spatial distribution of foot-and- mouth disease viral ... · spatial distribution of foot-and-mouth...
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Institute for Animal Health
Spatial Distribution of Foot-and-
Mouth Disease Viral Lineages in
African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
Nick J. Knowles
FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD and Molecular Characterisation & Diagnostics Group, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
Institute for Animal Health
Early Reports of FMD
• The earliest description of what was probably FMD was that by Hieronymi
Fracastorii (1546). He described the disease, which occurred in Northern
Italy in 1514, as being unusual and affecting only cattle.
• In 1780 in Southern Africa, Le Vaillant (1795) described a disease in cattle
which "attacked the feet of oxen causing them to swell prodigiously and
after producing suppuration, sometimes the hooves dropped off".
• Gordon Cumming (1850) and General S.J.P. Kruger (1858) also described a
disease in Southern Africa which was probably FMD.
• Foot-and-mouth disease was present in Rhodesia (Sinclair, 1922) and
Swaziland (Edmonds, 1922) in 1892 and in Rhodesia in 1894-5 (Edmonds,
1922). Hutcheon (1894) records an outbreak in South Africa, originating in
Mashonaland and the Northern part of the Transvaal in 1893.
Institute for Animal Health
African Rinderpest Pandemic of 1887-1897
1890
1890-92
Egypt
Congo
1892
1897
1892
Somalia
1893
Zambezi
Angola
Bulawayo
Feb. 1896Mar. 1896
Apr. 1896
Oct. 1896
1890
Mafeking
BechuanalandSouth West Africa
Northern
Rhodesia
Tanganyka
Kenya
Transvaal
Cape Colony
Orange Free State
1841
Abyssinia
Oct. 1883
Southern
Rhodesia
K
According to Hutcheon (1897)
According to Thomson (1885)
1887
1889
Affected FMDV diversity in Africa by
severe reduction in numbers of
susceptible hosts (possibly by 90-
95%)
Prior to the pandemic African
buffalo ranged almost continuously
from southern Sudan to the Cape
Colony
Afterwards only isolated herds were
left, some of which harboured the
SAT serotypes of FMDV
Famine and Smallpox followed!
The pastoral Maasai, of whom
perhaps two-thirds died, suffered
the worst.
Combined with contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Institute for Animal Health
African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
Dwarf forest buffalo
(Syncerus caffer nanus)
North Eastern Buffalo
(Nile Buffalo)
(Syncerus caffer
aequinoctialis)
North Western Buffalo
(Syncerus caffer
brachyceros)
Cape buffalo
(Syncerus caffer caffer)
Institute for Animal Health
Syncerus caffer sub-species?
The Central African and West
African savanna buffalo were combined as the northwestern buffalo (S. c. brachyceros
including planiceros).
Three or four subspecies are usually distinguished: Forest Buffalo (S. c. nanus);
West African Savanna Buffalo (S. c. brachyceros); Central African Savanna Buffalo (S. c. aequinoctialis); and Southern Savanna Buffalo (S. c. caffer)
Institute for Animal Health
Re-appearance of FMD in Africa
1920
1915
1931
1905Argentina
Morocco
A (1952)
Namibia
SAT1 (1949)
A (1958)
Ghana
O (1958)
Nigeria
untyped (1920)
O (1955)
Congo
O, SAT2
(1959)Angola
A (1958)
D.R. Congo
A, SAT2 (1953)
Libya
O (1959)
Ethiopia
O, C (1957)
Egypt
SAT2 (1950)
O (1951)
Sudan
O, SAT1 (1952)
A (1957)
Kenya
untyped (1915)
A (1952)
O (1954)
C (1957)
SAT2 (1957)
SAT1 (1971)
Malawi
O (1957)
SAT2 (1959)
SAT 1 (1970)
Mozambique
SAT2 (1951)
SAT1 (1955)
SAT3 (1959)
Tanzania
O (1954)
A (1955)
SAT 2 (1954 )
SAT 1 (1971)
Uganda
A (1953)
SAT 1 (1953)
O (1955)
SAT 2 (1956)
C (1970)
SAT3 (1970-buffalo)
Zambia
SAT2 (1948)
SAT1 (1953)
SAT3 (1974-buffalo)
South Africa
SAT2 (1951)
SAT1 (1955)
SAT3 (1958)
Zimbabwe
SAT2 (1931)
SAT3 (1934)
SAT1 (1937)
Institute for Animal Health
FMD Virus Pools in Africa
Pool 6(SAT1, SAT2, SAT3)
Pool 4(O, A, SAT1, SAT2)
(SAT3?)
Pool 5(O, A, SAT2)
(SAT1?)
A
O, A,
SAT2O, A,
SAT2
O
A
O, SAT2
O, A
O, A, SAT2
O
O, A,
SAT1, SAT2
O, A,
SAT1,
SAT2
O
O, A, SAT2
SAT1, SAT2,
SAT3
SAT1,
SAT2
SAT1,
SAT2SAT1, SAT2,
SAT3SAT1,
SAT2
SAT2
SAT1,
SAT2
O, A,
SAT1, SAT2
SAT1,
SAT2
O, A,
SAT1, SAT2
O, AO, SAT2
Pool 3 (O, A, Asia1)O O
Institute for Animal Health
FMD Viruses from Buffalo
• Most sampling of FMD virus from buffalo has been
performed in the southern African region.
