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263 Special Introduction LED roses Electronic access control hardware Flush roses Childproof knob Emergency release for special needs Cut backplates + roses Barrier-free hardware Window handles for specific requirements Selection fom Prision Forensics handle range 264 265 266 270 271 271 272 275 276 278 5

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Page 1: Special 5 - index-d.com€¦ · entitled “Products with special functions” in which FSB brak-kets all products that extend our range in that they are far-reaching innovations

263

SpecialIntroduction

LED roses

Electronic access control hardware

Flush roses

Childproof knob

Emergency release forspecial needs

Cut backplates + roses

Barrier-free hardware

Window handles forspecific requirements

Selection fom PrisionForensics handle range

264

265

266

270

271

271

272

275

276

278

5

Page 2: Special 5 - index-d.com€¦ · entitled “Products with special functions” in which FSB brak-kets all products that extend our range in that they are far-reaching innovations

What follows is a new sectionentitled “Products with specialfunctions” in which FSB brak-kets all products that extendour range in that they are far-reaching innovations – or elseare the upshot of specific mar-ket demand.

We kick off with our backlit cy-linder rose. Light has alwaysbeen integral to architecture. Itrenders spaces utilisable andmakes it easier for a person tofind their way around. We, too,have now veritably seen thelight: we have integrated anLED into our roses so you canmake a beeline for the door inthe dark. The LED rose is tobe found opposite.

We then move on to “EZK” –the electronic access control(EAC) system that FSB has de-veloped in collaboration withthe Westphalian family-run bu-siness Winkhaus. Besides boa-sting the system benefits ofWinkhaus BlueChip technolo-gy, EZK is also set apart by itsbeing the first sector-wide EAChardware system to be – verywinningly – designed with ro-ses. It can be found on Pages266-269.

A further hardware innovation,one espousing the architectu-ral philosophy whereby techni-cal and functional elementsshould not protrude if possi-ble, is the proven FSB com-mercial hardware fitted with acompensating bearing in a va-riant featuring flush handlesand cylinder roses. This pro-duct features an ingenious as-sembly technique and can beused in combination with anylever handle design. Owing tothe need to cut away materialon the door, this is really a jobfor commercial ventures. Formore on this, please turn toPage 270.

There follows a childproofknob handle. Here, we werelooking for a way round thepractical but rather makeshiftoption of aligning the leverhandle vertically so as to keepit out of reach of tiny tots. Wecame up with a good idea,which is set out on Page 271.Covered on the same page is aparticularly hard-wearing set ofindicating furniture that incor-porates an emergency releasefacility and is primarily concei-ved for use in schools, nurseryschools and old people’s ho-mes.

The trend towards flush fittingsis likewise catered to by me-ans of specially cut backplatesand roses in solid stainlesssteel (thicknesses of 3 and 5 mm).

FSB is able to cut backplatesto a wide variety of shapes anddesigns. We are starting with arange of narrow angular andarched backplates as well asangular roses with visible fi-xing. There are a great manymore feasible options, though.Test us with your own bespokedesigns! The existing range isto be found on Pages 272-274.

We have developed a set ofbarrier-free hardware specifi-cally for homes for the elderlyand infirm in which the leverhandle is positioned 200 mmlower than usual, allowing it tobe reached more easily bywheelchair users in particular.The hardware is also a primecandidate for renovation work,since it can be effortlesslycombined with existing locks(as itemised in DIN 18251).Details on Page 275.

Next up are special windowhandle designs that have theirorigins in facade systems suchas curtain walls, new profilesystems or, indeed, recurrentwindow designs. We supplywindow handles

· of reduced depth or with flat roses – for use on box-type windows

· with cranking – for top-hinged sash windows

· with casement fasteners – for centre-hung sash windows

FSB offers a wide range ofconcept solutions that can besupplied in combination withalmost any window handle mo-del. A few examples of suchwindow handles are shown onPages 276 and 277.

Rounding off the section is aselection from our now quitevaried offering for prisons andpsychiatric hospitals. Key fea-tures of these hardware solu-tions for doors and windowsare their resilience to vanda-lism and the way they are de-signed to prevent suicides.The models presented hereare but part of a far more ex-tensive range of such productsthat reflect the very diversenature of the security and sa-fety concepts adopted by theoperators of these institutions.FSB has repeatedly come upwith dedicated solutions forsuch purposes in the past andis now putting its know-how atyour disposal. A number of theproducts are shown on Pages278 and 279.

