15-Nov-05 14.70 Sweden 14.70 Natural Disaster 9079 INO Restoration of Microenterprise and Microfinance

in Aceh 28-Nov-05 2.00 Natural Disaster

4719 PAK Additional Works for Preparation of the Hill Torrents Management Project

08-Dec-05 0 Natural Disaster

6284 REG Development of Catastrophe Risk Insurance Mechanisms

09-Dec-05 .15 PRF .15 Natural Disaster

0029 PAK Earthquake Emergency Assistance 13-Dec-05 80.00 Natural Disaster 0037 PAK Earthquake Emergency Assistance 13-Dec-05 37.50 uropean

mmission 37.50 Natural Disaster

2213 PAK Earthquake Emergency Assistance 13-Dec-05 220.00 220.00 Natural Disaster 2223 VIE Central Region Water Resources 19-Dec-05 74.30 74.30 Natural Disaster 9084 INO Supporting Community Health Care Initiatives in

Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam 18-Jan-06 0 Natural Disaster

0043 SOL Post-Conflict Emergency Rehabilitation (Supplementary) b/

08-Feb-06 2.00 Australia 2.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

0044 SOL Post-Conflict Emergency Rehabilitation (Supplementary) b/

08-Feb-06 6.50 New Zealand

6.50 Post-Conflict/Conflict

9092 PAK Immediate Support to Poor and Vulnerable Households in Inaccessible Areas Devastated by the 2005 Earthquake

27-Mar-06 5.00 Natural Disaster

4001 VIE Central Region Water Resources Sector (Supplementary)

30-May-06 0 Natural Disaster

9094 IND Restoration and Diversification of Livelihoods for Tsunami-Affected Poor and Marginalized People in the States of Tamil Nadu and Kerala

21-Jun-06 5,000,000 Natural Disaster

0045 SRI Tsunami-Affected Areas Rebuiding Project (Supplementary-Housing Development Component) c/

26-Jun-06 8.74 Netherlands 8.74 Natural Disaster

2244 PRC Hunan Flood Management Sector 29-Jun-06 200.00 200.00 Natural Disaster 4813 PRC Strengthening Flood Management Sustainability

in Hunan Province 29-Jun-06 .50 Spain .50 Natural Disaster

4811 TAJ Khatlon Province Flood Management 29-Jun-06 0 Natural Disaster 6331 REG Support for Strengthening the Tsunami

Development Assistance Database 28-Jul-06 .80 Natural Disaster

0048 SOL Road Improvement (Sector) 08-Aug-06 .35 .35 Post-Conflict/Conflict

0049 SOL Road Improvement (Sector) 08-Aug-06 6.10 Australia 6.10 Post-Conflict/Conflict

30 A

ppendix 3

Loan/Grant No.

DMC

Title

Date of

Approval

Financing ($ million) Total

($ million)

Disaster/ Emergency Category

Performance Rating

OCR ADF OTHERS Other

Source PCR PCRVR PPER

0050 SOL Road Improvement (Sector) 08-Aug-06 9.75 New Zealand

9.75 Post-Conflict/Conflict

NR GS

4001 VIE Central Region Water Resources Sector (Supplementary)

22-Aug-06 0 Natural Disaster

0062 SRI Conflict-Affected Areas Rehabilitation (Supplementary) d/

09-Oct-06 8.60 Norway 8.60 Post-Conflict/Conflict

4848 CAM Water Resource Management (Sector) 16-Oct-06 .30 France .30 Natural Disaster 0002 INO Earthquake and Tsunami Emergency Support

(Supplementary) 30-Oct-06 1.00 Natural Disaster

4867 PRC Preparing the Qingdao Water Resources Management

16-Nov-06 0 Natural Disaster

2273 VIE Emergency Rehabilitation of Calamity Damage 21-Nov-06 50.97 50.97 Natural Disaster 0029 PAK Earthquake Emergency Assistance

(Supplementary) 08-Dec-06 27.50 Natural Disaster

4896 IND North Eastern Integrated Flood and Riverbank Erosion Management (ASSAM)

14-Dec-06 .85 UK/CFWS .85 Natural Disaster

9102 PHI Southern Leyte Landslide Disaster Assistance 15-Dec-06 3.00 Natural Disaster 4903 VIE Viet Nam Water Sector Review 18-Dec-06 .27 NET/AUS/DEN .27 Natural Disaster 0075 SRI North East Community Restoration and

