1

ICPSR 2012 – Spatial Econometrics: Statistical Models of Interdependence – 4-8 June 2012

Instructor: Robert (Rob) J. Franzese, Jr. (franzese@umich.edu; www.umich.edu/~franzese)

Description & Objectives: Spatial interdependence is ubiquitous across the social sciences. The likelihood and outcomes of demonstrations, riots, coups, and revolutions in one country almost certainly depend in substantively crucial ways on such occurrences in other countries (e.g., through demonstration effects or snowballing). Election outcomes and candidate qualities or strategies in some contests surely depend on those in others, and representatives’ votes in legislatures certainly depend on others’ votes or expected votes. In micro-behavioral research, long-standing and recently surging interest in contextual or network effects often refers to effects on each individual’s behavior or opinion from sets of other individuals’ opinions or behaviors; e.g., a respondent’s opinion on some policy likely depends on the opinions of her state, district, community, or social group. In international relations, states’ entry decisions in wars, alliances, and organizations, e.g., heavily depend on how many and who else enters and how. In comparative and international political economy, globalization, i.e., international economic integration, implies strategic (and non-strategic) interdependence in national-level macroeconomic policymaking. This course introduces spatial and spatiotemporal econometric models for continuous and limited dependent variables that can address such interdependence, with an emphasis on social-science applications.

The main objective of this course is to teach students how to incorporate the interdependence implied by most social scientific theories into their empirical analysis. Students will learn inter alia how to 1) diagnose spatial patterns in their data, 2) estimate the structural parameters of spatial and spatiotemporal regression models, 3) calculate and present spatial and spatiotemporal effects, 4) use spatial modeling to discriminate between the multiple sources of spatial correlation—common exposure, interdependence, and selection—and, when it exists, to evaluate the nature of the interdependence (e.g., strategic free-riding behavior, learning, coercion) among units of observation.

Daily Schedule: Our morning sessions will start around 9:30am (after continental breakfast courtesy of ICPSR, enrollments permitting).We will break for lunch around 11:30am, resuming with our afternoon session around 1pm. We will take a 15-30 minute break around 3:00pm (also with catered refreshments, enrollments permitting), and resume for lab 3:30-5:00.

Prerequisites & Background: Students should have understandings of basic matrix algebra, calculus, probability, statistics, and regression analysis at levels commensurate with successful completion of a second graduate course in empirical methods in the social sciences, as well as some familiarity with a software package that can be used for spatial analysis (e.g., Stata, R, or MatLab).

Course Materials: We do not use a textbook, but Anselin (2006) and Franzese & Hays (2008) overview most topics covered. Ward & Gleditsch (2008) provides good introductory textbook overview; LeSage & Pace (2009) is a good fuller, and more intermediate to advanced textbook.

Anselin, L. 2006. Spatial Econometrics. In T.C. Mills & K. Patterson, eds., Palgrave Handbook of Econometrics: Volume 1, Econometrics Theory. Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 901-941.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2008. Empirical Models of Spatial Interdependence. In J. Box-Steffensmeier, H. Brady, D. Collier, eds., Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, Oxford UP, pp. 570-604. (Use the hyperlinked version; it corrects an error in the published.)

LeSage, J., Pace, K. 2009. Introduction to Spatial Econometrics. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Grp. Ward, M.D. and K.S. Gleditsch. 2008. Spatial Regression Models. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

2

Course Outline with Readings and Lab Plans

Session 1 (Monday, June 4th, Morning): Introductory Stuff, Theoretical and Empirical Models of “Spatial” Interdependence

Ross, M. and E. Homer. 1976. “Galton’s Problem in Cross-National Research.” World Politics 29(1):1-28.

Brueckner, J. 2003. “Strategic Interaction Among Governments: An Overview of Empirical Studies.” International Regional Science Review 26(2): 175-188.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2008. “Contagion, Common Exposure, and Selection: Empirical Modeling of the Theories and Substance of Interdependence in Political Science,” Concepts & Methods: Newsletter of the International Political Science Association 4(2):3-9.

Simmons, B., Dobbin, F., Garrett, G. 2006. “The International Diffusion of Liberalism.” International Organization 60(4):781-810.

Session 2 (Monday, June 4th, Afternoon):

Diagnosing Spatial Association in Raw Data and/or in OLS Residuals

Anselin, L. 1995. “Local Indicators of Spatial Association – LISA.” Geographical Analysis 27: 93-115.

Buse, A. 1982. “The Likelihood Ratio, Wald, and LM Tests: An Expository Note.” The American Statistician 36(3): 153-157.

Anselin, L., Bera, A., Florax, R.J., Yoon, M. 1996. “Simple Diagnostic Tests for Spatial Dependence.” Regional Science and Urban Economics, 26: 77-104.

Suggested: Cho, W.T., Rudolph, T. 2007. “Emanating Political Participation: Untangling the Spatial Structure behind Participation.” British Journal of Political Science 38(2): 273-289.

********** Lab 1 Exercises: Measures & Diagnostics********** Session 3 (Tuesday, June 5th, Morning):

Spatial Lag, Error, and Mixed Models I: A Typology of Structural Models Beck, N., Gleditsch, K., Beardsley, K. 2006. “Space is More than Geography: Using Spatial

Econometrics in the Study of Political Economy.” International Studies Quarterly 50: 27-44.

Plümper, T., Neumayer, E. 2010. “Model Specification in the Analysis of Spatial Dependence,” European Journal of Political Research 49(3):418-42.

Suggested: Neumayer, E., Plümper, T. 2010. “Spatial Effects in Dyadic Data.” International Organization 64(1):145-66.

Neumayer, E., Plümper, T. 2010. “Making Spatial Analysis Operational: Commands for Generating Spatial-Effect Variables in Monadic & Dyadic Data.” The Stata Journal 10(4):585-605.

3

Session 4 (Tuesday, June 5th, Afternoon): Spatial Lag, Error, and Mixed Models II: Estimation

Doreian, P. 1981. “Estimating Linear Models with Spatially Distributed Data.” Sociological Methodology Vol. 12: 359-388.

Land, K., Deane, G. 1992. “On the Large-Sample Estimation of Regression Models with Spatial or Network-Effects Terms: A Two-Stage Least Squares Approach.” Sociological Methodology, Vol. 22, pp. 221-248.

**********Lab 2 Exercises: SAR & STAR Models********** Session 5 (Wednesday, June 6th, Morning):

Spatial Lag, Error, and Mixed Models III: Calculating and Presenting Spatial Effects

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2007. “Spatial-Econometric Models of Cross-Sectional Interdependence in Political Science Panel and Time-Series-Cross-Section Data.” Political Analysis 15(2): 140-164.

Elhorst, J.P. 2001. “Dynamic Models in Space and Time.” Geographical Analysis 33:119-140. Session 6 (Wednesday, June 6th, Afternoon):

Spatiotemporal Models: Estimation & Interpretation

Repeat: Elhorst, J.P. 2001. “Dynamic Models in Space and Time.” Geographical Analysis 33:119-140.

Repeat: Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2007. “Spatial-Econometric Models of Cross-Sectional Interdependence in Political Science Panel and Time-Series-Cross-Section Data.” Political Analysis 15(2): 140-164.

Elhorst, J.P. 2010. “Spatial Panel-Data Models.” In M.M. Fischer & A. Getis, eds., Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis. Berlin: Springer, pp. 377-407.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2008. Empirical Models of Spatial Interdependence. In J. Box-Steffensmeier, H. Brady, D. Collier, eds., Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, Oxford UP, pp. 570-604. (Use the hyperlinked version; it corrects an error in the printed version.)

**********Lab 3 Exercises: More SAR & STAR Models********** Session 7 (Thursday, June 7th, Morning):

Limited Dependent Variables I: Spatial-Probit Model

Beron, K., Murdoch, J., Vijverberg, W. 2003. “Why Cooperate? Public Goods, Economic Power, and the Montreal Protocol.” Review of Economics and Statistics 85(2): 286-297.

Franzese, R., Hays, J., Schaffer, L. 2010. “Spatial, Temporal, and Spatiotemporal Autoregressive Probit Models of Binary Outcomes: Estimation, Interpretation, and Presentation,” APSA 2010 (September).

**********Lab 4 Exercises: Spatial Probit**********

4

Session 8 (Thursday, June 7th, Afternoon): Limited Dependent Variables II: Spatial-Duration and Spatial-Count Models

Hays, J. 2009. “Bucking the System: Using Simulation Methods to Estimate and Analyze Systems of Equations with Qualitative and Limited Dependent Variables,” SLAMM (St. Louis Area Methods Meetings), Washington University in St. Louis.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2009. “A Comparison of the Small-Sample Properties of Several Estimators for Spatial-Lag Count-Models,” Political Methodology Society Annual Meetings.

Suggested: Griffith, D., Haining, R. 2006. “Beyond Mule Kicks: The Poisson Distribution in Geographical Analysis.” Geographical Analysis 38: 123-139.

Hays, J., Kachi, A. 2009. “Interdependent Duration Models in Political Science,” American Political Science Association Annual Meetings.

Darmofal, D. 2009. “Bayesian Spatial Survival Models for Political Event Processes,” American Journal of Political Science 53(1):241-57.

**********Lab 5 Exercises: Spatial-Duration & Count ********** Session 9 (Friday, June 8th, Morning):

Multiparametric Spatial-Lag Models and Network-Behavior Coevolution

Hays, J., Kachi, A., Franzese, R. 2010. “A Spatial Model Incorporating Dynamic, Endogenous Network Interdependence: A Political Science Application,” Statistical Methodology 7(3): 406-28.

**********Lab 6 Exercises: m-STAR Model********** Session 10 (Friday, June 8th, Afternoon):

Network and Spatial-Econometric Models of Network-Behavior Coevolution

Franzese, R., Hays, J., Kachi, A. 2012. “Modeling History Dependence in Network-Behavior Coevolution” Political Analysis 20(2):175-90.

5

Spatial-Econometric Models for the Political & Social Sciences A Subject-Organized Reference List for Applied Spatial-Modeling in Political Science:

ON POLICY-INNOVATION DIFFUSION AMONG US STATES: Crain 1966; Walker 1969, 1973; Gray 1973; Knoke 1982; Caldiera 1985; Lutz 1987; Berry & Berry 1990; Case et al. 1993; Berry 1994; Rogers 1995; Mintrom 1997ab; Brueckner 1998; Mintrom & Vergari 1998; Mossberger 1999; Berry & Berry 1999; Godwin & Schroedel 2000; Balla 2001; Mooney 2001; Wejnert 2002; Coughlin et al. 2003; Bailey & Rom 2004; Boehmke & Witmer 2004; Daley & Garand 2004; Grossback et al. 2004; Mencken 2004; Berry & Baybeck 2005; Garrett et al. 2005; Costa-Font & Ons-Novell 2006; Karch 2006; Rincke 2006; Shipan & Volden 2006; Volden 2006; Werck et al. 2006; Woods 2006; Volden et al. 2007.

ON INTER/CROSS-NATIONAL POLICY-INNOVATION DIFFUSION: Schneider & Ingram 1988; Rose 1993; Bennett 1997; Dolowitz & Marsh 2000; True & Mintrom 2001; Tews et al. 2003; Jensen 2004; Meseguer 2004, 2005; Brooks 2005, 2007; Gilardi 2005; Gilardi et al. 2005; Murillo & Schrank 2005; Weyland 2005; Braun & Gilardi 2006; Linos 2006; Parys 2006; Ermini & Santolini 2007; Moscone et al. 2007.