Summary of available FMDV isolates from Syncerus caffer
Country Date SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 Total
Botswana 1998-2006 13 12 6 31
Kenya 1974-1981 3 2 0 5
Malawi 1985 1 0 0 1
Namibia 1989-1998 5 6 3 14
South Africa 1986-2003 154 42 62 258
Uganda 1970-2002 3 3 2 8
Zambia 1993-2010 9 5 5 19
Zimbabwe 1983-1998 91 51 44 186
Totals 279 121 122 522
Institute for Animal Health
Bayesian maximum clade credibility tree (BEAST) of FMDV VP1
(121 taxa)
0.0100.0200.0300.0400.0500.0600.0700.0800.0
O/CAM/3/98
A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55
SAT3/BEC/20/61
SAT2/KEN/3/57
O/SUD/2/86
SAT3/BEC/1/65
A/TAI/118/87
SAT3/SA/57/59
SAT2/RHO/1/48
Asia1/IND/63/72
O1/Manisa/TUR/69
SAT2/ETH/2/91
SAT2/ZAI/1/82
SAT1/T155/71
SAT1/UGA/1/97
As1/IND/14/95
O/ETH/3/2004
O/IND/53/79
A/NGR/2/73
O/CIV/8/99
A/SUD/3/77
SAT1/BEC/1/48
SAT2/NIG/2/75
A/EGY/1/72
A15/Bangkok/TAI/60
O/Corrientes/ARG/06
C/GER/c26
A/IRN/1/96
O2/Brescia/ITL/47
C1/Santa_Pau/SPA/70
SAT3/KNP/10/90
SAT2/GAM/8/79
O/ETH/58/2005
SAT1/BOT/1/68
O/UGA/3/2002
O/ISA/9/74
SAT3/ZIM/P25/91_(UR-7)
C/N65/Tadjikistan/USSR/67
SAT1/UGA/13/74
O/Yunlin/TAW/97
As1/IRN/10/2004
O/HKN/6/83
O/ETH/2/2006
O/UKG/35/2001
O/SUD/62/63
SAT2/ZAI/1/74
As1/IND/762/2003
SAT2/ZIM/14/2002
O/K83/79
A/IRN/1/2005
O/ISA/1/74O/JAV/5/72
C/PHI/7/84
SAT1/UGA_BUFF/21/70
As1/PAK/1/54
SAT2/BOT/P3/98_(B29)
SAT1/RHO/5/66
SAT3/ZAM/P2/96_(MUL-4)
SAT2/RWA/1/2000
C3/Resende/BRA/55
As1/HKN/19/74
O3/VEN/51
SAT2/ETH/1/90
SAT3/UGA/2/97
A23/Kitale/KEN/64
SAT2/KEN/1/84
O/K40/84
O/TAN/2/2004
SAT2/SAU/6/2000
SAT1/NIG/11/75
SAT1/ETH/3/2007
C/UKG/149/34
C3/Indaial/BRA/71(78)
O1/BFS_1860/UK/67
O/ETH/1/2007
SAT1/ISR/4/62
SAT2/KEN/2/84
O/IRN/8/2005
A/IRN/2/87
C/IND/51/79
A/GHA/16/73
O/MYA/7/98
A/UGA/13/66
SAT2/SA/106/59
O/PHI/7/96
O/HKN/21/70
O/IND/R2/75
SAT2/GHA/2/90
A11/GER/29
O/ISA/8/83
O/KEN/5/2002
A21/Lumbwa/KEN/64
O/UGA/17/98
As1/YNBS/CHA/58
A/KEN/42/66
A/IRN/22/99
SAT2/UGA/19/98
SAT2/ZIM/7/83
As1/AFG/1/2001
C/KEN/32/70
SAT2/UGA/51/75
SAT3/UGA_BUFF/27/70
SAT2/CAR/8/2005
SAT2/ETH/2/2007
As1/Shamir/ISR/89
O/GHA/5/93
O/ISA/1/62
A/Alem/ARG/81
SAT1/ZIM/23/2003
SAT2/SUD/6/77
SAT2/ZIM/5/81
A12/UK/119/32
O/MAL/1/98
C/ETH/1/71
SAT1/SUD/3/76
As1/IND/18/80
O/TAI/189/87
SAT1/RV/11/37
O/UGA/5/96
SAT2/ANG/4/74
A22/IRQ/64
137.6382
167.8403
210.5827
74.9669
56.1172
97.3099
75.1104
92.4326
38.5151
455.4043
45.8859
87.1995
90.3356
43.1733
75.7157
79.31
118.6734
54.9277
155.4316201.9919
141.6076
90.2554114.5486
136.4071
101.3106
260.7143
51.2784
66.9976
70.8175
79.5978
66.1745
111.3776
79.9792
87.9046
100.1505
359.9438
189.4959
35.9039
47.1699
199.7192
37.1958
870.9707
359.0329
26.7117
28.8446
71.1323
67.601
106.3017
30.4719
62.6362
101.4153
105.9441
56.2367
109.5911
88.4598
98.4513
229.1244
96.0793
86.594
96.9347
26.3657
89.2675
76.5078
179.8027
36.5147
128.2172
55.3432
240.2197
212.559
173.5708
107.4232
257.7132
95.1057
70.1486
51.3784
112.3445
31.3679
78.3674
89.3394
70.8911
127.4734
85.5037
176.1991
100.2248
24.9942
143.9747
79.0683
90.5951
140.8263
76.8002
42.3732
79.9635
173.2776
73.5995
306.9279
554.8243
76.3459
146.1399
35.5257
48.9
106.4941
143.8035
145.8174
135.6281
62.7246
60.8478
184.3056
105.0769
85.8809
114.9956
91.7334
119.1207
123.4639
414.2077
146.3516
61.7553
115.6589
78.5225
116.8245
123.2546
2000190018001700160015001400130012001100
Approx. year
47, 140, 141, 208
47, 140-143, 218
47
81, 140-143, 162-163,
166-167, 208
104
144, 207
144, 207
166
167
SAT X
SAT X
Asia 1
O
C
A
SAT 3
SAT 2
SAT 1
(1.00)
(0.99)
(1.00)
(0.82)
(1.00)
(1.00)
(0.73)
(1.00)
O?