Development e/ 05-Feb-07 1.50 Norway/

Finland 1.50 Post-

Conflict/Conflict

0076 AFG Road Employment Project for Settlement and Integration of Returning Refugees and Displaced Persons (Supplementary)

28-Mar-07 12.80 Canada 12.80 Post-Conflict/Conflict

NR GS

0011 SRI Tsunami Affected Areas Rebuilding (Supplementary-Component C)

19-Jun-07 16.00 EU 16.00 Natural Disaster NR GS

6233 REG High Level Coordination Meeting on Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Assistance to Tsunami Affected Countries (Supplementary)

20-Jun-07 .20 Natural Disaster

2335 PAK Earthquake-Displaced People Livelihood Restoration Program

27-Jun-07 400.00 400.00 Natural Disaster

4943 PAK Capacity Building for Institutions Related to Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation

27-Jun-07 2,000,000 Natural Disaster

0078 SOL Emergency Assistance 27-Jun-07 4.95 4.00 EC 8.95 Natural Disaster NR GS 4944 SOL Strengthening Disaster Recovery Planning and

Coordination 27-Jun-07 0 Natural Disaster

4960 PRC Guangxi Wouzhou Urban Development 09-Aug-07 0 Natural Disaster 4965 IND Sustainable Coastal Protection and Management 07-Sep-07 0 Natural Disaster 4969 NEP Strengthening Land Administration Services 26-Sep-07 0 Post-

Conflict/Conflict

0029 PAK Earthquake Emergency Assistance (Supplementary)

05-Oct-07 30.00 Natural Disaster

2356 TAJ Khatlon Province Flood Risk Management Project

05-Oct-07 22.00 22.00 Natural Disaster

9110 NEP Strengthening Decentralized Support for Vulnerable and Conflict-Affected Families and Children

10-Oct-07 2.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

Appe

ndix 3 31

Loan/Grant No.

DMC

Title

Date of

Approval

Financing ($ million) Total

($ million)

Disaster/ Emergency Category

Performance Rating

OCR ADF OTHERS Other

Source PCR PCRVR PPER

0093 NEP Rural Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Sector Development

12-Dec-07 50.00 50.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

NR PS

7049 PRC Implementing the National Flood Management Strategy

20-Dec-07 .30 NET-WFPF .30 Natural Disaster

2409 BAN Emergency Disaster Damage Rehabilitation (Sector)

31-Jan-08 120.00 120.00 Natural Disaster

9118 PHI Developing Microinsurance 15-Feb-08 1.00 Natural Disaster 0110 BAN Emergency Disaster Damage Rehabilitation

(Sector) 28-Mar-08 10.00 Canada 10.00 Natural Disaster NR GS

6452 REG Pyanj River Basin Flood Management 28-Mar-08 1,600,000 Natural Disaster 6456 REG Greater Mekong Subregion Flood and Drought

Risk Management and Mitigation 23-Apr-08 0 Natural Disaster

0049 SOL Road Improvement (Sector) (Supplementary) 30-Apr-08 .50.00 Australia .50 Post-Conflict/Conflict

7081 PRC Providing Emergency Response to Sichuan Earthquake

26-May-08 0 Natural Disaster

7088 AFG Water Resources Development 10-Jun-08 0 Natural Disaster 6474 REG Natural Catastrophe Risk Insurance Mechanisms

for the Asia and Pacific Region 06-Aug-08 0 Natural Disaster

9126 TAJ Community Participatory Flood Management 08-Sep-08 3.00 Natural Disaster 7132 IND Integrated Flood and River Erosion Management

- Arunachal Pradesh 11-Sep-08 .75 MDTF-

WFPF .75 Natural Disaster

7136 IND Integrated Flood and Riverbank Erosion Risk Management - Assam (Phase 2): Processing and Institutional Strengthening