We will be only too pleased tosend you a copy of the moredetailed “JVA/Forensik” pro-duct digest upon request.

264

Products withspecial functions

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Keyholes

BB PZ

Blank rose variants can alsobe supplied.

265

LED-roses55

7

38

1723Aluminium AluGreyEdelstahl BronzeBrass

The most compelling productinnovations often arise out ofthe most obvious of ideas. Youare sure to be familiar with thefollowing situation from yourown experience: you tentative-ly grope your way towards thedoor in the dark and then ha-ve your work cut out locatingthe keyhole or handle. There’sjust got to be a way of gettinga handle on this problem, asthe saying goes.

Light sets the scene and is atthe same time functional: itrenders spaces usable and isan excellent means of makingit easier to find your wayaround in them. This appliesto no less a degree to LEDtechnology, which makes forcompletely new levels of mini-aturisation. It has been super-bly put to effect in our LED ro-ses: these emit a tidy light thatwill guide you safely and sure-ly to the door by means of abuilt-in LED.

Our LED roses can be recom-mended for a great number ofapplications:

· in various colours they iden-tify spaces with differing functions or point the way toimportant doors.

· Courtesy of LED roses it’s as easy as can be getting to entrances or exits safely in the dark without having to switch on the room lighting.

· They are a discreet aid to orientation on corridors

· LED roses find application wherever low levels of light suffice for a given purpose –as slumber lights in a child’sbedroom for instance.

· As a design element, they create nuanced spots of light and unobtrusively liven up entrances and exits in the dark.

A mains transformer is requi-red for power supply purposesthat can be ordered separatelyunder product code FSB 17239000 8200 (SNT-ELI 0-9 W ty-pe).

Up to 10 LED roses can berun off one mains transformer.The mains transformer can befitted either in the

switch cabinet or in a flush de-vice box. Power can be trans-mitted to the LED rose in a va-riety of ways – via a contact-based currenttransmitter on the slammingface (eff eff) – by means of concealed wi-ring along the door rebate onthe pull side (Winkhaus, effeff)

– or openly (eff eff) - current carrying hinges

The LED rose uses very littlepower, less than 1W per bo-ard.

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266

EZK hardware systemAreas of application

Winkhaus + FSB

We have repeatedly dared toraise our heads above the pa-rapet in the past instead of re-sting on our laurels.

Most recently, we have ventu-red onto electronic terrain –admittedly not essentially ourown – and sought a partnerthat, as well being a front-run-ner in the electronic latchingsystems market, is eminentlywell-suited to us due to its status as a medium-sized business, the partner inquestion being Winkhaus Türtechnik GmbH & Co. KGfrom Münster.

Conventional mechanical lat-ching systems are becomingincreasingly outdated. Giventhe security requirements thatobtain in the event of keysbeing mislaid or changesbeing made to authorisationstatuses, electronically organi-sed access control systems arenow an established fact in themarketplace. We have directlycombined the process of elec-tronic identification with a me-chatronic module accommo-dated in the most confined ofspaces in the lever handle ro-se. At the heart of this master-piece of precision engineeringis an electronically controlledcoupling element that ensuresimmediate operation of thelock via the door handle oncepositive identification has beenforthcoming.

The first fruits of this alliancetake the form of the new "EZK"hardware system solution (EZKstanding for electronic accesscontrol in German) marketedby Winkhaus and FSB.

This hardware system com-bines core products by bothcompanies: the proven Wink-haus BlueChip technology hasbeen supplemented by a com-pletely novel hardware solutionby FSB that is adapted to thesystem's technology and hasnow been patented.

The Winkhaus BlueChip tech-nology allows the BlueChiplock cylinder to be effortlesslyintegrated into the EZK hard-ware system. This permits thelock to be operated – as withmechanically closing systems– by inserting and turning thekey. Hence, as a means of se-curing external points of access it is actually possible to integrate any type of FSBhardware – for instance FSBsecurity fittings or, indeed,FSB security roses in com-bination with plain FSB pullhandles – into a fully-fledgedelectronic access control system on external doors.

EZK electronic access control: Key to modern door operation

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As well as delivering very goodlooking hardware with a resi-dential feel, EZK can also beeffortlessly retrofitted to existing doors.

Making this possible are twocomponents: the WinkhausBlueChip system has been joined by a completely novel,unique and system-compatiblehardware solution by FSB.