ON INSTITUTIONAL/REGIME DIFFUSION: Dahl’s 1971 classic Polyarchy, e.g., implicitly references international interdependence among the eight causes of democracy he lists; Starr’s 1991 “Democratic Dominoes” and Huntington’s 1991 Third Wave accord it a central role; Beissinger 2007 and Bunce & Wolchik 2006, 2007, inter alia, emphasize it in the context of post-communist democratic transitions in Eastern Europe, and Hagopian & Mainwaring 2005 among others in the Latin American context; finally, O’Loughlin et al. 1998, Brinks & Coppedge 2006, and Gleditsch & Ward 2006, 2007 estimated empirically the extent, paths, and/or patterns of international diffusion of democracy. Kelejian et al. 2007 give institutional diffusion general theoretical and empirical treatment.

EMPIRICAL ATTENTION TO THE INHERENT INTERDEPENDENCE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS… is most extensive in the work of Ward, Gleditsch, and colleagues—Shin & Ward 1999; Gleditsch & Ward 2000; Gleditsch 2002; Ward & Gleditsch 2002; Hoff & Ward 2004; Gartzke & Gleditsch 2006; Salehyan & Gleditsch 2006; Gleditsch 2007—and, in a different way, in Signorino and colleagues— Signorino 1999, 2002, 2003; Signorino & Yilmaz 2003; Signorino & Tarar 2006.

ON DIFFUSION IN COMPARATIVE & INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY, AND GLOBALIZATION: Simmons & Elkins 2004 and Simmons et al. 2006, e.g., stress cross-national diffusion as the main force behind recent economic liberalizations, as do Eising 2002; Brune et al. 2004; Brooks 2005, 2007; Jordana & Levi-Faur 2005; Way 2005; Lazer 2006; Prakash & Potoski 2006; Brune & Guisinger 2007; and many others. Empirical work on globalization-induced interdependencies are far too numerous even to cite. Just a list of recent works emphasizing those that recognize explicitly that interdependence implies effects of some units outcomes on others—and still a small subset at that—would include Genschel 2002; Guler et al. 2002; Franzese & Hays 2003, 2004b, 2005a, 2007abc, 2008c; Badinger et al. 2004; Basinger & Hallerberg 2004; Heichel et al. 2005; Henisz et al. 2005; Holzinger & Knill 2005; Knill 2005; Polillo & Guillén 2005; Elkins et al. 2006; Jahn 2006; Lee & Strang 2006; Manger 2006; Swank 2006; Baturo & Grey 2007; Cao 2007; Cao et al. 2007; Coughlin et al. 2007; Garretsen & Peeters 2007; Mosley & Uno 2007; Mukherjee & Singer 2007.

ON INTERDEPENDENCE OF LEGISLATORS’ VOTES (MODELED SPATIALLY): See, for example, Lacombe

6

& Shaughnessy 2005.

ON INTERDEPENDENCE OF CITIZENS’ VOTES (MODELED SPATIALLY): See, for example, Huckfeldt & Sprague 1991; O’Laughlin et al. 1994; Pattie & Johnston 2000; Beck et al. 2003; Calvo & Escolar 2003; Kim et al. 2003; Schofield et al. 2003; Lacombe & Shaughnessy 2007.

ON INTERDEPENDENCE OF ELECTION OUTCOMES (MODELED SPATIALLY): See, for example, Shin & Agnew 2002, 2007; Hiskey & Canache 2005; Wing & Walker 2006; Kayser 2007.

ON INTERDEPENDENCE OF CANDIDATE QUALITIES, CONTRIBUTIONS, OR STRATEGIES: See, for example, Goldenberg et al. 1986; Mizruchi 1989; Krasno et al. 1994; Cho 2003; Gimpel et al. 2006.

FOR SPATIAL MODELS OF THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF THE PROBABILITIES AND OUTCOMES OF COUPS: e.g., Li & Thompson 1975; OF RIOTS: e.g., Govea & West 1981; OF CIVIL WARS: e.g., Murdoch & Sandler 2004, Buhaug & Rød 2006; OF REVOLUTIONS: e.g., Brinks & Coppedge 2006.

ON INTERDEPENDENCE IN TREATY SIGNING: see, e.g., Murdoch et al. 2003.

ON INTERDEPENDENCE IN TERRORIST ORIGINS AND TARGETS: see, e.g., Brathwaite & Li 2008.

CONTEXTUAL/NEIGHBORHOOD EFFECTS IN MICRO-BEHAVIORAL STUDIES: Huckfeldt & Sprague (1993) review the large literature on contextual/neighborhood effects in political behavior; as do Sampson et al. (2002) and Dietz (2002) for sociology. Recent analyses that stress interdependence include Straits 1990; O’Loughlin et al. 1994; Knack & Kropf 1998; Liu et al. 1998; Braybeck & Huckfeldt 2002ab; Beck et al. 2002; McClurg 2003; Huckfeldt et al. 2005; Cho & Gimpel 2007; Cho & Rudolph 2007.

ON INTERDEPENDENT SOCIAL-MOVEMENTS: see, e.g., McAdam & Rucht 1993; Conell & Cohn 1995; Giugni 1998; Strang & Soule 1998; Biggs 2003; Browning et al. 2004; Andrews & Biggs 2006; Holmes 2006; Swaroop & Morenoff 2006.

ON INTERDEPENDENCE IN VIOLENCE AND CRIME: see, e.g., Grattet et al. 1998; Myers 2000; Baller et al. 2001; Morenoff et al. 2001; Villareal 2002; Baker & Faulkner 2003; Oberwittler 2004; Bhati 2005ab; Mears & Bhati 2006.

ON INTERDEPENDENCE IN (MICROECONOMIC) UTILITIES: see, e.g., Akerloff 1997; Postlewaite 1998; Glaeser & Scheinkman 2000; Manski 2000; Brock & Durlauf 2001; Durlauf 2001; Glaeser et al. 2003; Yang & Allenby 2003; Sobel 2005; Ioannides 2006; Soetevent 2006.

ON INTERDEPENDENCE IN MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE: see, e.g., Fingleton 2003; Novo 2003; Kosfeld & Lauridsen 2004; Maza & Villaverde 2004; Kelejian et al. 2006; Mencken et al. 2006.

ON INTERDEPENDENCE IN TECHNOLOGY, MARKETING, AND OTHER FIRM STRATEGIES: see, e.g., ; Abramson & Rosenkopf 1993; Geroski 2000; Strang & Macy 2001; Holloway 2002; Bradlow 2005; Autant-Berard 2006; Mizruchi et al. 2006.

ON INTERDEPENDENCE IN FERTILITY, BIRTHWEIGHT, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, OR CHILD POVERTY: see, e.g., Tolnay 1995, Montgomery & Casterline 1996; Morenoff 2003; Sampson et al. 1999; Voss et al. 2006.

ON INTERDEPENDENCE IN ORDAINMENT OF WOMEN: Chaves 1996; IN RIGHT-WING EXTREMISM: Rydgren 2005, IN MARRIAGE: Yabiku 2006, IN (SUB)NATIONAL IDENTITY: Lin et al. 2006; IN

OBESITY: Christakis & Fowler 2007; and IN RESEARCH FACULTY: Weinstein 2007.

7

CITED REFERENCES

Abrahamson, E., Rosenkopf, L. 1993. “Institutional and Competitive Bandwagons: Using Mathematical Modeling as a Tool to Explore Innovation Diffusion.” The Academy of Management Review 18 (3): 487-17.

Abreau, M., Melendez, J. 2006. “Spatial Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment.” Presented at the 4th Annual Conference of the Euro-Latin Study Network on Integration and Trade (ELSNIT): An Initiative of the Inter-American Development Bank Paris, France, October 20-21.

Achen, C. 2000. “Why Lagged Dependent Variables Can Suppress the Explanatory Power of Other Independent Variables,” presented at the 17th Summer Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology.

Akerlof, G.A. 1997. “Social Distance and Social Decisions.” Econometrica 65 (5): 1005-1027.

Alesina, A, Summers, L. 1993. “Central Bank Independence and Macroeconomic Performance: Some Comparative Evidence,” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 25(2):151-63.

Alesina, A., Roubini, N., Cohen, G.D. 1997. Political Cycles and the Macroeconomy. MIT Press.

Allers, Maarten and J. Paul Elhorst (2005) ‘Tax Mimicking and Yardstick Competition among Local Governments in the Netherlands’, Mimeo, University of Groningen.

Alvarez, R.M., Garrett, G. Lange, P. 1991. “Government Partisanship, Labor Organization, and Macroeconomic Performance,” American Political Science Review 85:539-56.

Andrews, K.T. Biggs, M. 2006. “The Dynamics of Protest Diffusion: Movement Organizations, Social Networks, and News Media in the 1960 Sit-Ins.” American Sociological Review 71 (5):752–777.

Anselin, L. 1980. “Estimation Methods for Spatial Autoregressive Structures.” Regional Science Dissertation and Monograph Series, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

Anselin, L. 1984. “Specification Tests on the Structure of Interaction in Spatial Econometric Models,” Papers in Regional Science 54(1): 165-182.

Anselin, L. 1988. Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Boston: Kluwer Academic.

Anselin, L. 1992. “Space and Applied Econometrics. Introduction.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 22:307-16.

Anselin, L. 2002. “Under the hood. Issues in the specification and interpretation of spatial regression models.” Agricultural Economics, 27(3):247-67.

Anselin, L. 2003. “Spatial Externalities, Spatial Multipliers and Spatial Econometrics,” International Regional Science Review 26(2):153-66.

Anselin, L. 2006. “Spatial Econometrics.” In T.C. Mills and K. Patterson, eds., Palgrave Handbook of Econometrics: Volume 1, Econometric Theory. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 901-941.

Anselin, L., Bera, A., Florax, R. J., and Yoon, M. 1996. “Simple diagnostic tests for spatial dependence,” Regional Science and Urban Economics 26:77–104.

8

Anselin, L., Rey, S.J. 1991. “Properties of Tests for Spatial Dependence in Linear Regression Models,” Geographical Analysis 23(2):112-31.

Autant-Bernard, C. 2006. “Where Do Firms Choose to Locate Their R&D? A Spatial Conditional Logit Analysis on French Data,” European Planning Studies 14(9):1187-1208.

Autant-Bernard, C., LeSage, J.P., Parent, O. 2008 (Forthcoming). “Firm innovation strategies: a spatial multinomial probit approach," Annales d'Economie et de Statistique.

Badinger, H., Müller, W., Tondl, G. 2004. “Regional Convergence in the European Union, 1985-1999: A Spatial Dynamic Panel Analysis.” Regional Studies 38 (3): 241-253.

Bailey, M., Rom, M. 2004. “A Wider Race? Interstate Competition across Health and Welfare Programs,” Journal of Politics 66(2):326-47.

Baker, W. Faulkner, R.R. 2003. “Diffusion of fraud: Intermediate economic crime and investor dynamics.” Criminology 41 (4): 1173–1206.

Balla, S. 2001. “Interstate Professional Associations and the Diffusion of Policy Innovations,” American Politics Research 29(3):221-45.

Baller, R.D., Anselin, L., Messner, S.F., Deane, G., Hawkins, D.F. 2001. “Structural Covariates of U.S. County Homicide Rates: Incorporating Spatial Effects.” Criminology 39(3): 561-88.

Banerjee, S., Carlin, B.P., Gelfand, A.E. 2004. Hierarchical Modeling and Analysis for Spatial Data. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall.

Basinger, S., Hallerberg, M. 2004. “Remodeling the Competition for Capital: How Domestic Politics Erases the Race-to-the-Bottom,” American Political Science Review 98(2):261-76.