26-Sep-08 .75 MDTF-WFPF

.75 Natural Disaster

6498 REG Knowledge and Innovation Support for ADB's Water Financing Program

03-Nov-08 2.00 NET-WFPF/MDT

F-WFPF

2.00 Natural Disaster

0093 NEP Rural Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Sector Development

11-Nov-08 20.00 United Kingdom

20.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

2469 GEO Emergency Assistance for Post-Conflict Recovery

12-Nov-08 70.00 70.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

7179 PRC Jiangxi Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Development

24-Nov-08 0 Natural Disaster

7189 INO Institutional Strengthening for Integrated Water Resources Management in the 6 CIS River Basin Territory

04-Dec-08 7.00 MDTF-WFPF/NET

7.00 Natural Disaster

2273 VIE Emergency Rehabilitation of Calamity Damage 08-Dec-08 25.00 25.50 Natural Disaster 7220 VIE Geo-Information Technology Hazard Risk

Assessment 08-Dec-08 .50 EAKPF .50 Natural Disaster

4903 VIE Viet Nam Water Sector Review (Supplementary) 11-Dec-08 .55 Netherlands .55 Natural Disaster 7203 PRC Promoting a More Inclusive and Effective

Disaster Risk Management System 12-Dec-08 0 Natural Disaster

2491 PRC Guangxi Wuzhou Urban Development 15-Dec-08 100.00 100.00 Natural Disaster 2500 INO Integrated Citarum Water Resources

Management Investment Program - Tranche 1 22-Dec-08 20.00 20.00 Natural Disaster

32 A

ppendix 3

Loan/Grant No.

DMC

Title

Date of

Approval

Financing ($ million) Total

($ million)

Disaster/ Emergency Category

Performance Rating

OCR ADF OTHERS Other

Source PCR PCRVR PPER

2501 INO Integrated Citarum Water Resources Management Investment Program - Tranche 1

22-Dec-08 30.00 30.00 Natural Disaster

0049 SOL Road Improvement (Sector) (Supplementary) 19-Jan-09 .21 Australia .21 Post-Conflict/Conflict

4813 PRC Strengthening Flood Management Sustainability in Hunan Province (Supplementary)

26-Jan-09 .60 NET-WFPF .60 Natural Disaster

0146 BAN Emergency Disaster Damage Rehabilitation (Sector) (Supplementary)

03-Feb-09 24.00 Netherlands 24.00 Natural Disaster NR GS

2508 PRC Emergency Assistance for Wenchuan Earthquake Reconstruction

19-Feb-09 400.00 400.00 Natural Disaster

7238 PRC Providing Capacity Building Support for Wenchuan Earthquake Reconstruction

19-Feb-09 0 Natural Disaster

7261 PRC Strategy for Drought Management 26-Mar-09 .23 MDTF-WFPF

.23 Natural Disaster

4965 IND Sustainable Coastal Protection and Management 08-Apr-09 0 Natural Disaster 7270 PRC Risk Mitigation and Strengthening of Endangered

Reservoirs in Shandong Province 14-Apr-09 0 Natural Disaster

7269 REG Supporting ADB's Engagement in Fragile Situations

14-Apr-09 0 Post-Conflict/Conflict

0150 NEP Emergency Flood Damage Rehabilitation 21-Apr-09 25.60 25.60 Natural Disaster 7274 REG Enabling Climate Change Interventions in

Central and West Asia 23-Apr-09 0 Natural Disaster

7276 REG Supporting Investments in Water-Related Disaster Management

27-Apr-09 0 Natural Disaster

0049 SOL Road Improvement (Sector) (Supplementary) 20-May-09 1.87 Australia 1.87 Post-Conflict/Conflict

7301 SAM Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage 23-Jun-09 .50 Australia .50 Natural Disaster 6498 REG Knowledge and Innovation Support for ADB's

Water Financing Program (Supplementary) 01-Jul-09 1.50 MDTF-

WFPF/NET-WFPF

1.50 Natural Disaster

2541 FIJ Emergency Flood Recovery (Sector) 27-Aug-09 17.56 17.56 Natural Disaster 0078 SOL Emergency Assistance (Supplementary) 27-Aug-09 4.04 EC 4.04 Natural Disaster 0162 PHI Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy) 29-Sep-09 3.00 Natural Disaster 0165 SAM Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Response 02-Oct-09 1.00 Natural Disaster 0167 AFG Water Resources Development Investment

Program - Tranche 1 06-Oct-09 86.60 86.60 Natural Disaster

0170 AFG Water Resources Development Investment Program - Tranche 1

06-Oct-09 3.30 United Kingdom

3.30 Natural Disaster NR PS

7364 INO Flood Management in Selected River Basins (Phase II)

12-Oct-09 0 Natural Disaster

0168 INO West Sumatera Earthquake Disaster 13-Oct-09 3.00 Natural Disaster NR GS 0175 SOL Secondary Road Improvement (Sector) 12-Nov-09 15.00 15.00 Natural Disaster NR GS 0177 SOL Secondary Road Improvement (Sector) 12-Nov-09 4.50 Australia 4,500,000 Natural Disaster NR GS 7394 REG Strengthening the Capacity of Pacific Developing

Member Countries to Respond to Climate Change (Phase I)

23-Nov-09 .33 CCFCC 1.69 Natural Disaster

Appe

ndix 3 33

Loan/Grant No.