The electronic identificationunit comes ready-integratedinto a proprietary lock cylinder.For assembly purposes, thismodule is simply inserted intothe lock and fastened via therose on the reverse (1).

A link is established with thehandle rose, the centrepieceof our system solution (2), viaa cable passed through thelock mortise.

A mechatronically controlledcoupling device has been inte-grated beneath the rose base,which is just 13 mm deep,that ensures operation of thelock via the door handle as so-on as positive identificationhas been forthcoming (3).

The “EZK” hardware systemsolution by Winkhaus and FSBmakes use of a passive trans-ponder technique, i.e. the “in-telligence” is located not in theidentifying medium but in thehardware. The identifying me-dium is merely programmedwith information regarding, for instance, the attributes offacilities or persons.

267

EZK hardware systemThis is how it works

1

2

3

Electronic access control for internal doors

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268

EZK hardware systemSystem benefits + System featuresSystem features

· contactless communicationbetween hardware and key(internal doors)

· passive transponder techni-que, i.e. the intelligence is inthe lock cylinder and hard-ware

· the chip card and key con-tain access information only.

· permanent release and singleentry possible

· modular, flexibly extendablelatching system on basis ofWinkhaus BlueChip tech-nology

· additional functions such astime recording and accesscontrol possible

· power supplied by a 3.6V 1/2AA lithium battery facilitatingapprox. 40,000 operationsand having a service life ofaround three to four years

System benefits

· high level of organisationalsecurity in event of key beingmislaid through straightfor-ward deletion of the mislaidkey

· low servicing outlay if key ismislaid: mislaid keys are de-leted by means of the soft-ware, no replacement ofparts in the lock suite

· straightforward definition oflocking hierarchies and routi-nes using proven Winkhaussoftware

· unlimited flexibility regardingchanges in the use of premi-ses or in locking authorisa-tion

· only hardware solution in theindustry with classic, residen-tial-style rose visuals

· available in FSB finishes andmaterials: Aluminium, Alu-Grey, Stainless Steel

· available in 26 differenthandle designs, further variants on request

· suitable for timber and steelinternal doors, only EZKhardware solution in theindustry for wholly glazeddoors

· speedy straightforward fitting

· unproblematic external emergency power supply bymeans of 9V compound battery

· fire safety approval to DIN 18273, retrofit in existing fire-control furniture feasible inall cases

· approved for use on door types as itemised in DIN EN179 in conjunction with thecertified lock makers (cf.www.fsb.de/en179)

Planning benefits of EZK

· standalone solution not ne-cessitating any on-site mea-sures in respect of powersupply, no links to any exter-nal interfaces

· simply and flexibly deploya-ble, suits all EPC locks con-forming to DIN

· very easy to fit

· existing doors can be retro-fitted effortlessly andstraightforwardly

· co-ordinated element of thecomprehensive FSB range ofdoor and window hardwareand products for the interiorappointment of commercialproperties, harmonised finis-hes in aluminium and stain-less steel

· highest level of ordering se-curity: only persons in pos-session of the security cardmay re-order components

· customer-specific organisa-tional philosophy at works:all electronic components relating to a property are accorded a separate numbergroup

· all items from one sourceand via one point of contact

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269

EZK hardware system

2505Design 1005

2535Design 1035

2577Design 1077

2607Design 1107

2619Design 1119

2644Design 1144

2515Design 1015

2576Design 1076

2589Design 1089

2608Design 1108

2646Design 1146

2673Design 1173

2523Design 1023

2516Design 1016

2578Design 1078

2606Design 1106

2647Design 1147

2660Design 1160

25.. 26..

Aluminium AluGrey Edelstahl

For the purpose of establishingexactly how the EZK hardwaresystem is to be put into service(software, installation, familiari-sation) together with the requi-site peripheral gear (program-ming device, identifyingmedia), please consult our Sa-les Organisation offices (cf.Page 578) – or our centralcontact person in Brakel:

Mr Ralf Frischemeier

Phone +49 5272 608-213 Fax +49 5272 608-313 [email protected]

Additional information can be obtained on the web underwww.fsb.de/en/ezk

1

FSB lever handle models for operation with the EZK hardware system

· Lock suite number · lever handle model, material · DIN LH or DIN RH, handing

(cf. illustration below) · Door thickness (mm) · special-purpose variant

(fire-safety or hotel versionwith additional mechanicallocking on the inside)