Baturo, A., Grey, J. 2007. “Flatliners: Ideology and Rational Learning in the Diffusion of the Flat Tax.” Institute for International Integration Studies: Discussion paper.

Bavaud, F. 1998. “Models for Spatial Weights: A Systematic Look,” Geographical Analysis 30:153-71.

Beck, N., Gleditsch, K. S., Beardsley, K. 2006. “Space is more than geography: Using spatial econometrics in the study of political economy.” International Studies Quarterly 50:27-44.

Beck, N., Katz, J. 1995. “What To Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series-Cross-Section Data in Comparative Politics,” American Political Science Review 89(3):634-47.

Beck, N., Katz, J. 1996. “Nuisance vs. Substance: Specifying and Estimating Time-Series-Cross-Section Models,” Political Analysis 6:1-36.

Beck, N., Katz, J. 2003. “Throwing Out the Baby with the Bath Water: A Comment on Green, Kim, and Yoon,” International Organization 55:487-95.

Beck, P.A., Dalton, R.J., Greene, S., Huckfeldt, R. 2002. “The Social Calculus of Voting: Interpersonal, Media, and Organizational Influences on Presidential Choices,” American Political Science Review 96(1):57-73.

Beissinger, M. 2007. “Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions,” Perspectives on Politics 5: 259-76.

Bennett, Colin J. 1997. “Understanding Ripple Effects: The Cross-National Adoption of Policy Instruments for Bureaucratic Accountability.” Governance 10(3):213-33.

9

Bercovitch, J., Kremenyuk, V., Zartman, I.W. (Eds.) (2007): Handbook on Conflict Resolution. London. Forthcoming.

Beron, K.J., Murdoch, J.C., Vijverberg, W.P.M. 2003. “Why Cooperate? Public Goods, Economic Power, and the Montreal Protocol,” Review of Economics and Statistics 85(2):286-97.

Beron, K.J., Vijverberg, W.P.M. 2004. “Probit in a Spatial Context: A Monte Carlo Analysis,” in L. Anselin, R.J.G.M. Florax, & S.J. Rey, eds., Advances in Spatial Econometrics: Methodology, Tools and Applications. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Berry, F.S. 1994. “Sizing Up State Policy Innovation Research,” Policy Studies Journal 22(3):442-56.

Berry, F.S., Berry, W. 1990. “State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innovations: An Event History Analysis,” American Political Science Review 84(2):395-415.

Berry, W.D., Baybeck, B. 2005. “Using Geographic Information Systems to Study Interstate Competition.” American Political Science Review 99(4):505-19.

Besag, J. 1974. “Spatial Interaction and the Statistical Analysis of Lattice Systems.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, 36:192-225.

Besley, T., Coate, S. 1997. “An Economic Model of Representative Democracy,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(1):85-114.

Bhati, A.S. 2005a. “Modeling Count Outcomes with Spatial Structures: An Information-Theoretic Approach,” unpublished: Justice Policy Center, The Urban Institute. http://www.american.edu/cas/econ/faculty/golan/Papers/Papers05/BhatiPaper.pdf, or http://www.uni-kiel.de/ifw/konfer/spatial/bhati.pdf.

Bhati, A.S. 2005b. “Robust Spatial Analysis of Rare Crimes: An Information-Theoretic Approach,” Sociological Methodology 35(1): 239-302.

Bhattacharjee, A., Holly, S. 2006. “Taking Personalities Out of Monetary Policy Decision Making? Interactions, Heterogeneity and Committee Decisions in the Bank of England's MPC,” CDMA Working Paper No. 0612 (http://ssrn.com/abstract=951492).

Bhattacharjee, A., Jensen-Butler, C. 2006. “Estimation of Spatial Weights Matrix, with an Application to Diffusion in Housing Demand,” unpublished: School of Economics and Finance, University of St. Andrews, U.K. (http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/crieff/papers/dp0519.pdf).

Biggs, M. 2003. “Positive Feedback in Collective Mobilization: The American Strike Wave of 1886.” Theory and Society 32(2):217-54.

Bivand, R. 2008. “The spdep Package.” http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/spdep/spdep.pdf.

Blanchard, O., Wolfers, J. 2000. “The Role of Shocks and Institutions in the Rise of Euopean Unemployment: The Aggregate Evidience,” The Economic Journal 110(March):C1-C33.

Blommestein, H., Nijkamp, P. 1986. “Testing the Spatial Scale and the Dynamic Structure in Regional Models (A Contribution to Spatial Econometric Specification Analysis),” Journal of Regional Science 26(1):1-17.

Blonigen, B., Tomlin, K., Wilson, W.W. 2004. “Tariff-jumping FDI and Domestic Firms’ Profits.” Canadian Journal of Economics 37(3):656-77.

10

Boehmke, F. 2006. “The Influence of Unobserved Factors on Position Timing and Content in the NAFTA Vote,” Political Analysis 14:421-38.

Boehmke, F. Meissner, C. 2008. “Modeling Sample Selection for Durations with Time-Varying Covariates, with an Application to the Duration of Exchange Rate Regimes,” presented at the 25th Summer Conference of the Society for Political Methodology: http://polmeth.wustl.edu/retrieve.php?id=769.

Boehmke, F., Witmer, R. 2004. “Disentangling Diffusion: The Effects of Social Learning and Economic Competition on State Policy Innovation and Expansion,” Political Research Quarterly 57(1):39–51.

Boix, C. 1998. Political Parties, Growth and Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.

Bolduc, D., Fortin, B., Gordon, S. 1997. “Multinomial Probit Estimation of Spatially Interdependent Choices: An Empirical Comparison of Two New Techniques,” International Regional Science Review 20:77-101.

Boots, B., Dufournaud, C. 1994. “A Programming Approach to Minimizing and Maximizing Spatial Autocorrelation Statistics,” Geographical Analysis 26:54-66.

Boots, B., Tiefelsdorf, M. 2000. “Global and Local Spatial Autocorrelation in Bounded Regular Tesselations,” Journal of Geographical Systems 2:319-48.

Box-Steffensmeier, J., Brady, H., Collier, D., eds. 2008 (forthcoming). Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bradlow, E.T. 2005. “Spatial Models in Marketing.” Marketing Letters 16(3-4):267-78.

Braithwaite, A., Li, Q. 2007. “Transnational Terrorism Hot Spots: Identification and Impact Evaluation.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 24(4):281-96.

Brandsma, A., Ketellapper, R.H. 1979. “A Biparametric Approach to Spatial Autocorrelation.” Environment and Planning A, 11:51–58.

Braun, D., Gilardi, F. 2006. “Taking ‘Galton’s Problem’ Seriously: Towards a Theory of Policy Diffusion,” Journal of Theoretical Politics 18(3):298–322.

Braybeck, B., Huckfeldt, R. 2002a. “Spatially Dispersed Ties Among Interdependent Citizens: Connecting Individuals and Aggregates,” Political Analysis 10: 261-275.

Braybeck, B., Huckfeldt, R. 2002b. “Urban Contexts, Spatially Dispersed Networks, and the Diffusion of Political Information,” Political Geography 21: 195-220.

Brinks, D., Coppedge, M. 2006. “Diffusion Is No Illusion: Neighbor Emulation in the Third Wave of Democracy,” Comparative Political Studies 39(4):463-89.

Brock, W.A., Durlauf, S.N. 2001. “Discrete Choice with Social Interactions.” Review of Economic Studies 68(2):235-60.

Brooks, S. 2005. “Interdependent and Domestic Foundations of Policy Change: The Diffusion of Pension Privatization Around the World,” International Studies Quarterly 49(2):273–94.

Brooks, S. 2007. “When Does Diffusion Matter? Explaining the Spread of Structural Pension Reforms across Nations,” Journal of Politics 69(3):701-15.

Browning, C., Feinberg, S., Dietz, R. 2004. “The Paradox of Social Organization: Networks,

11

Collective Efficacy, and Violent Crime in Urban Neighborhoods.” Social Forces 83(2):503-34.

Brueckner, J.K. 1998. “Testing for Strategic Interaction among Local Governments: The Case of Growth Controls.” Journal of Urban Economics 44(3):438-67.

Brueckner, J. K. 2003. “Strategic Interaction Among Governments: An Overview of Empirical Studies.” International Regional Science Review 26(2):175-88.

Brueckner, J.K., Saavedra, L.A. 2001. “Do Local Governments Engage in Strategic Property-Tax Competition?” National Tax Journal 54(2):203-29.

Brune, N., Garrett, G., Kogut, B. 2004. “The International Monetary Fund and the Global Spread of Privatization,” IMF Staff Papers 51(2):195-219.

Brune, N., Guisinger, A. 2007. “Myth or Reality? The Diffusion of Financial Liberalization in Developing Countries,” Yale University MacMillan Center Working Paper.

Buhaug, H., Rød, J.K. 2006. “Local Determinants of African Civil Wars, 1970–2001,” Political Geography 25(3):315-335.

Bunce, V., Wolchik, S. 2006a. “Favorable Conditions and International Support: The Wave of Electoral Revolutions in Post-Communist Countries,” Journal of Democracy 17(4):5-18.

Bunce, V., Wolchik, S. 2006b. “International Diffusion and Postcommunist Electoral Revolutions,” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39(3):283-304.

Bunce, V., Wolchik, S. 2007. “Transnational Networks, Diffusion Dynamics, and Electoral Revolutions in the Postcommunist World,” Physica A 378(1):92-9.

Burridge, P. 1980. “On the Cliff-Ord Test for Spatial Autocorrelation.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, 42:107-8.

Cain, B.E., Levin, M.A. 1999. “Term Limits.” Annual Review of Political Science 2:163-88.

Caldeira, G. 1985. “The Transmission of Legal Precedent: A Study of State Supreme Courts,” American Political Science Review 79(1):178–94.

Caleiro, A., Guerreiro, G. 2005. “Understanding the Election Results in Portugal: A Spatial Econometrics Point of View,” Portuguese Economic Journal 4(3):207-28.

Calmfors, L., Forslund, A., Hemstrom, M. 2001. “Does Active Labour Market Policy Work? Lessons from the Swedish Experiences,” Swedish Economic Policy Review 8(2):61-124.

Calvo, E., Escolar, M. 2003. “The Local Voter: A Geographically Weighted Approach to Ecological Inference.” American Journal of Political Science 47 (1): 189–204.

Cameron, D. 1978. “The Expansion of the Public Economy: A Comparative Analysis,” American Political Science Review 72(4):1243-61.

Cameron, D. 1984. “Social Democracy, Corporatism, Labor Quiescence, and the Representation of Economic Interest in Advanced Capitalist Society,” in Goldthorpe, J.H., ed., Order and Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism. New York: Oxford UP, pp. 143-78.

Cao, X., Prakash, A., Ward, M.D. 2007. “Protecting Jobs in the Age of Globalization: Examining the Relative Salience of Social Welfare and Industrial Subsidies in OECD Countries.” International Studies Quarterly 51(2):301-27.

12

Cao, X. 2007. “Convergence, Divergence and Networks in the Age of Globalization: A Social Network Approach.” http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/seminars/pegroup/Cao2007.pdf.

Carey, J.M, Niemi, R.G., Powell, L.W. 1998. “The Effects of Term Limits on State Legislatures.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 23(2): 271-300.

Carrington, P.J., Scott, J., Wasserman, S. 2005. Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis. New York: Cambridge.

Case, A. 1992. “Neighborhood Influence and Technological Change,” Regional Science and Urban Economics 22:491-508.