DMC

Title

Date of

Approval

Financing ($ million) Total

($ million)

Disaster/ Emergency Category

Performance Rating

OCR ADF OTHERS Other

Source PCR PCRVR PPER

7408 REG Policy Options to Support Climate-Induced Migration

08-Dec-09 .70 Natural Disaster

0193 SRI North East Community Restoration and Development Program II

17-Dec-09 7.28 Australia 7.28 Post-Conflict/Conflict

NR PS

2618 SRI North East Community Restoration and Development Project II (Supplementary)

09-Mar-10 12.77 12.77 Post-Conflict/Conflict

6498 REG Knowledge and Innovation Support for ADB's Water Financing Program (Supplementary)

26-Mar-10 1.50 MDTF-WFPF

1.50 Natural Disaster

0200 MON Dzud Disaster Response Project 12-Apr-10 2.50 Natural Disaster NR GS 2625 SAM Economic Recovert Support Program

(Subprogram 1) 14-Apr-10 16.00 16.00 Natural Disaster

2626 SRI Conflict-Affected Region Emergency Assistance 15-Apr-10 150.00 150.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

0207 SOL Second Road Improvement (Sector) (Supplementary)

20-May-10 .36 New Zealand

.36 Natural Disaster NR PS

0210 SOL Second Road Improvement (Sector) (Supplementary)

20-May-10 .28 Australia .28 Natural Disaster NR PS

2639 SRI Northern Road Connectivity 18-Jun-10 130.00 130.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

2640 SRI Northern Road Connectivity 18-Jun-10 24.40 24.40 Post-Conflict/Conflict

7545 SRI Capacity Development of the Northern Provincial Road Development Department

18-Jun-10 0 Post-Conflict/Conflict

9149 BHU Upgrading Schools and Integrated Disaster Education

12-Aug-10 3.00 Natural Disaster

0214 PAK National Flood Emergency Response 19-Aug-10 3.00 Natural Disaster 7579 PAK Pakistan Floods (2010) Damage and Needs

Assessment 19-Aug-10 0 Natural Disaster

9150 SRI Post-Conflict Emergency Assistance for Livelihood Restoration of Resettled Internally Displaced People in the North

19-Aug-10 2.50 Post-Conflict/Conflict

2664 GEO Social Services Delivery Program 21-Sep-10 100.00 100.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

2670 CAM Rural Roads Improvement 23-Sep-10 35.00 35.00 Natural Disaster 2673 CAM Water Resources Management Sector

Development Program (Program Loan) 23-Sep-10 20.00 20.00 Natural Disaster

0217 KGZ Emergency Assistance for Recovery and Reconstruction

23-Sep-10 51.50 51.50 Post-Conflict/Conflict

NR GS

2668 KGZ Emergency Assistance for Recovery and Reconstruction

23-Sep-10 48.50 48.50 Post-Conflict/Conflict

0246 SRI Conflict-Affected Region Emergency 27-Sep-10 1.50 IFRC 1.50 Post-Conflict/Conflict

NR US

2684 IND Assam Integrated Flood and Riverbank Erosion Management Investment Program - Tranche 1

25-Oct-10 56.90 56.90 Natural Disaster

2710 SRI Jaffna and Kilinochchi Water Supply and Sanitation

29-Nov-10 20.00 20.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

34 A

ppendix 3

Loan/Grant No.