· square follower hole 8/9 mm

Opening inwards: 1. DIN LHhandle pointing to right2. DIN RH

handle pointing to left

Opening outwards: 1. DIN LHhandle pointing to left2. DIN RH

handle pointing to right

Electronics always on outside

2

3 4

You can combine our EZKhardware system with almostall FSB lever handle models.Please provide the followinginformation with your order:

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270

Flush roses

7201 .... B

7601 .... A

Aluminium AluGrey Stainless steel Bronze

.... 1310 lever handle furniture

.... 1410 entrance door furniture

.... 1554 indicating furniture

55

7

38

Less is more: the current ar-chitectural tendency to paredown visible materials andstructures and to formally inte-grate technically functionalelements is, for instance, ma-nifesting itself in the form ofnon-rebated doors for mainentrances. Comparable inno-vations are to be found in themost diverse of interior fit-ments – notable examplesbeing light switches, plug sok-kets or various products forthe door including concealedhinges. FSB has developed ahardware solution to suit thisdesign trend: the flush rose.

The hardware is fitted withFSB’s proven AGL compensa-ting bearing and can also besupplied as fire safety furnitu-re. Please note the prerequisi-tes detailed below.

Lever handle sets for flushmounting can only be speci-fied as commercial or fire safe-ty furniture for use in conjunc-tion with roses 1731/1735.When ordering, please only in-dicate the lever handle modelor, in the case of entrancedoor furniture, the material/fi-nish desired using the productcodes for AGL (7201) or, re-spectively, FS furniture (7601).

Technical prerequisites:

The door must be at least 45mm thick. With rebated doors,the position of the lock mortiseneeds to be borne in mind.The recess for the rose needsto be 56 mm in diameter andcentred on the lock follower.The recess is to be milled outto a depth of 7 mm. For the

purpose of accommodatingthe lugs, bore holes 8.5 mm indiameter and at 38mm centresneed to be drilled to a depth ofat least 7 mm. The residualmaterial between the bottomof the recess and the lock ca-se is required to be stable andfirm enough to ensure securefastening without any pressurebeing exerted upon the lock.

Additional information on theweb at www.fsb.de/flushroses

7

7

56

56

min.45

Assembly:

The male section of the leverhandle furniture is pre-assem-bled for insertion into the pre-pared recesses. On the face ofthe door to which the femalesection is to be affixed it is firstnecessary to fit the baseroses.

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We are all familiar with the ty-pe of receptacle for tablets etc.that requires a certain amountof lateral pressure to open it soas to prevent the contents get-ting into the wrong hands. Pa-rents of children up to the ageof about 4 know all too wellthat toddlers are not necessari-ly halted in their tracks by, forinstance, unlocked doors.

271

Childproof knobEmergency release forspecial needs

0858Stainless steel

7 + 8 + 9 + 10 mm ∆-hole

50

58,7

50

55

38 38

55 1732Aluminium AluGreyStainless steel

through fixing

release key, cf. p. 137

There is a demand in old peo-ple’s homes, nursing wardsand often also nursery schoolsand schools for sturdy indica-ting furniture with an emer-gency release mechanism. Aset of furniture developed byFSB specifically with such re-quirements in mind featuresan oversize thumbturn thatcan be safely operated by

hands that are small, shaky orweak.This thumbturn is connectedon the outside with a sturdyemergency release device thatcan be opened by authorisedpersons using a special keyeven if there is resistance fromthe other side.

To prevent young childrenopening doors they have nobusiness to be opening, pa-rents have often hitherto resor-ted to lever handles pointingvertically upwards – a solutionthat, whilst certainly achievingthe desired results, is somew-hat makeshift all in all.

An aesthetically appealingand technically well-conceivedsolution provided by FSB is aknob handle with a childprooffunction. A special-purposespring mechanism inside theknob prevents the knob beingturned unless its top is axiallydisplaced. This requires anexertion of around 30 Newton,equivalent to lifting around 3 kg.

The knob handle can be com-bined with all FSB products inwhich the “female” lever canbe easily detached from therest of the set. Typical exam-ples are the fittings in the “De-sign + Security” series or elsepush-and-pull pad handles orentrance door furniture combi-ned with single lever sets onthe inside of the door.

It is possible to fit the knobhandle onto the existing spind-le in all these cases. Bespokesolutions for the likes of hard-ware on narrow-frame patiodoors are possible on request.

