speaker: xiangshi yin instructor: elbio dagotto time: mar. 4 th 2010 (solid state ii project)
TRANSCRIPT
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Speaker: Xiangshi Yin
Instructor: Elbio Dagotto
Time: Mar. 4th 2010
(Solid State II project)
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Outline
History Neutron Scattering Mechanism Neutron sources ORNL neutron facilities
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History In 1932, neutron was first discovered by J.
Chadwick In 1936, W. Elsasser proposed the idea of
neutron scattering by crystalline materials In 1936, F. Bloch predicted the feasibility of
neutron scattering by magnetic moment in condensed materials
In 1940s and 1950s, high flux neutron reactor sources were built in U. S. and Canada(Chalk River’s NRX reactor, ORNL’s graphite reactor)
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E. Wollan and C. Shull did a lot of pioneering work in modern neutron diffraction between 1948 and 1955
In 1956, B. Brockhouse built the first triple-axis spectrometer in Chalk River Laboratory
……
(1) The existence of ferromagnetic state in Fe3O4 (2) E. Wollan and W. Koehler determined the magnetic structure in La1-xCaxMnO3
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1994, the Nobel Prize
Bertram N. Brockhouse Clifford G. Shull
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……
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Why Neutrons?
Advantages
Disadvantages
No chargeAlmost no electric dipole momentSpin-1/2Short range nuclear force(10-15m)λthermal ~10-10m
Penetrate deepDetect the lattice structureDetect the magnetic structure
Properties
Weakly scatteredLow intensity (104 neutrons/mm2·s)
Signal-limited technique!
1018 photons/mm2·s at synchrotron
source
It’s unique!
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Neutron Scattering
Nuclear scattering Magnetic scattering
Inelastic scatteringElastic scattering
Neutron diffraction
Small angle neutron scattering
Surface reflection
Q: Scattering Vector2θ: Scattering Angle
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Neutron
Sample
Scattering
I(Q, E)
Single CrystalPolycrystalline Powders
Fast neutrons: >1 eV, 0.1 MeV or 1 MeV (Depending on the definition)Slow neutrons: ≤0.4 eV. Epithermal : 0.025 eV ~ 1 eV. Hot neutrons : ~0.2 eV. Thermal neutrons: ~0.025 eV. Cold neutrons: 5x10-5 eV ~0.025 eV. Very cold neutrons: 3x10-7 eV ~5x10-5 eV. Ultra cold neutrons: ~3x10-7 eV. Continuum region neutrons: 0.01 MeV ~25 MeV. Resonance region neutrons:1 eV ~0.01 MeV. Low energy region neutrons: <1 eV
Coherent scattering
Incoherent scattering
Elastic Inelastic
Equilibriumm lattice structure
Phonons
Elastic Inelastic
Unwanted background
Atomic diffusion
Q: How do we distinguish nuclear scattering from magnetic scattering?
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Difference between magnetic and nuclear scattering They normally occur at different wave
vectors Magnetic scattering is temperature
dependent while nuclear scattering is not
Using polarized neutrons we could get spin flipping for magnetic scattering
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Neutron
Sample
Scattering
I(Q, E)
Coherent scattering
Incoherent scattering
Elastic Inelastic
Equilibriumm lattice structure
Phonons
Elastic Inelastic
Unwanted background
Atomic diffusion
Q: How do we distinguish magnetic scattering and
nuclear scattering?
Q: How do we measure
Q?
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How to measure wave vector?Reactor source Pulsed source
Monochromator
(Powder diffraction)
Triple-axis spectrometer
(Inelastic scattering)
Time of flight technique
A triple-axis spectrometer built at the Institute Laue Langevin in Grenoble,
France
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Powder diffractionBragg’s Law:2dSinθ = nλ
Qd
SinQ
2
4
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In practice, crystallographers generally have to resort to modeling the structure of crystals, shifting atoms around until they find an arrangement that accurately predicts the measured Bragg intensities
In reality, atoms has thermal energy and oscillate about their lattice. Since an atom can contribute to the constructive interference of Bragg scattering only when it is located exactly at its official position at a lattice site, this scattering becomes weaker the more the atoms vibrate and the less time they spend at their official positions.
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Inelastic scattering
When a neutron is scattered by a crystalline solid, it can absorb or emit an amount of energy equal to a quantum of phonon energy hν
In most solids ν is a few terahertz (THz), corresponding to phonon energies of a few meV (~4.18 meV). Because the thermal neutrons used for neutron scattering also have energies in the meV range, scattering by a phonon causes an appreciable fractional change in the neutron energy, allowing accurate measurement of phonon frequencies
The constant-Q scan(invented by B. Brockhouse).
Phonons
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 217001(2009)
CaFe2As2
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Spin waves
Phys. Rev. B64, 224429 (2001)
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Neutron sources
Research reactors Spallation sources
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Research reactors
A kind of nuclear reactors but simpler than power reactors
Mechanism: The “chain reaction”
MeVnKrBaU
UUn
17738936
14456
23692
23692
23592
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Spallation sources Spallation is a process in which
fragments of materials (spall) are ejected from a body due to impact or stress
The bullet: high energy species, such as proton(1 to 2 GeV)
The target: heavy metal, such as Mercury and Tantulum
20 to 30 neutrons are generated per impact
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ORNL neutron facilities
HFIR(High Flux Isotope Reactor) SNS(Spallation Neutron Source)
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HFIR
The highest flux reactor-based source of neutrons for condensed matter research in the United States
Fuel: Uranium-235 Reflector: Beryllium Moderator: Water
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HFIR beam tubes and experiment locations
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SNSNegatively charged hydrogen
Linear accelerator
foil
strip off electronsP
Accumulating ring
Proton pulsesHeavy metal
target(Mercury)
High energy neutron pulses
Moderator(Water)
Cold and thermal
neutrons
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Summary
Neutron is a powerful probe to study complex materials
We can get information of both the lattice structure and magnetic structure
Two general neutron source: reactor and spallation source
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References [1] J. Chadwick, Nature (London) 129 312 (1932) [2] W. M. Elsasser, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 202 1029 (1936) [3] H. Halban and P. Preiswerk, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 203 73 (1936) [4] D. P. Mitchell and P. N. Powers, Phys. Rev. 50 486 (1936) [5] F. Bloch, Phys. Rev. 50 259 (1936) [6] B. N. Brockhouse, Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1994 [7] URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_temperature [8] URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_diffraction [9] Tapan Chatterji, Neutron Scattering from Magnetic Materials URL http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780444510501 [10]URL http://neutrons.ornl.gov [11]URL http://www.khwarzimic.org/takveen/seaborg.pdf [12] J. R. Alonso “The spallation neutron source project” Proceeding of the 1999 particle accelerator conference, New York, 1999 [13]URL http://irfu.cea.fr/en/Phocea/Vie_des_labos/Ast/ast_visu.php?id_ast=2215 [14] V.F. Sears, Methods of Experimental Physics, vol. 23, eds. K. Sköld and D.L. Price, Part A, Academic Press, London (1986) [15] D.L. Price and K. Sköld, in: Methods of Experimental Physics, vol. 23, Part A, p.1, Academic Press, London (1987) [16] R. Mittal, L. Pintschovius, D. Lamago, R. Heid, K-P. Bohnen, D. Reznik, S. L. Chaplot, Y. Su, N. Kumar, S. K. Dhar, A. Thamizhavel and Th. Brueckel Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 217001(2009) [17] P. Dai, J. A. Fernandez-Baca, E. W. Plummer, Y. Tomioka and Y. Tokura Phys. Rev. B64, 224429 (2001)