DMC

Title

Date of

Approval

Financing ($ million) Total

($ million)

Disaster/ Emergency Category

Performance Rating

OCR ADF OTHERS Other

Source PCR PCRVR PPER

2711 SRI Jaffna and Kilinochchi Water Supply and Sanitation

29-Nov-10 70.00 70.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

0237 INO Mount Merapi Disaster Response Project 07-Dec-10 3.00 Natural Disaster NR GS 0241 CAM Greater Mekong Subregion Biodiversity

Conservation Corridors 10-Dec-10 19.00 19.00 Natural Disaster NR US

0242 LAO Greater Mekong Subregion Biodiversity Conservation Corridors

10-Dec-10 20.00 20.00 Natural Disaster

9154 SRI Improving Community-Based Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Post-Conflict Areas in Jaffna and Kilinochchi

04-Feb-11 2.00 Post-Conflict/Conflict

0247 SRI Sri Lanka Flood Disaster 16-Feb-11 3.00 Natural Disaster NR PS 2742 PAK Flood Emergency Reconstruction 30-Mar-11 600.00 600.00 Natural Disaster 2743 PAK Flood Emergency Reconstruction 30-Mar-11 50.00 50.00 Natural Disaster

7795 PAK Capacity Building for the Flood Emergency Reconstruction Project

30-Mar-11 0 Natural Disaster

7812 REG Developing a Disaster Risk Financing Capability 23-May-11 2.00 Natural Disaster ADF = Asian Development Fund, AFG = Afghanistan, AZE = Azerbaijan, BAN = Bangladesh, BHU = Bhutan, CAM = Cambodia, COO = Cook Islands, DMC = developing member country, Emer = emergency, FIJ = Fiji islands, GEO = Georgia, IND = India, INO = Indonesia, KAZ = Kazakhstan, LAO = Lao People’s Democratic Republic, MAL= Malaysia, MLD = Maldives, MON = Mongolia, NEP = Nepal, OCR = ordinary capital resources, PAK = Pakistan, PCR = project completion report, PCRVR = project completion report validation report, PHI = Philippines, PPER = project performance evaluation report, PRC = People’s Republic of China, REG = regional, SAM = Samoa, SOL = Solomon Islands, SRI = Sri Lanka, TAJ = Tajikistan, THA = Thailand, TIM = Timor-Leste, UZB = Uzbekistan, VAN = Vanuatu, VIE = Viet Nam. Source: RSDD and IED database.

Appe

ndix 4 35

EVALUATION CRITERIA, QUESTIONS, AND SUMMARY METHODOLOGY

Evaluation Criteria Evaluation Questions Required Information and Sources Methods of

Collection and Analysis Relevance

1) Assess the relevance (both 2004 policy and 2008 action plan) in the evolving context surrounding disaster response in Asia-Pacific Assess trends in geophysical, hydrological and meteorological events and their link to significant disasters in Asia region Assess DMC vulnerability or risk exposure or resilience to natural disasters and impacts on their economies by reviewing literature and databases pertaining to economic growth and disaster impacts Consider the need for an ADB long-term strategy or target for disaster management and recommendations for strengthening ADB’s strategy in this area.

Records of natural disasters, or anomalies in the geo-physical, hydro/meteorological events Publications and analysis on hazards risks, exposure and vulnerability risks in Asia Findings from all stages of analysis from information and data obtained.

Literature review on existing analysis on natural disaster, weather anomalies, CRED, ISDR and IPCC data and publications, etc Statistical/econometric analysis on link between climate change and natural disaster Review of concept of some climate models Review of Asia natural hazards risk by other leading aid agencies and research institutes Review of ADB and other donors’ TA on hazard mapping Review of concept framework of some climate models Discussion with external experts (other MDBs, specialized aid agencies, academics), plus SPD (esp. SPRU) and RSDD.

36 A

ppendix 4

Evaluation Criteria Evaluation Questions Required Information and Sources Methods of

Collection and Analysis Responsiveness (efficiency of assistance formulation and implementation)

2) Development of “good practices” for implementation of ADB operations and country programming Trace the trend and changes in the types of ADB assistance in the last 10 years of ADB operations and ADB country programming in disaster management (from risk assessment, emergency preparedness assistance, investment in risk mitigation, capacity building, catastrophe risk financing) Trace the trend in inclusion of natural disaster resilience in infrastructure sector development project objectives (including roads, flood, water supply) Examine ADB internal organization and assess capacity building needs to see any areas for improvement for mainstreaming disaster management operations.