O or A?
SAT 3?
Serotype VP1 length
SAT X 222
SAT 1 219
SAT 3 216
SAT 2 214
O 212
A 211
C 209
Asia 1 209
207
Ex
tinc
t?*
Table 1. FMDV VP1 lengths
0.0100.0200.0300.0400.0500.0600.0700.0800.0900.0
O/KEN/5/2002
O/TAI/189/87
O/IND/53/79
SAT2/SAU/6/2000
SAT2/ETH/2/91
O/ETH/3/2004
As1/IRN/10/2004
O/ETH/58/2005
O/UGA/3/2002
C/ETH/1/71
SAT1/UGA_BUFF/21/70
O/HKN/21/70
SAT2/ETH/2/2007
As1/PAK/1/54
SAT3/BEC/1/65
A21/Lumbwa/KEN/64
O/ETH/1/2007
A/SUD/3/77
SAT3/ZAM/P2/96_(MUL-4)
SAT2/ZIM/14/2002
O/K83/79
SAT3/UGA/2/97
O/UGA/5/96
SAT3/BEC/20/61
SAT2/ZAI/1/82
SAT1/RHO/5/66
A/KEN/42/66
O/SUD/2/86
SAT1/SUD/3/76
C/IND/51/79
O/ETH/2/2006
O/K40/84
As1/IND/762/2003
A/NGR/2/73
SAT1/UGA/1/97
SAT2/KEN/2/84
SAT3/KNP/10/90
O/GHA/5/93
SAT2/CAR/8/2005
O/IRN/8/2005
SAT2/GHA/2/90
SAT1/NIG/11/75
As1/Shamir/ISR/89
O/ISA/9/74
A/TAI/118/87
SAT1/BEC/1/48
O/Yunlin/TAW/97
A/IRN/1/2005
SAT2/KEN/3/57
SAT2/UGA/19/98
SAT2/KEN/1/84
SAT2/RHO/1/48
SAT1/ISR/4/62
O/Corrientes/ARG/06
SAT1/ZIM/23/2003
O1/Manisa/TUR/69
O/ISA/1/74
C/UKG/149/34
O/CAM/3/98
O/ISA/1/62
C/GER/c26
A/IRN/22/99
O/JAV/5/72
SAT2/SA/106/59
O1/BFS_1860/UK/67
SAT2/BOT/P3/98_(B29)
A15/Bangkok/TAI/60
SAT2/ZAI/1/74
O/UGA/17/98
C/KEN/32/70
A23/Kitale/KEN/64
As1/AFG/1/2001
C3/Resende/BRA/55
SAT3/ZIM/P25/91_(UR-7)
O3/VEN/51
As1/HKN/19/74
A22/IRQ/64
As1/YNBS/CHA/58
O/TAN/2/2004
A11/GER/29
O/HKN/6/83
SAT1/ETH/3/2007
SAT2/ANG/4/74
Asia1/IND/63/72
SAT2/ETH/1/90
O/PHI/7/96
A/GHA/16/73
O/IND/R2/75
O/CIV/8/99
A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55
O2/Brescia/ITL/47
SAT2/UGA/51/75
SAT1/UGA/13/74
A/IRN/2/87
SAT1/T155/71
As1/IND/18/80
O/MAL/1/98
A12/UK/119/32
SAT2/SUD/6/77
A/Alem/ARG/81
C1/Santa_Pau/SPA/70
A/UGA/13/66
O/SUD/62/63
O/MYA/7/98
SAT2/NIG/2/75
A/IRN/1/96
SAT1/BOT/1/68
SAT2/GAM/8/79
SAT2/RWA/1/2000
A/EGY/1/72
SAT3/UGA_BUFF/27/70
C/PHI/7/84
SAT2/ZIM/7/83
C3/Indaial/BRA/71(78)
C/N65/Tadjikistan/USSR/67
O/UKG/35/2001
O/ISA/8/83
As1/IND/14/95
SAT3/SA/57/59
SAT2/ZIM/5/81
SAT1/RV/11/37
Showing 95% highest
posterior density for
ages at each node
Institute for Animal Health
FMDV SAT Diversity
0.0100.0200.0300.0400.0500.0