Case, A., Hines, J., Rosen, H. 1993. “Budget Spillovers and Fiscal Policy Interdependence: Evidence from the States,” Journal of Public Economics 52(3):285–307.

Castles, F., ed. 1993. Families of Nations: Patterns of Public Policy in Western Democracies. Brookfield, VT: Dartmouth UP.

Castles, F. 1998. Comparative Public Policy: Patterns of Post-War Transformation. Northampton, Mass: Edward Elgar.

Centola, D., Macy, M. 2007. “Complex Contagion and the Weakness of Long Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 113(3):702-34.

Chaves, M. 1996. “Ordaining Women: The Diffusion of an Organizational Innovation.” American Journal of Sociology 101(4):840-73.

Chen, X, Conley, T. 2001. “A New Semiparametric Spatial Model for Panel Time Series,” Journal of Econometrics 105(1):59-83.

Cho, W.T. 2003. “Contagion Effects and Ethnic Contribution Networks,” American Journal of Political Science 47(2):368-87.

Cho, W.T., Gimpel, J. 2007a. “Prospecting for (Campaign) Gold,” American Journal of Political Science 51(2):255-68.

Cho, W.T., Gimpel, J. 2007b. “Spatial Dimensions of Arab American Voter Mobilization after September 11,” Political Geography 26(3):330-51.

Cho, W.T., Rudolph, T. 2007. “Emanating Political Participation: Untangling the Spatial Structure behind Participation,” British Journal of Political Science 37(2):313-32.

Christakis, N.A., Fowler, J.H. 2007. “The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years,” New England Journal of Medicine 357(4):370-9.

Cliff, A., Ord, J. 1973. Spatial Autocorrelation. London: Pion.

Cliff, A., Ord, J. 1981. Spatial Processes: Models and Applications. London: Pion.

Conell, C., Cohn, S. 1995. “Learning from Other People’s Actions: Environmental Variation and Diffusion in French Coal Mining Strikes, 1890-1935.” American Journal of Sociology 101(2):366-403.

Conley, T. 1999. “GMM Estimation with Cross-Sectional Dependence,” Journal of Econometrics 92(1):1-45.

Conley, T.G., Ligon, E. 2002. “Economic Distance, Spillovers and Cross-Country Comparisons.”

13

Journal of Economic Growth 7:157-87.

Conley, T.G., Topa, G. 2002. “Socio-economic Distance and Spatial Patterns in Unemployment,” Journal of Applied Econometrics 17:303-27.

Conley, T., Molinari, F. 2007. “Spatial Correlation Robust Inference with Errors in Location or Distance,” Journal of Econometrics 140(1):76-96.

Costa-Font, J., Pons-Novell, J. 2006. “Public Health Expenditure and Spatial Interactions in a Decentralized National Health System.” Health Economics 16(3):291-306.

Coughlin, C.C., Garrett, T.A., Hernández-Murillo, R. 2003. “Spatial Probit and the Geographic Patterns of State Lotteries.” St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank Working Paper 2003-042B. http://research.stlouisfed.org/wp/2003/2003-042.pdf.

Coughlin, C.C., Garrett, T.A., Hernández-Murillo, R. 2007. “Spatial Dependence in Models of State Fiscal Policy Convergence.” Public Finance Review 35(3):361-84.

Cox, K., Low, M., Robinson, J., eds. (forthcoming). A Handbook of Political Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Crain, R. 1966. “Fluoridation—Diffusion of an Innovation among Cities,” Social Forces 44(4):467–76.

Cressie, N. 1993. Statistics for Spatial Data. Wiley, New York.

Cukierman, A. 1992. Central Bank Strategy, Credibility, and Independence. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Dahl, R. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Dahlberg, Matz and Anders Forslund (2005) ‘Direct Displacement Effects of Labour Markt Programmes’, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 107(3): 475-494.

Daley, D., Garand, J. 2005. “Horizontal Diffusion, Vertical Diffusion, and Internal Pressure in State Environmental Policymaking, 1989–1998,” American Politics Research 33(5):615–44.

Darmofal, D. 2006. “Spatial Econometrics and Political Science,” Society for Political Methodology Working Paper Archive: http://polmeth.wustl.edu/workingpapers.php.

Darmofal, D. 2007. “Bayesian Spatial Survival Models for Political Event Processes,” Unpublished: http://people.cas.sc.edu/darmofal/DarmofalBayesianSpatialSurvival.pdf.

Dietz, Robert D. 2002. “The Estimation of Neighborhood Effects in the Social Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Approach” Social Science Research 31 (4):539.

Dobbins, F., Garret, G., Simmons, B. eds. 2008. The Global Diffusion of Democracy and Markets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dolowitz, D., Marsh, D. 2000. “Learning from Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy-Making.” Governance 13(1):5-24.

Doreian, P., Stokman, F.N., eds. 1997. Evolution of Social Networks. London: Routledge.

Dow, M. 1984. “A Biparametric Approach to Network Autocorrelation: Galton’s Problem.” Sociological Methods and Research, 13(2): 201-217.

Dubin, R.A. 1997. “A Note on the Estimation of Spatial Logit Models,” Geographical Systems 4(2):181-93.

14

Durlauf, S.N. 2001. “A Framework For The Study of Individual Behavior and Social Interactions.” Sociological Methodology 31(1):47-87.

Eising, R. 2002. “Policy Learning in Embedded Negotiations: Explaining EU Electricity Liberalization,” International Organization 56(1):85-120.

Elhorst, J.P. 2001. “Dynamic Models in Space and Time.” Geographical Analysis 33:119–140.

Elhorst, J.P. 2003. “Specification and Estimation of Spatial Panel Data Models.” International Regional Science Review 26:244-68.

Elhorst, J.P. 2005. “Unconditional Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Linear and Log-Linear Dynamic Models for Spatial Panels.” Geographical Analysis 37:85-106.

Elkins, Z., Guzman, A., Simmons, B. 2006. “Competing for Capital: The Diffusion of Bilateral Investment Treaties, 1960-2000.” International Organization, 60(4): 811-846.

Elkins, Z., Simmons, B. 2005. “On Waves, Clusters, and Diffusion: A Conceptual Framework,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 598(1):33-51.

Ermini, B., Santolini, R. 2007. “Horizontal Interaction on Local Councils’ Expenditures. Evidence from Italy.” http://dea.univpm.it/quaderni/pdf/278.pdf.

Estevao, M. 2003. “Do Active Labor Market Policies Increase Employment?” IMF Working Paper WP/03/234.

European Commission. 1999. Agenda 2000: Strengthening and Widening the Union.

European Commission. 2005. Employment in Europe2005.

European Commission Communication. 2004. 239 final of 7 April 2004. Strengthening the Implementation of the European Employment Strategy.

European Commission Communication. 2005. 13 final of 27 January 2005. Draft Joint Employment Report 2004/2005 and Addendum to the Joint Economic Report, Annex 2.

European Council. 2000. ‘Presidency Conclusions—Lisbon European Council’, 23 and 24 March 2000 Brussels: Council of Ministers.

Fernandez-Vazquez, E., Rodriguez-Valez, J. 2007. “Taking off some hoods: estimating spatial models with a non-arbitary W matrix.” Paper presented at the 2007 meeting of the Spatial Econometric Association. http://fp.paceprojects.f9.co.uk/Vazquez.pdf.

Fingleton, B. 2003. “Externalities, Economic Geography, And Spatial Econometrics: Conceptual And Modeling Developments.” International Regional Science Review 26(2):197-207.

Fleming, M.M. 2004. “Techniques for Estimating Spatially Dependent Discrete-Choice Models,” in L. Anselin, R.J.G.M. Florax, & S.J. Rey, eds., Advances in Spatial Econometrics: Methodology, Tools and Applications. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Flint, C. 2004. The Geographies of War. New York.

Florax, R.J.G.M., Rey, S. 1995. “The Impacts of Misspecified Spatial Interaction in Linear Regression Models,” In New Directions in Spatial Econometrics, L. Anselin and R.J.G.M. Florax, eds., Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 111-135.

Florax, R.J.G.M., Folmer, H., Rey, S.J. 2003. “Specification Searches in Spatial Econometrics: The

15

Relevance of Hendry’s Methodology.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 33(5):557-79.

Florax, R.J.G.M., Folmer, H., Rey, S.J. 2006. “A Comment on Specification Searches in Spatial Econometrics: The Relevance of Hendry’s Methodology: A Reply,” Regional Science and Urban Economics 36(2):300-8.

Florax, R.J.G.M., Nijkamp, P. 2003. Misspecification in Linear Spatial Regression Models. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper: TI 2003-081/3.

Florax, R.J.G.M., Van der Vlist, A.J. 2003. “Spatial Econometric Data Analysis: Moving Beyond Traditional Models,” International Regional Science Review 26(3):223-43.

Forslund, A., Krueger, A. 1997. “An Evaluation of the Swedish Active Labor Market Policy: New and Received Wisdom,” In The Welfare State in Transition: Reforming the Swedish Model, Richard Freeman, R. Topel, and B Swedenborg, Eds. Chicago: University of Chicago.

Fowler, J.H. 2006. “Connecting the Congress: A Study of Cosponsorship Networks,” Political Analysis 14(4):456-487.

Franzese, R. 2002. Macroeconomic Policies of Developed Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.

Franzese, R. 2003. “BOOK REVIEW: Duane Swank, Global Capital, Political Institutions, and Policy Change,” Political Science Quarterly 118(1):172-3.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2003. “Modeling Spatial Relationships in International and Comparative Political Economy: An Application to Globalization and Capital Taxation in Developed Democracies,” presented at the Annual Meetings of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2004a. “Empirical Modeling Strategies for Spatial Interdependence: Omitted-Variable vs. Simultaneity Biases,” presented at the 21st Summer Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2004b. “Modeling International Diffusion: Inferential Benefits and Methodological Challenges, with an Application to International Tax Competition,” Wissenschaftszentrum-Berlin SP II 2004 – 12.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2005a. “Modeling Spatial Interdependence in Comparative and International Political Economy with an Application to Capital Taxation,” presented at the annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2005b. “Spatial Econometric Modeling, with Application to Employment Spillovers and Active-Labor-Market Policies in the European Union,” presented at Groningen University, workshop on ‘Partisan Politics, Political Autonomy, and Policy Harmonization across Europe’.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2006a. “Calculating and Presenting Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Diffusion and Interdependence,” presented at the General Conference of the European Consortium of Political Research, Pisa.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2006b. “Spatiotemporal Models for Political-Science Panel and Time-Series-Cross-Section Data,” presented at the 23rd Annual Summer Meetings of the Society for Political Methodology.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2006c. “Strategic Interaction among EU Governments in Active-Labor-Market Policymaking: Subsidiarity and Policy Coordination under the European Employment

16

Strategy,” European Union Politics 7(2):167-89.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2007a. “Empirical Models of International Capital-Tax Competition,” in International Taxation Handbook, G. Gregoriou, C. Read, eds., Elsevier Press, pp. 43-72.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2007b. “Interdependence in Comparative & International Political Economy, with Applications to Economic Integration and Strategic Fiscal-Policy Interdependence,” presented at Paris 13 (Université Paris), Axe 5: PSE.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2007c. “Spatial-Econometric Models of Cross-Sectional Interdependence in Political-Science Panel and Time-Series-Cross-Section Data,” Political Analysis 15(2):140-64.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2007d. Spatial Econometric Models of Interdependence. Book prospectus.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2008a. “Empirical Modeling of Spatial Interdependence in Time-Series Cross-Sections,” in S. Pickel, G. Pickel, H-J. Lauth, D. Jahn, eds., Neuere Entwicklungen und Anwendungen auf dem Gebiet der Methoden der vergleichenden Politikwissenschaft, Band II. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, forthcoming.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2008b. “Empirical Models of Spatial Interdependence,” J. Box-Steffensmeier, H. Brady, D. Collier, eds., Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, Oxford UP.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2008c. “Interdependence in Comparative Politics: Theoretical- & Empirical-Model Specification, Estimation, Interpretation, and Presentation,” Comparative Political Studies 41(4/5):742-80.