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272

Cut backplates + roses

FSB supplies cut backplatesand roses either with

· visible fixing on both sides or else

· visible or concealed fixing onone side (concealed fixing bymeans of weld-on threaded bushings that double up as reinforcement lugs)

The means of support for thehandle can be “loose” or“non-detachable” and involvesan injection-moulded slidingbearing made of glass-fibrereinforced plastic. Backplatesand roses 3 mm thick are fur-nished with a spacer ring insolid stainless steel in the pro-cess. Where common doorthicknesses are concerned,corresponding use can be ma-de of the FSB Stabil spindle(cf. Page 545) for these vari-ants.

Custom Stabil spindle variantsare available to order for non-standard door thicknesses.Our Domestic Sales Servicewill readily answer any ques-tions you may have on thissubject.

Architectural trends such asthose advocating that technicalor design elements be kept asflush as possible have reallyenlivened demand for cut bak-kplates.

FSB disposes over leading-ed-ge laser production technologyallowing it to manufacture al-most any shape that can berepresented as a vectorised fi-le and is not larger than 1,200 x 2,500 mm in size as acut backplate. You will find aselection of minimalist bak-kplates and roses as a startingpoint here which – so we be-lieve – adhere very closely tothe trend alluded to above onaccount of their being just 3 or5 mm thick respectively and35 mm wide but which are ne-vertheless merely intended asinitial suggestions. FSB addi-tionally offers to supply cutbackplates in custom designs.Please note the technical in-formation on Page 141 whenordering.When ordering custom de-signs, please first send us adimensioned drawing. We willthen furnish you with a coun-terdrawing for verification pur-poses together with a pricequote.

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273

1454 ..rectangular, 35 x 185 mm

1456 ..rectangular, 35 x 210 mm

1458 ..rectangular, 35 x 245 mm

1455 ..round, 35 x 185 mm

1457 ..round, 35 x 210 mm

1459 ..round, 35 x 245 mm

Stainless steel

01.. = 3 mm | 11.. = 5 mmvisible fixing on both sides

02.. = 3 mm | 12.. = 5 mmconcealed fixing on one side

185210245

35

7292

3/5

185210245

35

7292

3/5

Cut backplates

Fig. above: 5 mm thick, visible fixing onboth sides, lever bearing inglass-fibre reinforced plastic

Fixing methods:

concealed fixing on one sideby means of weld-on stainlesssteel threaded bushings on thereverse face that also act asreinforcements, stainless steelrecessed head screws.

visible fixing on both sides bymeans of stainless steel reces-sed head screws

Fig. left: 3 mm thick, concealed fixingon one side, with stainlesssteel spacer ring

3 mm: sliding bearing with stainless steel spacer ring

5 mm: sliding bearing in plastic

Keyholes and Bathroom/WC version

BB CH PZ S R

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274

Cut roses

1795 Stainless steel

Fig.: 3 mm thick, visible fixing onboth sides, with stainless steelspacer ring

Furniture may incorporatenon-detachable lever handles;please indicate FSB model required when ordering.

1796 Stainless steel

Fig.: 3 mm thick, concealed fixingon one side, perforation forEuroprofile cylinder

01 = 3 mm | 11 = 5 mmvisible fixing on both sides

02 = 3 mm | 12 = 5 mmconcealed fixing on one side

centres 38 mm

chamfered corners

50

3/5

38

50

50

3/5

38

50

3 mm: sliding bearing with stainless steel spacer ring

5 mm: sliding bearing in plastic

Fixing methods:

concealed fixing on one sideby means of weld-on stainlesssteel threaded bushings on thereverse face that also act asreinforcements, stainless steelrecessed head screws.

visible fixing on both sides bymeans of stainless steel reces-sed head screws

Keyholes and Bathroom/WC version

BB CH PZ S R

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275

Barrier-freehardware

4240 Aluminium AluGreyStainless steel

centres 72 (WC 78 mm) concealed fixing on both sides

matches backplate model FSB 1418

The demographic changes af-fecting society are causing theimportance of barrier-free doorhardware in particular to growsteadily. Such hardware is di-stinguished by the fact thateither the handles can be rea-ched with greater ease bywheelchair users or the keycan be negotiated into the lockcylinder more easily due to thelatter being located above thehandle and thus being morereadily accessible and visible.FSB has developed a special-purpose door fitting for requi-rements of this sort that canbe used on conventional doorsin combination with existinglocks without any need for mo-dification.