A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55
SAT3/BEC/20/61
SAT2/KEN/3/57
SAT3/BEC/1/65
SAT3/SA/57/59
SAT2/RHO/1/48
SAT2/ETH/2/91
SAT2/ZAI/1/82
SAT1/T155/71
SAT1/UGA/1/97
SAT1/BEC/1/48
SAT2/NIG/2/75
SAT3/KNP/10/90
SAT2/GAM/8/79
SAT1/BOT/1/68
SAT3/ZIM/P25/91_(UR-7)
SAT1/UGA/13/74
SAT2/ZAI/1/74
SAT2/ZIM/14/2002
SAT1/UGA_BUFF/21/70
SAT2/BOT/P3/98_(B29)
SAT1/RHO/5/66
SAT3/ZAM/P2/96_(MUL-4)
SAT2/RWA/1/2000
SAT2/ETH/1/90
SAT3/UGA/2/97
SAT2/KEN/1/84
SAT2/SAU/6/2000
SAT1/NIG/11/75
SAT1/ETH/3/2007
SAT1/ISR/4/62
SAT2/KEN/2/84
SAT2/SA/106/59
SAT2/GHA/2/90
SAT2/UGA/19/98
SAT2/ZIM/7/83
SAT2/UGA/51/75
SAT3/UGA_BUFF/27/70
SAT2/CAR/8/2005
SAT2/ETH/2/2007
SAT1/ZIM/23/2003
SAT2/SUD/6/77
SAT2/ZIM/5/81
SAT1/SUD/3/76
SAT1/RV/11/37
SAT2/ANG/4/74
137.6382
167.8403
210.5827
97.3099
92.4326
455.4043
87.1995
155.4316201.9919
141.6076
101.3106
260.7143
111.3776
79.9792
359.9438
189.4959
199.7192
101.4153
109.5911
88.4598
229.1244
96.0793
86.594
96.9347
179.8027
240.2197
212.559
173.5708
112.3445
176.1991
143.9747
90.5951
140.8263
76.8002
173.2776554.8243
146.1399
35.5257
143.8035
145.8174
62.7246
184.3056
115.6589
123.2546
120 years ago
SAT 3
SAT 2
SAT 1
Institute for Animal Health
FMDV SAT 1 in Africa
Earliest historical reports (1937-present)
NIGER
(1976) CHAD
(1963)SUDAN
(1952)
D.R.
CONGO
(1952)
ANGOLA
(1972)
NAMIBIA
(1949)
SOUTH
AFRICA
(1955)
BOTSWANA
(1948)
ETHIOPIA
(2007)
NIGERIA
(1963)
TANZANIA
(1971)
GHANA
(1968)
ZAMBIA
(1953)
ZIMBABWE
(1937)
UGANDA
(1953) KENYA
(1971)
MOZAMBIQUE
(1955)
SWAZILAND
(1965)
BURUNDI
(1999)
MALAWI
(1970)
Most recent reports (since 2001)
2010
2010
2009
2001
2004
20062002
20012011
2010
Institute for Animal Health
SAT 1 Topotypes
12
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
NSA-1 (North Southern Africa 1)
ESA-1(East Southern Africa 1)
WSA-1(West Southern Africa 1)
EA-1(East Africa 1)
EA-2(East Africa 2)
EA3(East Africa 3)
EA-4(East Africa 4)
WA-1(West Africa 1)
NCA-1(North Central Africa 1)
Institute for Animal Health
FMDV SAT 2 in Africa
Earliest historical reports (1931-present)
EGYPT
(1950)
LIBYA
(2003)
NIGER
(1973)
MAURITANIA
(1975)
MALI
(1991)
SUDAN
(1977)
D.R.