Franzese, R., Hays, J. 2008d. “The Spatial Probit Model of Interdependent Binary Outcomes: Estimation, Interpretation, and Presentation,” presented at the 24th Summer Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology (2007); update presented at the 2008 Midwest Political Science Association meetings.

Franzese, R., Hays, J., Kachi, A. 2008. “The m-STAR Model as an Approach to Modeled, Dynamic, Endogenous Interdependence in Comparative & International Political Economy.” Presented at the Networks in Political Science (NIPS) Conference, Harvard Kennedy School of Government (http://www-personal.umich.edu/~franzese/FranzeseHaysKachi.NIPS.060908.pdf).

Franzese, R., Mosher, J. 2002. “Comparative Institutional Advantage: The Scope for Divergence within European Economic Integration.” European Union Politics 3(2):177-204.

Fredriksson, P.G., Millimet, D.L. 2002. “Strategic Interaction and the Determination of Environmental Policy across U.S. States,” Journal of Urban Economics 51(1):101-22.

Frieden, J., Rogowski, R. 1996. “The Impact of the International Economy on National Policies: An Analytical Overview,” In R. Keohane & H. Milner, eds., Internationalization and Domestic Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 25-47.

Garretsen, H., Peeters, J. 2007. “Capital Mobility, Agglomeration and Corporate Tax Rates: Is the Race to the Bottom for Real?” CESifo Economic Studies 53(2):263-93.

Garrett, G. 1998. Partisan Politics in the Global Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.

Garrett, G., Mitchell, D. 2001. “Globalization, Government Spending and Taxation in the OECD,” European Journal of Political Research 39(2):145-77.

Garrett, T.A., Wagner, G.A., Wheelock, D.C. 2005. “A Spatial Analysis of State Banking Regulation,” Papers in Regional Science 84(4):575-95.

17

Gartzke, E., Gleditsch, K.S. 2006. “Identity and Conflict: Ties that Bind and Differences that Divide,” European Journal of International Relations 12(1): 53–87.

Gatrell, AC. 1983. Distance and Space: A Geographical Perspective. Oxford: Clarendon.

Genschel, P. 2002. “Globalization, Tax Competition, and the Welfare State,” Politics and Society 30(2):245–75.

Geroski, Paul A. 2000. “Models of Technology Diffusion.” Research Policy 29 (4–5): 603–625.

Getis, A., Aldstadt, J. 2004. “Constructing the Spatial Weights Matrix Using a Local Statistic,” Geographical Analysis 36(2):90-104.

Getis, A., Aldstadt, J. 2006. “Using AMOEBA to Create a Spatial Weights Matrix and Identify Spatial Clusters,” Geographical Analysis 38(4):327-43.

Getis, A., Griffith, D. 2002. “Comparative Spatial Filtering in Regression Analysis,” Geographical Analysis 34:130-40.

Getis, A., Muir, J., Zoller, H.G. 2004. Spatial Econometrics and Spatial Statistics. New York: Palgrave.

Gilardi, F. 2005. “The Institutional Foundations of Regulatory Capitalism: The Diffusion of Independent Regulatory Agencies in Western Europe,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 598:84–101.

Gilardi, F., Füglister, K., Luyet, S. 2005. “Interdependent Welfare States: The Diffusion of Health Care Reforms in OECD Countries.” Paper for presentation at the annual conference of the Network for European Social Policy Analysis (ESPAnet) (Stream “Ideas, actors and institutions in health care systems”), University of Fribourg, 22-24 September 2005.

Gimpel, J.G., Lee, F.E., Kaminski, J. 2006. “The Political Geography of Campaign Contributions in American Politics.” The Journal of Politics 68(3):626-39.

Giugni, M.G. 1998. “The Other Side of the Coin: Explaining Crossnational Similarities Between Social Movements.” An International Quarterly 3(1):89-105.

Glaeser, E.L., Scheinkman, J. 2000. “Non-Market Interactions.” NBER Working Paper No. 8053. Available at: http://www.nber.org/papers/W8053.

Glaeser, E.L., Scheinkman, J., Sacerdote, B.L. 2003. “The Social Multiplier.” Journal of the European Economic Association 1(2-3):345-53.

Gleditsch, K.S. 2002. All International Politics is Local: The Diffusion of Conflict, Integration, and Democratization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Gleditsch, K.S. 2007. “Civil War and its Spread,” in J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk, I.W. Zartman, eds., Handbook on Conflict Resolution. London: Sage. Forthcoming.

Gleditsch, K.S., Beardsley, K. 2004. “Nosy Neighbors: Third Party Actors in Central American Civil Conflicts,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(3):379-402.

Gleditsch, K.S., Ward, M. 2000. “War and peace in space and time: The role of democratization,” International Studies Quarterly 44(1):1–29.

Gleditsch, K.S., Ward, M. 2006. “Diffusion and the International Context of Democratization,” International Organization 60(4): 911–33.

18

Gleditsch, K.S., Ward, M. 2007. “Diffusion and the Spread of Democratic Institutions,” in F. Dobbins, G. Garret, B. Simmons, eds. The Global Diffusion of Democracy and Markets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Godwin, M., Schroedel, J. 2000. “Policy Diffusion and Strategies for Promoting Policy Change: Evidence from California Local Gun Control Ordinances,” Policy Studies Journal 28(4):760-76.

Goetschy, J. 1999. “The European Employment Strategy: Genesis and Development,” European Journal of Industrial Relations 5(2):117-37.

Goldenberg, E.N., Traugott, M.W., Baumgartner, F.K. 1986. “Preemptive and Reactive Spending in U.S. House Races.” Political Behavior 8:3-20.

Govea, R., West, G. 1981. “Riot Contagion in Latin America, 1949-1963,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 25(2):349-368.

Gowa, J., and Mansfield, E. 1993. “Power Politics and International Trade.” American Political Science Review 87: 408-420.

Grattet, R., Jenness, V., Curry, T.R. 1998. “The Homogenization and Differentiation of Hate Crime Law in the United States, 1978 to 1995: Innovation and Diffusion in the Criminalization of Bigotry.” American Sociological Review 63(2):286-307.

Gray, V. 1973. “Innovation in the States: A Diffusion Study,” American Political Science Review 67(4):1174-85.

Greene, D.P., Kim, S.-Y. H., and Yoon, D. “Dirty Pool.” International Organization 55:441-468.

Gregoriou, G., Read, C., eds. 2007. International Taxation Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Grenander, U., 1981. Abstract Inference. New York: Wiley Series.

Griffith, D.A. 1996. “Some Guidelines for Specifying the Geographic Weight Matrix Contained in Spatial Statistical Models.” In: S.L. Arlinghaus ed., Practical Handbook of Spatial Statistics, pp. 65-82 (CRC-Boca Raton).

Griffith, D. 2002. “A Spatial Filtering Specification for the Auto-Poisson Model,” Statistics and Probability Letters 58:245-51.

Griffith, D. 2003. Spatial Autocorrelation and Spatial Filtering: Gaining Understanding through Theory and Scientific Visualization. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.

Griffith, D.A. 2006. “Assessing Spatial Dependence in Count Data: Winsorized and Spatial Filter Specification Alternatives to the Auto-Poisson Model,” Geographical Analysis 38(2):160-79.

Griffith, D.A., Haining, R. 2006. “Beyond Mule Kicks: The Poisson Distribution in Geographical Analysis,” Geographical Analysis 38(2):123-39.

Griffith, D.A., Paelinck, J.H.P. 2007. “An Equation by Any Other Name Is Still the Same: On Spatial Econometrics and Spatial Statistics,” Annals of Regional Science 41:209-27.

Grossback, L., Nicholson-Crotty, S., Peterson, D. 2004. “Ideology and Learning in Policy Diffusion,” American Politics Research 32(5):521–45.

Guerin, S.S. 2006. “The Role of Geography in Financial and Economic Integration: A Comparative Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment, Trade and Portfolio Investment Flows.” The World

19

Economy 29(2):189-209.

Guler, Isen, Mauro Guillen, and John Muir MacPherson. 2002. “Global Competition, Institutions, and Organizational Change: The International Diffusion of the ISO 9000 Quality Standards.” Administrative Science Quarterly 47(2):207-32.

Haegerstrand, T. 1967. Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process. (translation: A. Pred). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Haegerstrand, T. 1970. “What about people in Regional Science?” Papers in Regional Science 24(6):

Hagopian, F., Mainwaring, S., eds. 2005. The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Haining, R. 1990. Spatial Data Analysis in the Social and Environmental Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hall, P., Soskice, D., eds. 2001. Varieties of Capitalism. Oxford: Oxford UP.

Hays, J. 2003. “Globalization and Capital Taxation in Consensus and Majoritarian Democracies,” World Politics 56(3):79–113.

Hays, J., Ehrlich, S., Peinhardt, C. 2005. “Government Spending and Public Support for Trade in the OECD: An Empirical Test of the Embedded Liberalism Thesis,” International Organization 59(2):473-94.

Heckman, J.J., LaLonde, R.J., Smith, J.A. 1999. “The Economics and Econometrics of Active Labor Market Programs,” in Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3a. O. Ashenfelter & D. Card, eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 1865-2097.

Heichel, S., Pape, J., Sommerer, T. 2005. “Is There Convergence in Convergence Research? An Overview of Empirical Studies on Policy Convergence.” Journal of European Public Policy 12(5):817-40.

Hendry, D.F. 2006. “A comment on ‘Specification searches in spatial econometrics: The relevance of Hendry’s methodology’,” Regional Science and Urban Economics 36(2):309-12.

Henisz, W. J., B. A. Zelner and M. F. Guillen. 2005. “The worldwide diffusion of market-oriented infrastructure reform, 1977-1999.” American Sociological Review 70: 871-897.

Hibbs, D. 1987. The American Political Economy. Cambridge: Harvard UP.

Hines, J. 1999. “Lessons from Behavioral Responses to International Taxation,” National Tax Journal 52(2):305–22.

Hiskey, J., Canache, D. 2005. “The Demise of One-Party Politics in Mexican Municipal Elections.” British Journal of Political Science 35(2): 257-284.

Hiskey, Jonathan. and Damarys Canache. 2005. “The Demise of One-Party Politics in Mexican Municipal Elections.” British Journal of Political Science 35(2): 257-284.

Hoff, P., Ward, M. 2004. “Modeling dependencies in international relations networks,” Political Analysis 12(2):160–75.

Holloway, G., Shankar, B., Rahmanb, S. 2002. “Bayesian Spatial Probit Estimation: A Primer and an Application to HYV Rice Adoption,” Agricultural Economics 27(3):383-402.

20

Holmes, T.J. 2006. “Geographic Spillover of Unionism.” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department Staff Report 368.

Holzinger, K., Knill, C. 2005. “Causes and conditions of cross-national policy convergence.” Journal of European Public Policy 8:775-96.

Hordijk, L. 1974. “Spatial correlation in the disturbances of a linear interregional model.” Regional Science and Urban Economics, 4:117-40.

