special criminal tribunals

7/31/2019 Special Criminal Tribunals

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Series of military tribunals, held by victoriousAllied forces of World War II

Notable for the prosecution of prominentmembers of the political, military, andeconomic leadership of the defeated NaziGermany

Held in the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria,Germany, in 1945-1946, at the Palace of

Justice Initial trials were held from November 20,

1945 October 1, 1946


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Initiated a movement for the prompt

establishment of a permanent international

criminal court


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Two legal instruments London Agreement

Signed by representatives of the USA, UK, France and

the USSR, in London on August 8, 1945 Provided for the establishment of the International

Military Tribunal to try war criminals

Trial began on November 20, 1945


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Two legal instruments Law No. 10

Issued by the Allied Control Council in Berlin on

December 20, 1945 Closely resembled the London Agreement but provided

for war trials in each of the four zones of occupied

Germany


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International Military Tribunal for the FarEast (IMTFE), known as the Tokyo Trials,Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal or simply the

Tribunal, was convened on April 29, 1946,to try leaders of the Empire of Japan forthree types of crimes: Class A: crimes were reserved for those who

participated in a joint conspiracy to start wage war,and were brought against those in the highestdecision-making bodies


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Class B: crimes were reserved for those whocommitted conventional atrocities or crimes

against humanity

Class C: crimes were reserved for those in the

planning, ordering, authorization, or failure toprevent such transgressions at higher level in thecommand structure

Established to implement the Cairo

Declaration, Postdam Declaration,Instrument of Surrender and MoscowConference


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January 19, 1946, Gen. MacArthur issued

a special proclamation order for the

establishment of the said tribunal

The charter followed generally the model

set by the Nuremberg Trials

The tribunal was adjourned on November

12, 1948


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A United Nations court of law dealing with warcrimes that took place during the conflicts inthe Balkans in the 1990s

Provides victims an opportunity to voice thehorrors they witnessed and experiencedEstablished, in May 1993, by the United

Nations in response to mass atrocities then

taking place in Croatia and Bosnia andHerzegovina


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First war crimes court created by the UN andthe first international war crimes tribunal sincethe Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals

Established by the Security Council inaccordance with Chapter VII of the UNCharter

The key objective is to try those individualsmost responsible for appalling acts such as

murder, torture, rape, enslavement,destruction of property and other crimes listedin the Tribunal's Statute


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Mandate and Jurisdiction To bring to justice those responsible for serious

violations of international humanitarian law

committed in the former Yugoslavia since 1991and thus contribute to the restoration and

maintenance of peace in the region

ICTY has jurisdiction over the territory of the

former Yugoslavia from 1991 onwards


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It has jurisdiction over individual persons and not

organizations, political parties, army units,

administrative entities or other legal subjects


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Created by the Security Council for

recognizing the serious violations of

humanitarian law committed in Rwanda,

and acting under Chapter VII of the United

Nations Charter

Purpose: to contribute to the process of

national reconciliation in Rwanda and tothe maintenance of peace in the region


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ICTR was established for the prosecution ofpersons responsible for genocide and otherserious violations of internationalhumanitarian law committed in the territory ofRwanda between 1 January 1994 and 31December 1994

May also deal with the prosecution ofRwandan citizens responsible for genocide

and other such violations of international lawcommitted in the territory of neighboringStates during the same period


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International Court of Justice

Special Court for Sierra Leone

Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of

Cambodia

Special Tribunal for Lebanon


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Tri

als

Shelton, Dinah. "War Crimes Trials."

Microsoft Encarta 2007Microsoft Encarta 2007. 1993-2006 MicrosoftCorporation. All rights reserved.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials


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http://www.icty.org/sections/AbouttheICTY

http://www.unictr.org/AboutICTR/GeneralIn

formation/tabid/101/Default.aspx

http://www.un.org/en/law/index.shtml
http://www.icty.org/sections/AbouttheICTYhttp://www.unictr.org/AboutICTR/GeneralInformation/tabid/101/Default.aspxhttp://www.unictr.org/AboutICTR/GeneralInformation/tabid/101/Default.aspxhttp://www.un.org/en/law/index.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/en/law/index.shtmlhttp://www.unictr.org/AboutICTR/GeneralInformation/tabid/101/Default.aspxhttp://www.unictr.org/AboutICTR/GeneralInformation/tabid/101/Default.aspxhttp://www.icty.org/sections/AbouttheICTY

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