CONGO
(1953)
ANGOLA
(1953)
NAMIBIA
(1968)
SOUTH
AFRICA
(1951)
BOTSWANA
(1977)
ETHIOPIA
(1989)
SOMALIA
(1976)
NIGERIA
(1963)
ERITREA
(1998)
TANZANIA
(1954)
BURKINA
FASO
(1964)
GHANA
(1961)
COTE
D’IVOIRE
(1974)
ZAMBIA
(1948)
ZIMBABWE
(1931)
CAMEROON
(2000)
TOGO
(1990)
UGANDA
(1956) KENYA
(1956)
MOZAMBIQUE
(1951)
SWAZILAND
(1969)
CONGO
(1959)
SENEGAL
(1975)THE GAMBIA
(1979)
LIBERIA
(1974)
RWANDA
(1992)BURUNDI
(1986)
MALAWI
(1959)
Most recent reports (since 2001)
2010
2008
2003
2001
2005
2008
2008
2009
2009
2011
2009
2004
2004
2011
2008
2005
2010
2009
Institute for Animal Health
SAT 2 Topotypes
14
WA-2
(West Africa 2)
NCA-1
(North Central Africa 1)
CA-1
(Central Africa 1)
EA-2
(East Africa 2)
EA-3
(East Africa 3)
EA4
(East Africa 4)
EA-5
(East Africa 5)
CA-2
(Central Africa 2)
ESA-1
(East Southern Africa 1)
WSA-1
(West Southern Africa 1)
WSA-2
(West Southern Africa 2)
EA-1
(East Africa 1)
WA-1
(West Africa 1)
WSA-3
(West Southern Africa 3)
GUINEA
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
Institute for Animal Health
FMDV SAT 3 in Africa
Earliest historical reports (1934-present)
NAMIBIA
(1994)
SOUTH
AFRICA
(1958)
BOTSWANA
(1958)
ZAMBIA
(1974)
ZIMBABWE
(1934)
UGANDA
(1970)
MOZAMBIQUE
(1959)
MALAWI
(1976)
2006
Most recent reports (since 2001)
Institute for Animal Health
SAT 3 TopotypesESA-1
(East Southern Africa 1)NSA-1
(North Southern Africa 1)
NSA-2(North Southern Africa 2)
EA-1 East Africa 1)
WSA-1 (West Southern Africa 1)
I
II
III
IV
V
Institute for Animal Health
Buffalo in Southern Africa
Institute for Animal Health
Isolation of FMDV from
African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in Zimbabwe
1988-1998
Institute for Animal Health
SAT 1 Zimbabwe buffalo Chirisa SA 1990
Kariba 1992-1998
Matusadona NP 1991
Dande/Doma SA 1990
Dande/Doma SA 1990
Bumi Hills NR 1990-1991
Sengwa, Kariba 1995
Dande/Doma SA 1990
Urungwe 1991
Northwestern Zimbabwe (I)
SAT1/ZIM/P18/91 BC-7
SAT1/ZIM/P18/91 GN-12
SAT1/ZIM/P7/94 MT-9B
Gonarezhou NP 1991
SAT1/ZIM/P18/91 GN-30
SAT1/ZIM/P1/93 LS-9
SAT1/ZIM/P7/94 MT-5
SAT1/ZIM/P26/90 HV-3
SAT1/ZIM/P18/91 GN-11
SAT1/ZIM/P1/93 LS-7
Nuanetsi Ranch 1995-1996
Lemco SA 1997
Gonarezhou NP 1991
SAT1/ZIM/P1/94 SAVE-8
SAT1/ZIM/P14/97 MWA-50
SAT1/ZIM/P9/94 LS-5
Hippo Valley 1990
Southeastern Zimbabwe (II)
SAT1/ZIM/P30/90 CHER-18
SAT1/ZIM/3/88 Hwange NP
SAT1/ZIM/P45/91 MT-5
SAT1/ZIM/P9/94 HWANGE-6
Hwange NP 1990-1994
Western Zimbabwe (III)
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
9 8
7 8
9 7
7 4
1 0 0
9 0
8 0
9 9
9 3
8 8
1 0 0
1 0 09 9
1 0 0
9 9
1 0 0
9 9
9 9
9 0
9 39 2
7 8
7 2
1 0 0
0.05
Institute for Animal Health
SAT 2 Zimbabwe buffalo Hwange NP 1988-1989
Mukazi Ranch, Save Conservancy 1997
SAT2/ZIM/P45/91 MT12
Western Zimbabwe (III)
SAT2/ZIM/P4/95 SEN7
Dande/Doma SA 1990
Bumi Hills NP 1991
SAT2/ZIM/1/00* (AF367136) Tengwe Farm
SAT2/ZIM/P43/91 MAT16
SAT2/ZIM/P30/90 CHER34
SAT2/ZIM/267/98* (AF367130) Chizarira NP
SAT2/ZIM/P27/90 DSA29
Urungwe SA 1991
Northwestern Zimbabwe (II)
SAT2/ZIM/P18/91 GN10
SAT2/ZIM/P7/94 MT8
Lone Star Ranch 1994
Gonarezhou National Park 1991
Southeastern Zimbabwe (I)
1 0 0
9 9
1 0 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
7 7
9 1
7 4
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
0.05
Institute for Animal Health
SAT 3 Zimbabwe buffalo Urungwe SA 1991
SAT3/ZIM/P25/91 UR24
SAT3/ZIM/P27/90 DSA44
SAT3/ZIM/P27/90 DSA31
SAT3/ZIM/P27/90 DSA46
SAT3/ZIM/P27/90 DSA37
SAT3/ZIM/P27/90 DSA39
Northwestern Zimbabwe (II)
Gonarezhou NP 1991
SAT3/ZIM/P7/94 MT3
West Nicholson 1983
SAT3/ZIM/P18/91 GN8
SAT3/ZIM/P26/90 HV5
Chikwarakwara 1991
Southeastern Zimbabwe (I)
SAT3/ZIM/P45/91 MT12
SAT3/ZIM/P9/94 HWANGE11
SAT3/ZIM/P30/90 CHER31
SAT3/ZIM/P30/90 CHER32
SAT3/ZIM/P40/91 BUMI4
SAT3/ZIM/P43/91 MAT1
SAT3/ZIM/P43/91 MAT11
Western Zimbabwe (III)
9 7
7 1
9 6
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
9 6
1 0 0
9 9
1 0 0
7 9
9 9
1 0 0
1 0 0
0.02
Institute for Animal Health
Zimbabwe: FMD Threats from Buffalo
FMDVFMDVFMDV
FMDVFMDVFMDVFMDVFMDVFMDV
FMDVFMDVFMDV
FMDVFMDVFMDV
FMDVFMDVFMDV
FMDVFMDVFMDV
Institute for Animal Health
SA
T1
/KN
P/4
/88
(b
uffa
lo)
SA
T1
/SA
R/4
/00
(O
nd
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/SA
R/8
/00
(O
nd
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/SA
R/1
/00
(O
nd
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/SA
R/2
/00
(O
nd
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/SA
R/3
/00
(O
nd
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/KN
P/3
/86
buffa
lo (
AY
27
44
84
)
SA
T1
/KN
P/2
/88
(b
uffa
lo)
SA
T1
/KN
P/1
0/8
6 b
uffa
lo (
AY
39
67
35
)
SA
T1
/KN
P/2
0/8
9 b
uffa
lo (
AY
27
44
89
)
SA
T1
/KN
P/3
/89
buffa
lo (
AY
39
67
36
)
SA
T1
/SA
R/3
4/0
0 (
Ond
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/KN
P/1
7/9
6 b
uffa
lo (
AY
27
45
00
)
SA
T1
/KN
P/8
/89
buffa
lo (
AY
27
44
88
)
SA
T1
/KN
P/1
5/8
9 b
uffa
lo (
AY
39
67
37
)
SA
T1
/KN
P/3
9/8
9 b
uffa
lo (
AY
39
67
39
)
SA
T1
/KN
P/1
96
/91
* (D
Q0
09
71
6)
SA
T1
/KN
P/6
/86
buffa
lo (
AY
27
44
85
)
SA
T1
/KN
P/1
/87
(b
uffa
lo)
SA
T1
/KN
P/4
/89
buffa
lo (
AY