ADB portfolio analysis covering loans (EAL and conventional loans with disaster risk reduction element), grants and TAs Establish IED’s own natural disaster related loan/grant/TA database Collect various project profile data and merge with IED database Trace how EALs have been processed Against 2004 DEAP and 2008 Action Plan, conduct interviews to RSDD and RD staff about staffing requirements and work loads

Desk review of RRP, PCR, BTORs, interviews to mission members Selected country case studies – discussion with executing agencies, implementing agencies and where possible consultant, PMU staff Trend analysis Examine hypotheses Interview to RD and RSDD staff Conduct questionnaire to ADB staff involved in natural disaster operations Conduct interviews to other donors (including World Bank and key bilateral donors) Examine whether the current DEAP, which covers both natural disaster and post-conflict, provides sufficient clear guidance on steps to be covered for ADB intervention.

Appe

ndix 4 37

Evaluation Criteria Evaluation Questions Required Information and Sources Methods of

Collection and Analysis Results 3) Adequacy of ADB response to

disaster and disaster risks in Asia Assess impact/benefits of the current investments for the DMC concerned, separating ex-ante and ex-post interventions Trace whether modalities of ADB assistance, focus an sector coverage were in line with member countries’ needs and with other donors Evaluate donor coordination and role of ADB in disaster management in Asia Pacific, compared to the role of others

Use of EIRR analysis data for conventional loan with DRR element Review of ADB loans and TA – which had sequential intervention from reconstruction to mitigation assistance Review of ADB CPS, regional policies, sector operational plans Review of COBP Review of external assistance, sector analysis Review of ADB RRP and TAs, RSDD document Collect info from other donors’ publication, websites Attend other donors’ conference or join in web-based workshops

Ex ante: Cost of damages will be calculated and compared to protection measures and standards in place in the impacted area. Ex post: For a number of similar disasters, we get an idea of the cost of damages and the cost of reconstruction (like benefits). Trend analysis Examine hypotheses Interview to RD and RSDD staff Interviews to other donors Attend regional disaster related conferences Trend Analysis Examine hypotheses Interview to RD and RSDD staff Interviews to other donors

ADB = Asian Development Bank, BTOR = back-to-office report, COBP = country operations business plan, CPS = country partnership strategy, CRED = Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, DEAP = Disaster and Emergency Assistance Policy, DMC = developing member country, DRR = disaster risk reduction, EAL = emergency assistance loan, EIRR = economic internal rate of return, IED = Independent Evaluation Department, IPCC = Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ISDR = International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, MDB = multilateral development bank, PCR = project completion report, PMU = project management unit, RD = regional department, RRP = report and recommendation of the President, RSDD = Regional Sustainable Development Department, SPD = Strategy and Policy Department, SPRU = Results Management Unit, SPD, TA = technical assistance. Source: IED.

38 Appendix 5

Figure A5.1: Framework for Integrated Disaster Risk Management

Five themes underline the IDRM framework: (i) ex ante: should be proactive to anticipate future events; (ii) holistic: should encompass all aspects of disaster management, based on principles of risk management; (iii) tailored: should be designed for individual DMCs or regional needs; (iv) leveraging: should be capable of bringing in financial options to manage risks; and (v) impact-sensitive: should be responsive to post-disaster needs since reconstruction and rehabilitation is still of vital importance. With support from a governance “foundation”, the three “pillars” of DRR, CCA, and DRF will be engaged to advocate, develop, and implement ex ante DRM measures and capacities. Linking DRR and DRF initiatives will encourage systematic risk management. Harmonizing DRR and CCA will achieve common objectives. DRF will provide a catalyst role and crowd in private sector players and markets. Source: ADB. 2012. Developing an Integrated Disaster Risk Management Program to Manage Natural Hazards in the Asia and Pacific Region. Manila (February, Draft for Interdepartmental Comments).

Management  of retained risksElimination of preventable risks

Increased Resilience through Integrated 

Disaster Risk Management

Disaster Risk 

Reduction

Climate Change 

Adaptation

Transfer of disaster risks  (amortization)

Disaster Risk 

Financing

Stakeholder engagement

Policy Frameworks

Development Planning

Development Investment

Knowledge InputsGuidanceBest practicesLessons Learned

Technical Assistance

Expert consultingRegional cooperation

FinancingLoansGrantsGuarantees

Country level IDRM model

National & local development 

systems

Input streams

Strengthened risk governance & capacity development

Risk Assessment

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Appendix 5 39

Figure A5.2: Disaster Management Cycle