Huckfeldt, R., Johnson, P.E., Sprague, J. 2005. “Individuals, Dyads and Networks: Autoregressive Patterns of Political Influence,” in Alan S. Zuckerman (ed.), The Social Logic of Politics: Personal Networks as Contexts for Political Behavior. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Huckfeldt, R., Sprague, J. 1991. “Discussant Effects on Vote Choice: Intimacy, Structure, and Interdependence.” The Journal of Politics 53 (1): 122-158.

Huckfeldt, R., Sprague, J. 1993. “Citizens, Contexts, and Politics,” in A.W. Finifter, ed., Political Science: The State of the Discipline II. Washington, DC: APSA, pp. 281-303.

Hunter, D. 2007. “Exponential-Family Random Graph Models for Social Networks,” presented at the 24th Summer Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology.

Hunter, DR., Handcock, MS., Butts, CT., Goodreau, SM., Morris, M. 2008. “ergm: A Package to Fit, Simulate and Diagnose Exponential-Family Models for Networks.” Journal of Statistical Software URL http://www.jstatsoft.org/v24/i03/.

Huntington, S. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press.

Ioannides, Y.M. 2006. “Topologies of Social Interactions.” Economic Theory 28(3):559-84.

Iversen, T., Cusack, T. 2000. “The Causes of Welfare State Expansion: Deindustrialization or Globalization?” World Politics 52(2):313–49.

Jahn, D. 2006. “Globalization as ‘Galton’s Problem’: The Missing Link in the Analysis of Diffusion Patterns in Welfare State Development,” International Organization 60(2):401-31.

Jensen, J.L. 2004. “A Multipopulation Comparison of the Diffusion of Public Organizations and Policies across Space and Time.” Policy Studies Journal 32(1):109-27.

Jordana, J., Levi-Faur, D. 2005. “The Diffusion of Regulatory Capitalism in Latin America: Sectoral and National Channels in the Making of a New Order.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 598(1):102-24.

Kaiser, M.S., Cressie, N. 1997. “Modeling Poisson Variables with Positive Spatial Dependence,” Statistics & Probability Letters 35(4):423-32.

Karch, A. 2006. “National Intervention and the Diffusion of Policy Innovations.” American Politics Research 34(4):403-26.

Katzenstein, P. 1985. Small States in World Markets Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

Kayser, M.A. 2007. “Partisan Waves: International Sources of Electoral Choice,” unpublished. University of Rochester. http://mail.rochester.edu/~mksr/papers/PWaves_ECM_070108.pdf.

Kelejian, H.H., Prucha, I. 1998. “Generalized Spatial Two Stage Least Squares Procedures for Estimating a Spatial Autoregressive Model with Autoregressive Disturbances.” Journal of Real

21

Estate Finance and Economics 17:99-121.

Kelejian, H.H., Prucha, I. 1999. “A Generalized Moments Estimator for the Autoregressive Parameter in a Spatial Model.” International Economic Review 40:509–533.

Kelejian, H.H., Prucha, I.R. 2001. “On the Asymptotic Distribution of the Moran I Test Statistic with Applications,” Journal of Econometrics 104:219-57.

Kelejian, H.H., Prucha, I.R. 2004. “Estimation of Simultaneous Systems of Spatially Interrelated Cross-Sectional Equations,” Journal of Econometrics 118(1-2):27-50.

Kelejian, H.H., Murrell, P., Shepotylo, O. 2007. “Spatial Interdependence and Relative Geographical Location as Determinants of Institutional Development.” Working paper: http://kei.org.ua/files/Governance%20and%20geography%20August%2022.pdf.

Kelejian, H.H., Tavlas , G., Hondroyiannis, G. 2006. “A Spatial Modeling Approach to Contagion Among Emerging Economies.” Open Economies Review 17(4-5):423-41.

Keohane, R., ed. 1996. Internationalization and Domestic Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.

Keshk, O.M.G, Pollins, B.M., Reuveny, R. 2004. “Trade Still Follows the Flag: The Primacy of Politics in a Simultaneous Model of Interdependence and Armed Conflict.” The Journal of Politics 66(4):1155-79.

Kim, C.-W., Phipps, T. T., and Anselin, L. 2003. “Measuring the benefits of air quality improvement: A spatial hedonic approach,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 45:24–39.

Kim, J., Elliot, E. Wang, D-M. 2003. “A spatial analysis of county-level outcomes in US Presidential elections: 1988–2000.” Electoral Studies 22 (4): 741–761.

King, G., Honaker, J., Joseph, A., Scheve, K. 2001. “Analyzing Incomplete Political Science Data: An Alternative Algorithm for Multiple Imputation.” American Political Science Review 95(1):49-69.

Kitschelt, H. 1994. The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Knack, S., Kropf, M.E. 1998. “For Shame! The Effect of Community Cooperative Context on the Probability of Voting.” Political Psychology 19(3):585-99.

Knill, C. 2005. “Introduction: Cross-National Policy Convergence: Concepts, Approaches and Explanatory Factors,” Journal of European Public Policy 12(5):764–74.

Knoke, D. 1982. “The Spread of Municipal Reform: Temporal, Spatial, and Social Dynamics,” American Journal of Sociology 87(6):1314–39.

Kohfeld, C.W., Sprague, J. 2001. “Race, Space, and Turnout,” Political Geography 21:175-93.

Kooijman, S. 1976. “Some Remarks on the Statistical Analysis of Grids Especially with Respect to Ecology.” Annals of Systems Research 5.

Kosfeld, R., Lauridsen, J. 2004. “Dynamic spatial modelling of regional convergence processes.” Empirical Economics 29(4):705-722.

Kraft, K. 1998. “An Evaluation of Active and Passive Labour Market Policy,” Applied Economics 30:783-93.

22

Krasno, J., Green, D., Cowden, J. 1994. “The Dynamics of Campaign Fundraising in House Elections,” Journal of Politics 56(2):459-474.

Krempel, L., Pluemper, T. 2003. “Exploring the Dynamics of International Trade by Combining the Comparative Advantages of Multivariate Statistics and Network,” Journal of Social Structure 4(1):1-22.

Lacombe, D.J. 2004. “Does Econometric Methodology Matter? An Analysis of Public Policy Using Spatial Econometric Techniques,” Geographical Analysis 36(2):105-18.

Lacombe, D.J., Shaughnessy, T.M. 2005. “An Examination of a Congressional Vote Using Bayesian Spatial Probit Techniques.” Paper presented at the 2005 Meetings of the Public Choice Society.

Lacombe, D.J., Shaughnessy, T.M. 2007. “Accounting for Spatial Error Correlation in the 2004 Presidential Popular Vote,” Public Finance Review 35(4):480-99.

Lange, P, Garrett, G. 1985. “The Politics of Growth.” Journal of Politics 47:792-827.

Lazer, D. 2006. “Global and Domestic Governance: Modes of Interdependence in Regulatory Policymaking.” European Law Journal 12(4):455-68.

Lee, C.K., Strang, D. 2006. “The International Diffusion of Public-Sector Downsizing: Network Emulation and Theory-Driven Learning,” International Organization 60(4):883-909.

Leenders, Roger T.A.J. 1995. Structure and Influence. Dissertation. ICS / University of Groningen. ISBN 90-5170-329-5.

Leenders, Roger T.A.J. 1997. “Longitudinal Behavior of Network Structures and Actor Attributes: Modeling Interdependence of Contagion and Selection,” in P. Doreian & F. Stokman, eds., Evolution of Social Networks, pp. 165-84. Amsterdam: Routledge.

Leenders, Roger. 2002. “Modeling social influence through network autocorrelation: constructing the weight matrix.” Social Networks 24: 21-47.

LeSage, J.P. 1999. Spatial Econometrics. http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/LeSage/spatial/wbook.pdf

LeSage, J.P. 2000. “Bayesian Estimation of Limited Dependent Variable Spatial Autoregressive Models,” Geographical Analysis 32(1):19-35.

LeSage, J.P., Parent, O. 2007. “Bayesian Model Averaging for Spatial Econometric Models,” Geographical Analysis 39(3):241-67.

LeSage, J.P., Pace, R.K. 2004. “Models for Spatially Dependent Missing Data,” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 29(2):233-54.

Li, R., Thompson, W. 1975. “The ‘Coup Contagion’ Hypothesis,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 19(1):63–88.

Lin, G. 2003. “A Spatial Logit Association Model for Cluster Detection,” Geographical Analysis 35(4):329-40.

Lin, T-M, Baek, M., Lee, F-Y. 2004. “Neighborhood Effect in Korean Electoral Regionalism.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, Sep 02, 2004. http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p59683_index.html.

Lin, T-M., Wu, C-E., Lee, F-Y. 2006. “‘Neighborhood’ influence on the formation of national

23

identity in Taiwan: Spatial regression with disjoint neighborhoods,” Political Research Quarterly 59:35–46.

Linos, K. 2006. “The Politics of Family Policies: Cross-National Diffusion and Translation of International Law.” http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/res_activities/seminars/iintlaw/linos_family.pdf.

Liu, J.H., Ikeda, K., Wilson, M.S. 1998. “Interpersonal Environment Effects on Political Preferences: The “Middle Path” for Conceptualizing Social Structure in New Zealand and Japan.” Political Behavior 20(3):183-212.

Lubbers, M.J., Snijders, T.A.B. 2007. “A comparison of various approaches to the exponential random graph model: A reanalysis of 102 student networks in school classes,” Social Networks 29:489-507.

Lutz, J. 1987. “Regional Leadership Patterns in the Diffusion of Public Policies,” American Politics Quarterly 15(3):387–98.

Manger, M.S. 2006. “The Political Economy of Discrimination: Modeling the Spread of Preferential Trade Agreements.” Paper for presentation at the Inaugural meeting of the International Political Economy Society.

Manski, C. F. 1993. “Identification of Endogenous Social Effects: The Reflexion Problem,” Review of Economic Studies 60:531-42.

Manski, C. F. 1995. Identification Problems in the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Manski, C.F. 2000. “Economic Analysis of Social Interactions.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (3): 115-36.

Martin, J.P. 2000. “What Works Among Active Labour Market Policies: Evidence from OECD Countries’ Experiences,” OECD Economic Studies No. 30, 2000(1):79-113.

Martin, J.P., Grubb, D. 2001. “What works and for whom: a review of OECD countries’ experiences with active labour market policies,” Working Paper Series 2001:14, IFAU - Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation.

Maza, A., Villaverde, J. 2004. “Regional disparities in the EU: mobility and polarization.” Applied Economics Letters 11 (8): 517 – 522.

McAdam, D., Rucht, D. 1993. “The Cross-National Diffusion of Movement Ideas,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 528:56-74.

McAdam, D., Rucht, D. 1993. “The Cross-National Diffusion of Movement Ideas.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 528: 56-74.

McClurg, S.D. 2003. “Social Networks and Political Participation: The Role of Social Interaction in Explaining Political Participation.” Political Research Quarterly 56(4):449-64.

McMillen, D.P. 1992. “Probit with Spatial Autocorrelation,” Journal of Regional Science 32:335-48.

McMillen, D.P. 1995. “Selection Bias in Spatial Econometric Models,” Journal of Regional Science 35(3):417-36.

Mears, D.P., Bhati, A.S. 2006. “No Community Is An Island: The Effects of Resource Deprivation

24

On Urban Violence In Spatially and Socially Proximate Communities.” Criminology 44 (3): 509-48.

Mencken, C.F. 2004. “Federal Defense Spending and Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Disparities in Economic Growth in the Southeast.” Social Science Quarterly 85(2):324-39.

