Spatial planning – lecture 1 and 2

1. Spatial planning – definition, the aim of planning,

2. Urban planning principles,

3. Planning theories and models

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What is spatial planning?

town planning is

„the art and science of ordering the use of land and siting of buildings and communication routes so as to secure maximum practicable degree of economy, convenience and beauty”

Keeble (1969), Principles and practice of town and country

planning. Estates Gazette

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• .Urban/ town

planning

Science

Collect Corelate Analyse

Art

Design Model Build

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What is spatial planning?

‘it is a dynamic profession that works to improve the welfare of people and their communities by creating more convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient, and attractive places for present and future generations.’

American Planning Association, 2015

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What is spatial planning?

‘any attempt by society, particularly the public sector, to influence or control the arrangementand use of land, fisheries and forest’

FAO, 2015

‘a set of governance practices for developing and implementing strategies, plans, policies and projects, and for regulating the location, timing andform of development’

Healey P (1997)

Spatial planning has become an integral part of the way societies are organized and how resources are allocated, thereby having far-reaching distributional consequences

‘Balancing different, often conflicting, public and privateinterests is a key element in spatial planning’

(Sager, 2012)

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The aim of spatial planning

Creating a Sustainable

Future: Ecosystem

Services and Spatial

Planning

INTERREG IV B

https://youtu.be/DnsAale9D_k

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The short YT animation

The aim of spatial planning

• manage rapid growth, urbanisation and large-scale investments;

• ensure sufficient infrastructure, water supply and sewage

systems;

• avoid corruption and ad hoc decision-making;

• improve the linkages between urban and rural areas;

• reduce environmental damage and limit impacts of natural

disasters;

• ensure sufficient availability of land, fisheries and forest to suit

future requests;

• enhance and protect natural resources;

• adapt to and prepare for climate changes.

health

beautyconvenience

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Main spatial planning functions

development function

regulatory function

coordination function

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General principles of spatial planning

The principles of urban planning are like “grammar in language...

“Grammar is observed by any writer. Poor writers with poor grammar produce poor works of literature. [Urban] planning is the same.”

Thai-Ker Liu

Singaporean architect and urban planner

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General principles of urban planning

sustainabilityintegrated planning

integration with budget

planning with partners

subsidiary market responsiveness

access to landappropriate

tools

pro-poor inclusive

cultural variation

Rahman, 2008

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Key aspects of a city, which should be considered while planning:

physical environment

economic environment

social environment

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Stakeholders in urban planning

UNICEF, 2018

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Planning theories and models

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What is urban land use?

Residential IndustrialCommercial

and administrative

Infrastructure Open space

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Urban land use refers to what takes up the physical space of a town or city.

The main urban land uses are:

Model versus theory: what’s the difference?

• critique, revision and summation of past knowledge in the form of generalpropositions and the fusion of diverse views and knowledge in general frameworks of explanation (Pieterse 2010)

Theory

• is a simplified representation of an object of investigation for purposesof description, explanation, forecasting or planning.

• A spatial model is a model of an object of investigation in bi-space(space, attribute).

• A space-time model is a model of an object of investigation in tri-space (space, time, attribute) (Wegener 2000)

Model

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Leading models of urban land use

• The Chicago School

• Concentric Zone Model’ (1925)

• ‘Sector Model’ (1939)

• ‘Multiple Nuclei Model’ (1945)

Classical monocentric: there is a single central point of the city

• Garden City Concept

• Linear City

• Neighbourhood Planning

• City Beautiful Movement

• Green Belts

Other town planning concepts

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Exercise

• Where did it originate?

• Who invented it?

• What are the main principles?

• What are the main advantages and disadvantages?

• What are the examples of the implementation of the concept?

• Fun facts

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Classical models

Burgess’s ‘Concentric Zone Model’ → cities grow outwards from the centre in a series of rings

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Burgess’s ‘Concentric Zone Model’

https://planningtank.com/settlement-geography/burgess-model-or-concentric-zone-model24

Hoyt’s Sectoral Model → city develops in sectors, not rings

25http://hoytgroup.org/homer-hoyt-institute/who-is-homer-hoyt/

Hoyt’s ‘Sector Model’ (1939)

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https://propertymetrics.com/blog/how-do-cities-grow/

Harris and Ullman’s ‘Multiple Nuclei Model→ city develops around various points rather than just one in the central business district

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Chauncy D. Harris

Photo: http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/03/031231.harris.shtml

https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/geographie/ullman-edward-louis/8390

Edward Louis Ullman

Multiple Nuclei Model

• a city might start with a single central business district (CBD), but over the time the activities scatter and gets modified.

• the activities listed in the model can be considered as independent zones which influences activities around them

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https://planningtank.com/settlement-geography/multiple-nuclei-model-

1945-harris-ullman-model

Modern models/ideas

Ebenezer Howard

Garden City Concept

→ self-contained communities are surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture

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Ebenezer Howard

https://www.arkitektuel.com/ebenezer-howard-bahce-

sehir/sir-ebenezer-howard-450x634-e1507826781867/

Garden City Concept

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Linear City Concept

1. a purely segregated zone for railway lines,

2. a zone of production and communal enterprises, with related scientific, technical and educational institutions, ,

3. a residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a band of residential buildings and a "children's band",

4. a park zone, and

5. an agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms.

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Arturo Soria y Mata 1882

Ciudad Lineal -

Madrid

Linear City Concept

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Neighbourhood Planning – C A Perry

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Clarence Arthur Perry

Away from the „noise of the

trains, and out of sight of the

smoke and ugliness of

industrial plants” (Perry 1929)

Neighbourhood Planning – C A Perry

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•Centre the school

•Size the neighbourhood

•Place arterial streets along the

perimeter

•Design internal streets

•Restrict local shopping areas to

the perimeter

•Dedicate at least 10 percent of

the neighborhood land area to

parks and open space (Perry

1929)

City Beautiful Movement

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„City Beautiful movement …

claimed that design could not

be separated from social

issues and should encourage

civic pride and engagement.”

(source: Britannica)