27
44
87
)
SA
T1
/KN
P/2
6/8
9 b
uffa
lo (
AY
39
67
38
)
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P6
/95
N-7
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
/96
N-5
4 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
5/9
7 L
EM
CO
-1 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
5/9
7 L
EM
CO
-5 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 G
N-1
3 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 G
N-3
1 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 G
N-3
4 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
/94
SA
VE
-8 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
4/9
7 M
WA
-50
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P9
/94
LS
-5 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
6/9
0 H
V-1
1 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
6/9
0 H
V-2
9 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
6/9
0 H
V-3
0 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
6/9
0 H
V-2
5 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
6/9
0 H
V-2
3 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
6/9
0 H
V-2
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
6/9
0 H
V-2
8 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
6/9
0 H
V-2
4 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
6/9
0 H
V-2
6 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
6/9
0 H
V-3
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 G
N-1
1 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
/93
LS
-7 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P7
/94
MT
-5 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
/93
LS
-9 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 G
N-3
0 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 G
N-2
2 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 G
N-3
7 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 G
N-1
6 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 G
N-1
9 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 G
N-2
0 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P7
/94
MT
-9B
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 B
C-7
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 G
N-1
2 b
uffa
lo
So
uth
ea
st
Zim
ba
bw
e / S
ou
th A
fric
a
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-1
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-8
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-2
5 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-1
1 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-3
3 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-1
0 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-3
2 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-17
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-3 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-23
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZA
M/2
/93
* (D
Q0
09
71
9)
SA
T1
/ZA
M/P
2/9
6 (
NA
N-1
8)
(AF
05
65
15
)(b
uffa
lo)
SA
T1
/ZA
M/P
2/9
6 (
LO
C-2
9)
(AF
05
65
16
)(b
uffa
lo)
SA
T1
/ZA
M/P
2/9
6 (
LO
C-2
5)(
buffa
lo)
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P3
0/9
0 B
UM
I-1
4 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P4
0/9
1 B
UM
I-2
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P4
/95
SE
N-3
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P4
/95
SE
N-1
2 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-16
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-27
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-43
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-26
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-35
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-47
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-18
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-36
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-8 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P4
3/9
1 M
AT
-3 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P4
3/9
1 M
AT
-4 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P4
3/9
1 M
AT
-9 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P4
3/9
1 M
AT
-10
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P4
3/9
1 M
AT
-6 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P4
3/9
1 M
AT
-15
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
/96
K-5
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
/96
K-1
3 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
/96
K-1
7 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
/98
K-1
4 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
2 D
I-7
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
2 D
I-1
3 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
/98
K-5
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P3
0/9
0 C
HE
R-2
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P3
0/9
0 C
HE
R-2
8 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P3
0/9
0 C
HE
R-2
7 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P3
0/9
0 C
HE
R-2
0 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P3