Mencken, C.F., Bader, C., Polson, E.C. 2006. “Integrating Civil Society and Economic Growth in Appalachia.” Growth and Change 37(1):107-27.

Meseguer, C. 2004. “What Role for Learning? The Diffusion of Privatisation in OECD and Latin American Countries,” Journal of Public Policy 24(3):299–325.

Meseguer, C. 2005. “Policy Learning, Policy Diffusion, and the Making of a New Order,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 598(1):67-82.

Mills, T.C., Patterson, K., eds. 2006. Palgrave Handbook of Econometrics: Volume 1, Econometric Theory. Basingstoke.

Mintrom, M. 1997a. “Policy Entrepreneurs and the Diffusion of Innovation,” American Journal of Political Science 41(3):738–70.

Mintrom, M. 1997b. “The State-Local Nexus in Policy Innovation Diffusion: The Case of School Choice,” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 27(3):41–59.

Mintrom, M., Vergari, S. 1998. “Policy Networks and Innovation Diffusion: The Case of State Education Reforms,” Journal of Politics 60(1):126-48.

Mizruchi, M.S. 1989. “Similarity of Political Behavior among Large American Corporations.” The American Journal of Sociology 95 (2): 401-424.

Mizruchi, M.S., Stearns, L.B., Marquis, C. 2006. “The Conditional Nature of Embeddedness: A Study of Borrowing by Large US Firms, 1973-1994.” American Sociological Review 71:310-33.

Montgomery, M.R., Casterline, J.B. 1996. “Social learning, and Social influence, and New models of fertility.” Population and Development Review 22:151-75.

Mooney, C. 2001. “Modeling Regional Effects on State Policy Diffusion,” Political Research Quarterly 54(1):103-24.

Morehouse, S.M., Jewell, M.E. 2004. “States As Laboratories: A Reprise.” Annual Review of Political Science 7:177-203.

Morenoff, J.D. 2003. “Neighborhood Mechanisms and the Spatial Dynamics of Birth Weight.” American Journal of Sociology 108:976-1017.

Morenoff, J.D., Sampson, R.J., Raudenbush, S.W. 2001. “Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence.” Criminology 39(3):517-58.

Morris, M., Handcock, M.S., Hunter, D.R. 2008. “Specification of Exponential-Family Random Graph Models: Terms and Computational Aspects,” Journal of Statistical Software 24(4).

Morrow, J.D., Siverson, R.M., Tabares, T.E. 1998. “The Political Determinants of International Trade: The Major Powers 1907-1990.” American Political Science Review 92:649-61.

Moscone, F., Knapp, M., Tosetti, E. 2007. “Mental Health Expenditure in England: A Spatial Panel Approach.” Journal of Health Economics 26(4):842-64.

25

Mosley, L., Uno, S. 2007. “Racing to the Bottom or Climbing to the Top? Economic Globalization and Collective Labor Rights.” Comparative Political Studies 40(8):923-48.

Mossberger, K. 1999. “State-Federal Diffusion and Policy Learning: From Enterprise Zones to Empowerment Zones,” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 29(3):31–50.

Murdoch J.C., Sandler, T., Vijverberg, W.P.M. 2003. “The Participation Decision versus the Level of Participation in an Environmental Treaty: A Spatial Probit Analysis,” Journal of Public Economics 87(2):337-62.

Murdoch, J.C., Sandler, T. 2002. “Economic Growth, Civil Wars, and Spatial Spillovers,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(1):91-110.

Murdoch, J.C., Sandler, T. 2004. “Civil Wars and Economic Growth: Spatial Dispersion,” American Journal of Political Science 48(1):138-51.

Murillo, V.M., Schrank, A. 2005. “With a little help from my friends? Partisan politics, transnational alliances, and labor rights in Latin America.” Comparative Political Studies 38(8):971-99.

Murray, A., Wanlin, A. 2005. The Lisbon Scorecard V: Can Europe Compete? London: Centre for European Reform.

Myers, D.J. 2000. “The Diffusion of Collective Violence: Infectiousness, Susceptibility, and Mass Media Networks.” American Journal of Sociology 106(1):173-208.

Novo, A. 2003. Contagious Currency Crises: A Spatial Probit Approach. Banco de Portugal Working Paper: http://www.bportugal.pt/publish/wp/2003-5.pdf.

Oates, W. 2001. “Fiscal Competition and European Union: Contrasting Perspectives,” Regional Science and Urban Economics 31(2–3):133–45.

Oberwittler, D. 2004. “A Multilevel Analysis of Neighbourhood Contextual Effects on Serious Juvenile Offending.” European Journal of Criminology 1(2):201-35.

O’Loughlin, J. 2002. “The Electoral Geography of Weimar Germany: Exploratory Spatial Data Analyses (ESDA) of Protestant Support for the Nazi Party,” Political Analysis 10(3):217-243.

O’Loughlin, J. 2004. “The Political Geography of Conflict: Civil Wars in the Hegemonic Shadow,” in C. Flint, ed., The Geographies of War. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 85-112.

O’Loughlin, J., Ward, M., Lofdahl, C., Cohen, J., Brown, D., Reilly, D., Gleditsch, K., Shin, M. 1998. “The Diffusion of Democracy, 1946–1994,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88(4):545–74.

O’Loughlin , J., Raleigh, C. 2008 (forthcoming). “Spatial Analysis of Civil War Violence,” in K. Cox, M. Low, and J. Robinson, eds., A Handbook of Political Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

O’Loughlin, J., Flint, C., Anselin, L. 1994. “The Geography of the Nazi Vote: Context, Confession, and Class in the Reichstag Election of 1930.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 84 (3): 351-380.

Openshaw, S. 1977. “Optimal Zoning Systems for Spatial Interaction Models,” Environment and Planning A 9:169-84.

Ord, J. K. 1975. “Estimation methods for models of spatial interaction.” Journal of the American

26

Statistical Association, 70:120–126.

Overman, H.G., Puga, D. 2002. “Regional Unemployment Clusters: Nearness Matters Within and Across Europe’s Borders,” Economic Policy 17(34):117-47.

Pace, K., LeSage, JP. 2003. “Conditional Autoregressions with Doubly Stochastic Weight Matrices.” http://www.spatial-statistics.com/spatial_statistical_manuscripts/doubly_stochastic/doublystochastic1.pdf.

Paelinck, J., Klaassen, L. 1979. Spatial Econometrics. Saxon House, Farnborough.

Paelinck, J.H.P., 2006. “Specifying Jointly Space- and Time-Lags.” Paper Presented at an International Seminar on Spatial Econometrics, Rome, May 2006.

Page, S.E. 2006. “Path Dependence,” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 1: 87-115.

Parys, S.V. 2006. “Tax Competition among Belgian Municipalities: a Multi-Dimensional Battle.” Working paper. Available at http://www.ecomod.org/files/papers/1358.pdf.

Pattie, C., Johnston R. 2000. “People Who Talk Together Vote Together: An Exploration of Contextual Effects in Great Britain.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90(1):41–66.

Patuelli, R., Griffith, D.A., Tiefelsdorf, M., Nijkamp, P. 2006. The Use of Spatial Filtering Techniques: The Spatial and Space-Time Structure of German Unemployment Data. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper No. 06-049/3.

Persson, T., Tabellini, G. 2000. Political Economics. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Phaneuf, D.J., Palmquist, R.B. 2003. “Estimating Spatially and Temporally Explicit Land Conversion Models Using Discrete Duration,” http://www.aere.org/meetings/0306workshop_Phaneuf.pdf.

Pierson, P. 1994. Dismantling the Welfare State? Cambridge: Cambridge UP.

Pinkse, J. 1999. Asymptotic Properties of Moran and Related Tests and Testing for Spatial Correlation in Probit Models. University of British Columbia, Department of Economics.

Pinkse, J., Slade, M.E. 1998. “Contracting in Space: An Application of Spatial Statistics to Discrete-Choice Models,” Journal of Econometrics 85: 125-54.

Pinkse, J., Slade, M.E., Brett, C. 2002. “Spatial Price Competition: A Semiparametric Approach,” Econometrica 70(3):1111-53.

Pluemper, T., Neumayer, E. 2008a. “Model Specification in the Analysis of Spatial Dependence,” SSRN Working Paper #1092113.

Pluemper, T., Neumayer, E. 2008b. “Spatial Effects in Directed Dyadic Data,” SSRN Working Paper #1092109.

Pluemper, T., Schneider, C. 2006. “The Computation of Convergence, or: How to Chase a Black Cat in a Dark Room,” unpublished: University of Essex.

Pluemper, T., Troeger, V.E. 2007. “Efficient Estimation of Time Invariant and Rarely Changing Variables in Panel Data Analysis with Unit Effects,” Political Analysis 15(2):124-39.

Pluemper, T., Troeger, V.E. 2008. “External Effects of Currency Unions,” American Journal of

27

Political Science 52(3):656-76.

Polachek, S.W. 1980. “Conflict and Trade.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 24(1): 55-78.

Polillo, S., Guillén, M.F. 2005. “Globalization Pressures and the State: The Worldwide Spread of Central Bank Independence.” American Journal of Sociology 110(6):1764-1802.

Porter, M.A., Mucha, P.J., Newman, M.E.J., Warmbrand, C.M. “A network analysis of committees in the U.S. House of Representatives,” PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(20):7057-62.

Postlewaite, A. 1998. “The Social Basis of Interdependent Preferences.” European Economic Review 42: 779-800.

Powell, G.B., Whitten, G.D. 1993. “A Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting: Taking Account of the Political Context,” American Journal of Political Science 37(2):391-414.

Prakash, A., Potoski, M. 2006. “Racing to the Bottom? Trade, Environmental Governance, and ISO 14001.” American Journal of Political Science 50(2):350-64.

Puga, D. 2002. “European Regional Policies in Light of Recent Location Theories,” Journal of Economic Geography 2(4):373-406.

Quinn, D. 1997. “The Correlates of Change in International Financial Regulation,” American Political Science Review 91(3):531-52.

Rathbun, S.L., Fei, S. 2006. “A Spatial Zero-Inflated Poisson Regression Model for Oak Regeneration,” Environmental and Ecological Statistics 13(4):409-26.

Redoano, M. 2003. “Fiscal Interactions among European Countries,” Warwick Economic Research Papers No. 680.

Rincke, J. 2006. “Policy innovation in local jurisdictions: Testing for neighborhood influence in school choice policies.” Public Choice 129(1-2):189-200.

Rey, S.J., Boarnet, M.G. 2004. “A Taxonomy of Spatial Econometric Models for Simultaneous Equation Systems,” in L. Anselin, R.J.G.M. Florax, & S.J. Rey, eds., Advances in Spatial Econometrics: Methodology, Tools and Applications. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 99-120.

Rey, S.J., Janikas, M.V. 2005. “STARS: Space-Time Analysis of Regional Systems.” Geographical Analysis 38(1):67-86.

Ripley, B. D. 1981. Spatial Statistics. Wiley, New York.

Robins, G., Morris, M. 2007. “Advances in exponential random graph (p*) models,” Social Networks 29(2):169-72.

Robins, G, Pattison, P., Kalish, Y., Lusher, D. 2007. “An introduction to exponential random graph (p*) models for social networks,” Social Networks 29(2):173-91.

Robins, G., Snijders, T.A.B., Wang, P., Handcock, M, Pattison, P. 2007. “Recent developments in exponential random graph (p*) models for social networks,” Social Networks 29(2):191-215.

Rodrik, D. 1997. Has Globalization Gone Too Far? Washington: Institute for International Economics.