The hardware comprises aspecial-purpose inner back-plate in stainless steel with a built-in mechanism that ena-bles the handle to be located200 mm beneath the lock follower.

245

45

200

72/78

9

8Ø 24

For use in combination with all FSB lever handle models

Suitable for locks conformingto DIN 18250

M5 stainless steel screws to suit the relevant doorthickness supplied.

Other centres available on request.

Keyholes and Bathroom/WC version

BB PZ S R

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276

Window handles forspecific requirements

34. . 07 Aluminium AluGrey Stainless steel

Click-stop window handlelug Ø 10 mm centres 43 mm 7 mm ∆ spindle32 mm projection

Window handle with casementfastener, suitable for centre-hung sash windows.

Stainless steel

Click-stop window handle lug Ø 10 mm centres 43 mm 7 mm ∆ spindle32 mm projection

38

14

70

45

Ø10

Window handle with reduced-depth rose and click-stop me-chanism recessed in profile.Can be fitted to timber andplastic profiles.

All FSB click-stop windowhandles can be supplied witha reduced-depth rose. Enqui-ries welcome.

38

14

70

45

Ø10

10

5

4343Ø 26

Ø 10

Ø 10

The method of fitting is asusual with an additional inter-mediate borehole 26 mm indiameter being required bet-ween the two fixing holes (43 mm centres).

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277

Window handles forspecific requirements

32,5

70

14115

70

43

40

Reduced-depth tee handle

Stainless steel

Click-stop window handle lug Ø 10 mm centres 43 mm 7 mm ∆ spindle32 mm projection

Suitable for box-type “winter”windows and windows whichopen against walls and are required to be opened as wideas possible

Cranked window handles

Stainless steel

Click-stop window handles lug Ø 10 mm centres 43 mm 7 mm ∆ spindle32 mm projection

Suitable for window sashesopening outwards and for centre-hung sash windows.

32,5

70 43

14

85

48

48

32,5

70

14147

89

43

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278

Selection from Prison andForensics handle range

2399 ....Stainless steel

Knobset

Inside: doorknob suitable foruse as a deterrent against suicide and vandalism Outside: doorknob model FSB2304 (for illustration cf. Page168)

variants: 0003 LH 0004 RH

∆ spindle 9 mm

centres 38 mm

2302 1005 Aluminium (x = 77 mm)Stainless steel (x = 73 mm)

Doorknob suitable for use as adeterrent against vandalism.Reinforced baseplate withthree fixing points

Can be supplied with eitherthrough or single-side fixing

38

78

68

66

55

x

50

We will be only too pleased tosend you a copy of the moredetailed “JVA/Forensik” product digest upon request.

Illustration l.h.

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279

Selection from Prison andForensics handle range

7099 00..Aluminium

51 DIN l.h. | 52 DIN r.h.

Lever handle set

Suitable for use as a deterrentagainst suicides: lever handle at an angle of45°, shank and rose bevelledOutside: lever handle in stan-dard position, for models cf.Pages 43-129 Handles non-detachable fromroses through fixing for usewith locks conforming to DIN18251

3481 1009 Aluminium

Handleless window opener

Lockable, suitable for use as adeterrent against suicides andvandalism

Tilt-to-turn function possible,cf. FSB 3481 window handlemodel, Page 202

38

10

58

7

32,5

15

77

46,5

43

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Interplay betweencolour and space.

Le Corbusier eschewed the useof colour as a purely decorativestylistic medium. His intention,rather, was that it should bedeployed in accordance withfunctional dictates and contri-bute to the structuring of thearchitecture. Different colourschemes within a buildingmark out differing functionalareas and spheres of life andheighten the identity of the in-dividual spaces. This function-driven approach was, however,required to take adequate ac-count of the psychological andsocial effect of colour in archi-tecture. The aesthetic dimen-sion was to enjoy priority inequal measure. It is by combi-ning the two criteria that thecorrect formal solution is arri-ved at. Le Corbusier’s premiss

was that there are immutableconstants in people’s reactionsto different colours. He was intent on identifying inherentlaws, invariables and mecha-nisms that could explain theuse of colour. Where was itpermissible to apply colour atall? Was it alright for one wall,all walls or even the ceiling tobe coloured? A ceiling of thesame hue as the walls canheighten a space’s sense ofenclosure (like a dome), faca-des in burnt sienna undersco-re the structure’s volume, lightgreen facades fade in with thevegetation.