0/9
0 C
HE
R-2
9 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P3
0/9
0 C
HE
R-3
0 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P3
0/9
0 C
HE
R-3
8 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P3
0/9
0 C
HE
R-8
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P3
0/9
0 C
HE
R-2
5 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P3
0/9
0 C
HE
R-2
2 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P3
0/9
0 C
HE
R-3
3 b
uffa
lo
No
rth
we
st
Zim
ba
bw
e / Z
am
bia
SA
T1
/NA
M/2
72
/98
(O
nd
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/NA
M/2
88
/98
(O
nd
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/ZIM
/3/8
8 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P4
5/9
1 M
T-5
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P3
0/9
0 C
HE
R-1
8 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/BO
W/1
4/9
8 (
buff 2
5)
SA
T1
/BO
W/1
4/9
8 (
Ond
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/BO
W/1
3/9
8 (
buff 2
4)
SA
T1
/BO
W/1
7/9
8 (
buff 3
7)
SA
T1
/BO
W/1
7/9
8 (
Ond
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P9
/94
HW
AN
GE
-6 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/BO
W/2
/98
(b
uff 2
)
SA
T1
/BO
W/2
/98
(O
nd
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/BO
W/8
/98
(O
nd
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/BO
W/5
/98
(O
nd
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/SW
A/2
/89
(O
nd
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/NA
M/3
06
/98
(O
nd
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/NA
M/3
08
/98
(O
nd
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/NA
M/3
07
/98
(O
nd
ers
tep
oo
rt)
SA
T1
/NA
M/3
07
/98
* (A
Y7
70
51
9)
SA
T1
/BO
T/2
0/2
00
6 (
buffa
lo)
SA
T1
/BO
T/2
2/2
00
6 (
buffa
lo)
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P9
/94
HW
AN
GE
-2 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/12
/90
A-5
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
2/9
0 A
-7 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P1
2/9
0 A
-10
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P4
5/9
1 M
T-6
buffa
lo
SA
T1
/ZIM
/P4
5/9
1 M
T-9
buffa
lo
We
ste
rn Z
imb
ab
we
/ N
am
ibia
/ B
ots
wa
na
SA
T1
/UG
A B
UF
F/1
0/7
0 b
uffa
lo
SA
T1
/UG
A B
UF
F/2
1/7
0 b
uffa
loU
ga
nd
a
98
99
92
10
0
10
0
99
96
91
10
0
97
93
98
99
99
97
97
95
95
10
0
10
0
78
92
99
84
92
88
10
0
10
0
10
0
10
0
10
0
10
0
10
0
100
10
0
10
0
10
0
92
76
91
10
0
10
0
74
92
94
99
97
99 99
99
80
79
80
79
85
87
10
0
73
99
96
75
97
100
99
97
88
93
99
89
96
71
99
90
84
98
86
85
0.0
5
SAT 1 FMD Viruses from Buffalo
Southeast Zimbabwe / South Africa
Northeast Zimbabwe /Zambia
Western Zimbabwe /Namibia / Botswana U
gan
da
South Africa (Kruger National Park)ZimbabweZambiaNamibia
BotswanaUganda
Institute for Animal Health
SAT 2 FMD Viruses from Buffalo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/1/8
8 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/4/8
8 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/8/8
8 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/7/8
9 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2/Z
IM/1
4/8
9 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/23/8
9 b
uffalo
SA
T2/Z
IM/1
2/8
9 b
uffalo
SA
T2/Z
IM/3
0/8
9 b
uffalo
SA
T2/Z
IM/2
/89 b
uffalo
SA
T2/Z
IM/2
/88 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/7/8
8 b
uffalo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/5/8
8 b
uffalo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/6/8
8 b
uffalo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/9/8
8 b
uffalo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/4/8
9 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2/Z
IM/9
/89 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/16/8
9 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2/Z
IM/3
1/8
9 b
uffalo
SA
T2/Z
IM/P
14/9
7 M
UK
-44 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2/Z
IM/P
14/9
7 M
UK
-40 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/P14
/97
MU
K-4
2 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2/Z
IM/P
14/9
7 M
UK
-48 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2/Z
IM/P
45/9
1 M
T-1
2 b
uffalo
SA
T2/N
AM
/286
/98
* (A
F3
67
127
)(b
uffa
lo)
SA
T2/N
AM
/292
/98
* (A
F3
67
128
)(b
uffa
lo)
SA
T2
/BO
T/P
3/9
8 (buffa
lo 1
8)
(AF
36
71
23)
SA
T2/B
OT
/P3
/98
(b
uff 1
0)
SA
T2/B
OT
/P3
/98
(b
uffa
lo 1
) (A
F36
712
2)
SA
T2
/BO
T/P
3/9
8 (buff 1
)
SA
T2
/NA
M/3
04/9
8*
(AF
36
71
29)(
buffalo
)
SA
T2
/ZIM
/P4/9
5 S
EN
-7 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2/Z
IM/P
27/9
0 D
SA
-12
buffa
lo
SA
T2/Z
IM/P
27/9
0 D
SA
-14
buffa
lo
SA
T2/Z
IM/P
27/9
0 D
SA
-20 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/P40
/91
BU
MI-10
buffalo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/P40
/91
BU
MI-12
buffa
lo
SA
T2/Z
IM/1
/00*
(AF
3671
36
)(b
uffa
lo)
SA
T2
/ZIM
/P43/9
1 M
AT-1
6 b
uffalo
SA
T2/Z
IM/P
30/9
0 C
HE
R-3
4 b
uffalo
SA
T2/Z
IM/2
67/9
8*
(AF
36
713
0)(
buffalo
)
SA
T2/Z
IM/P
27/9
0 D
SA