Rogers, E. 1995. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Free Press.

28

Rose, R. 1993. Lesson-Drawing in Public Policy: A Guide to Learning across Time and Space. Chatham: Chatham House.

Ruggie, J.G. 1982. “International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order,” International Organization 36(2):195-231.

Rydgren, J. 2005. “Is Extreme Right-Wing Populism Contagious? Explaining the Emergence of a New Party Family,” European Journal of Political Research 44(3):413–437.

Sabatier, P., ed. 1999. Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder.

Salehyan, I., Gleditsch, K.S. 2006. “Refugees and the Spread of Civil War,” International Organization 60(2):335-66.

Sampson, R.J., Morenoff, J.D., Earls, F.. 1999. “Beyond Social Capital: Spatial Dynamics of Collective Efficacy for Children.” American Sociological Review 64(5):633-60.

Sampson, R.J., Morenoff, J.D., Gannon-Rowley, T. 2002. “Assessing ‘Neighborhood Effects’: Social Processes and New Directions in Research.” Annual Review of Sociology 28:443-78.

Scheve, K., Slaughter, M. 2004. “Economic Insecurity and the Globalization of Production,” American Journal of Political Science 48(4):662-74.

Schneider, A., Ingram, H. 1988. “Systematically ‘Pinching’ Ideas: A Comparative Approach to Policy Design,” Journal of Public Policy 8(1):61–80.

Schofield, N., Miller, G., Martin, A. 2003. “Critical Elections and Political Realignments in the USA: 1860-2000,” Political Studies 51(2):217-40.

Shin, M., Ward, M. 1999. “Lost in space: Political geography and the defense-growth trade-off.,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 43:793–816.

Shin, M.E., Agnew, J. 2002. “The Geography of Party Replacement in Italy.” Political Geography 21(2):221-42.

Shin, M.E., Agnew, J. 2007. “The Geographical Dynamics of Italian Electoral Change, 1987-2001.” Electoral Studies 26(2): 287-302.

Shipan, C., Volden, C. 2006. “Bottom-Up Federalism: The Diffusion of Antismoking Policies from U.S. Cities to States,” American Journal of Political Science 50(4), 825–843.

Signorino, C. 1999. “Strategic Interaction and the Statistical Analysis of International Conflict,” American Political Science Review 93(2):279-98.

Signorino, C. 2002. “Strategy and Selection in International Relations,” International Interactions 28:93-115.

Signorino, C. 2003. “Structure and Uncertainty in Discrete Choice Models,” Political Analysis 11(4): 316-44.

Signorino, C., Tarar, A. 2006. “A Unified Theory and Test of Extended Immediate Deterrence,” American Journal of Political Science 50(3):586-605.

Signorino, C., Yilmaz, K. 2003. “Strategic Misspecification in Regression Models,” American Journal of Political Science 47(3):551-66.

Simmons, B., Dobbin, F., Garrett, G. 2006. “Introduction: The International Diffusion of

29

Liberalism,” International Organization 60(4):781–810.

Simmons, B., Elkins, Z. 2004. The “Globalization of Liberalization: Policy Diffusion in the International Political Economy.” American Political Science Review 98 (1):171-89.

Smith, T.E., LeSage, J.P. 2004. “A Bayesan Probit Model with Spatial Dependencies,” in J.P. LeSage & R.K. Pace, eds., Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Econometrics. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Snijders, T.A.B. 1997. “Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models for Network Change,” in P. Doreian & F. Stokman, eds., Evolution of Social Networks, pp. 185-208. Amsterdam: Routledge.

Snijders, T.A.B. 2001. “The Statistical Evaluation of Social Network Dynamics.” In M.E. Sobel and M.P. Becker, eds., Sociological Methodology 31:361-95.

Snijders, T.A.B. 2005. “Models for Longitudinal Network Data.” In P. Carrington, J. Scott and S. Wasserman, eds., Models and methods in social network analysis. New York: Cambridge.

Snijders, T.A.B., Borgatti, S.P. 1999. “Non-Parametric Standard Errors and Tests for Network Statistics,” Connections 22(2):161-70.

Snijders, T.A.B., Steglich, C., Schweinberger, M. 2007. “Modeling the co-evolution of networks and behavior.” In K. van Montfort, H. Oud and A. Satorra, eds., Longitudinal models in the behavioral and related sciences. Mahwah NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum. Pp.41-71.

Snijders, T.A.B., Steglich, C., West, P. 2007. “Applying SIENA: An illustrative analysis of the co-evolution of adolescents’ friendship networks, taste in music, and alcohol consumption.”

Sobel, J. 2005. “Interdependent Preferences and Reciprocity.” Journal of Economic Literature 43(2): 392-436.

Soetevent, A.R. 2006. “Empirics of the Identification of Social Interactions; An Evaluation of the Approaches and Their Results.” Journal of Economic Surveys 20(2):193-228.

Stakhovych, S., Bijmolt, T.H.A. 2007. “Specification of Spatial Models: Analysis, Comparisons, Suggestions.” Paper presented at the 2007 meetings of the Spatial Econometric Association (http://fp.paceprojects.f9.co.uk/Stakhovych.pdf).

Starr, H. 1991. “Democratic Dominoes: Diffusion Approaches to the Spread of Democracy in the International System,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 35(2):356-81.

Stetzer, F. 1982. “Specifying weights in spatial forecasting models: the results of some experiments,” Environment and Planning A 14: 571-84.

Straits, B.C. 1990. “The Social Context of Voter Turnout.” Public Opinion Quarterly 54(1):64-73.

Strang, D., Macy, M.W. 2001. “In Search of Excellence: Fads, Success Stories, and Adaptive Emulation.” American Journal of Sociology 107(1):147-82.

Strang, D., Soule, S.A. 1998. “Diffusion in Organizations and Social Movements: From Hybrid Corn to Poison Pills.” Annual Review of Sociology 24:265-90.

Swank, D. 1998. “Funding the Welfare State: Globalization and the Taxation of Business in Advanced Market Economies,” Political Studies 46(4):671–92.

Swank, D. 2002. Global Capital, Political Institutions, and Policy Change in Developed Welfare States. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.

30

Swank, D. 2006. “Tax Policy in an Era of Internationalization: Explaining the Spread of Neoliberalism,” International Organization 60: 847-82.

Swank, D., Steinmo, S. 2002. “The New Political Economy of Taxation in Advanced Capitalist Democracies,” American Journal of Political Science 46(3):477–89.

Swaroop, S., Morenoff, J. D. 2006. “Building Community: The Neighborhood Context of Social Organization,” Social Forces 84(3):1665-96.

Tews, K., Busch, P-O., Jörgens, H. 2003. “The diffusion of new environmental policy instruments.” European Journal of Political Research 42(4):569-600.

Tiefelsdorf, M. 2000. Modeling Spatial Processes: The Identification and Analysis of Spatial Relationships in Regression Residuals by Means of Moran’s I. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, vol. 87.

Tiefelsdorf, M. 2003. “Misspecifications in Interaction Model Distance Decay Relations: A Spatial Structure Effect,” Journal of Geographical Systems 5(1):25-50.

Tiefelsdorf, M. 2007. “Controlling for Migration Effects in Ecological Disease Mapping of Prostate Cancer,” Journal Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 21(5):615-24.

Tobler, W.R. 1970. “A Computer Model Simulation of Urban Growth in the Detroit Region,” Economic Geography 46(2):234-40.

Tobler, W.R. 2004. “On the First Law of Geography: A Reply,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94(2):304-10.

Tolnay, S.E. 1995. “The Spatial Diffusion of Fertility: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Counties in the American South 1940.” American Sociological Review 60(2):299-308.

True, J., Mintrom, M. 2001. “Transnational Networks and Policy Diffusion: The Case of Gender Mainstreaming.” International Studies Quarterly 45(1):27-57.

Tufte, E. 1978. Political Control of the Economy. Princeton: Princeton UP.

Vijverberg, W.P. 1997. “Monte Carlo evaluation of multivariate normal probabilities,” Journal of Econometrics 76:281-307.

Villareal, A. 2002. “Political Competition and Violence in Mexico: Hierarchical Social Control in Local Patronage Structures.” American Sociological Review 67(4):477-98.

Volden, Craig. 2006. “States as Policy Laboratories: Emulating Success in the Children’s Health Insurance Program.” American Journal of Political Science 50(2): 294-312.

Volden, C., Ting, M.M., Carpenter, D.P. 2007. “A Formal Model of Learning and Policy Diffusion.” http://www.columbia.edu/~mmt2033/federalism.pdf.

Voss, P.R., Long, D.D., Hammer, R.B., Friedman, S. 2006. “County child poverty rates in the US: a spatial regression approach.” Population Research and Policy Review 25(4):369-91.

Walker, J. 1969. “The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States.” American Political Science Review 63(3):880-99.

Walker, J. 1973. “Problems in Research on Diffusion of Policy Innovations,” American Political Science Review 67(4):1186–91.

31

Ward, M., Gleditsch, K.S. 2002. “Location, location, location: An MCMC approach to modeling the spatial context of war and peace,” Political Analysis 10(3):244–60.

Ward, M., Gleditsch, K.S. 2008. Spatial Regression Models. London: Sage.

Wasserman, S., Faust, K. 1994. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. New York: Cambridge.

Way, C.R., 2005. “Political Insecurity and the Diffusion of Financial Market Regulation.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 598(1):125-44.

Weinstein, M.A. 2007. “Trying to Keep up with the Joneses: A Study of Peer Diffusion by American Public Research University.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Pittsburgh.

Wejnert, B. 2002. “Integrating Models of Diffusion of Innovations: A Conceptual Framework.” Annual Review of Sociology 28:297-326.

Werck, K., Heyndels, B., Geys, B. 2006. “It Depends on Who You’re Looking at: Neighbourhood Effects in Local Government Cultural Expenditures.” 14th ACEI Conference on Cultural Economics (Vienna, July 2006).

Weyland, K.G. 2005. “Theories of Policy Diffusion: Lessons from Latin American Pension Reform.” World Politics 57(2):262-95.

Wheeler, D., Tiefelsdorf, M. 2005. “Multicollinearity and correlation among local regression coefficients in geographically weighted regression,” Journal of Geographical Systems 7(2):161-87.

Whittle, P. 1954. “On stationary processes in the plane.” Biometrika 41:434–449.

Wildasin, D. 1989. “Interjurisdictional Capital Mobility: Fiscal Externality and a Corrective Subsidy,” Journal of Urban Economics 25(2):193–212.

Wilson, J. 1986. “A Theory of Interregional Tax Competition,” Journal of Urban Economics 19(3):296–315.

Wilson, J. 1999. “Theories of Tax Competition,” National Tax Journal 52(2):269–304.

Wing, I.S., Walker, J.L. 2006. “The 2004 Presidential Election from a Spatial Perspective.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Woods, Neal D. 2006. “Interstate Competition and Environmental Regulation: A Test of the Race-to-the-Bottom Thesis.” Social Science Quarterly 87 (1): 174-89.

Yabiku, S.T. 2006. “Neighbors and neighborhoods: effects on marriage timing.” Population Research and Policy Review 25(4):305-27.

Yang, S., Allenby, G.M. 2003. “Modeling Interdependent Consumer Preferences.” Journal of Marketing Research 40(3):282-94.

Zodrow, G., Mieszkowski, P. 1986. “The New View of the Property Tax: A Reformulation,” Regional Science and Urban Economics 16(3):309-27.

Zuckerman, A.S., ed. 2005. The Social Logic of Politics: Personal Networks as Contexts for Political Behavior. Philadelphia.