-29 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/P25
/91
UR
-17 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2/Z
IM/P
25/9
1 U
R-3
buffalo
SA
T2/Z
IM/P
25/9
1 U
R-3
4 b
uffalo
SA
T2/B
OT
/P3
/98
(b
uffa
lo 2
9)
(AF
3671
24
)
SA
T2/B
OT/P
3/9
8 (
buff 2
9)
SA
T2/B
OT
/P3
/98 (b
uffalo
31
) (A
F3
671
25
)
SA
T2/B
OT
/24
/20
06
(b
uffa
lo)
SA
T2
/BO
T/P
3/9
8 (buff 7
)
SA
T2/Z
AM
/9/9
3*
(AF
367
116
)(b
uffalo
)
SA
T2
/ZA
M/1
0/9
3*
(AF
367
117
)(b
uffa
lo)
SA
T2
/ZA
M/P
2/9
6 (M
UL
-7)
(AF
36
71
20)(
buffalo
)
SA
T2/Z
AM
/P2/9
6 (
MU
L-1
0)
(AF
36
71
21)(
buffalo
)
SA
T2
/ZIM
/P18/9
1 G
N-3
buffalo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/P18
/91
GN
-9 b
uffalo
SA
T2/Z
IM/P
18/9
1 G
N-5
buffa
lo
SA
T2/Z
IM/P
18/9
1 G
N-1
buffa
lo
SA
T2/Z
IM/P
9/9
4 L
S-1
buffalo
SA
T2/Z
IM/P
9/9
4 L
S-5
buffalo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/P18
/91
GN
-10 b
uffa
lo
SA
T2
/ZIM
/P7/9
4 M
T-8
buffalo
SA
T2
/KN
P/1
/85 (
WR
LS
AR
/1/8
6)
SA
T2
/KN
P/3
2/9
2*
(AF
3671
15
)(b
uffa
lo)
SA
T2
/KN
P/1
83
/91
* (A
F3
67
11
2)(
buffalo
)
SA
T2
/KN
P/1
8/9
5*
(AF
36
71
18
)(buffa
lo)
SA
T2/K
NP
/31/9
5*
(AF
36
71
19)(
buffalo
)
SA
T2/K
NP
/19
/89
*
SA
T2
/KN
P/1
9/8
9*
(AF
367
110
)(b
uffa
lo)
SA
T2/K
NP
/19/8
9*
(DQ
00
97
35)
SA
T2
/KN
P/7
/88*
(AF
36
710
3)(
buffalo
)
SA
T2
/KN
P/1
6/8
8*
(AF
367
104
)(im
pala
)
SA
T2
/KN
P/1
7/8
8*
(AF
3671
05
)(im
pa
la)
SA
T2/K
NP
/19
/88*
(AF
367
10
6)(
imp
ala
)
SA
T2/K
NP
/18/8
8*
(AF
36
713
8)(
impala
)
SA
T2/K
NP
/20
/88*
(AF
367
10
7)(
imp
ala
)
SA
T2
/UG
A B
UF
F/1
2/7
0 b
uffalo
SA
T2
/UG
A B
UF
F/2
4/7
0 b
uffalo
100
100
83
10
0 80
10
0
10
0
75
90
87
100 100 91
100
100
91
10074
100
99
76
98
96
99
100 88
10
0
100
81
74
93
83
100
90
100
10
0
90
72
100
75
100
100
0.0
5
Southeast Zimbabwe /
South Africa
Botswana /
Zambia
Northern & Western Zimbabwe /
Namibia / Botswana
Ug
an
da
South Africa (Kruger National Park)ZimbabweZambiaNamibia
BotswanaUganda
Institute for Animal Health
SAT 3 FMD Viruses from Buffalo
South AfricaZimbabwe
ZambiaNamibiaBotswanaUganda
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-2
0 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-3
0 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-1
9 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-5
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-2
7 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-3
6 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-2
6 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-1
4 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-2
8 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-1
6 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-6
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-7
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-2
1 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-1
3 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-2
3 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-2
2 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
5/9
1 U
R-2
4 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-44
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-31
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-37
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-39
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
7/9
0 D
SA
-46
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P3
4/9
1 C
K-4
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P3
4/9
1 C
K-1
1 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P3
4/9
1 C
K-5
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P3
4/9
1 C
K-1
0 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P3
4/9
1 C
K-7
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P3
4/9
1 C
K-1
2 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P3
4/9
1 C
K-3
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P2
6/9
0 H
V-5
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/KN
P/1
0/9
0*
SA
T3
/KN
P/1
0/9
0 b
uffa
lo (
AF
28
63
47
)
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 G
N-8
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P6
/83
WN
-16
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P6
/83
WN
-19
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P7
/94
MT
-3 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 G
N-2
2 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 G
N-1
5 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P1
8/9
1 G
N-3
9 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P4
3/9
1 M
AT
-1 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P4
3/9
1 M
AT
-11
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P4
0/9
1 B
UM
I-4
buffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P3
0/9
0 C
HE
R-3
1 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P3
0/9
0 C
HE
R-3
2 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P4
5/9
1 M
T-1
2 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/BO
T/P
3/2
00
0 (
Sa
vuti 2
1)
SA
T3
/BO
T/P
3/2
00
0 (
Sa
vuti 3
1)
SA
T3
/BO
T/P
3/2
00
0 (
NG
O 2
)
SA
T3
/BO
T/P
3/2
00
0 (
NG
O 1
2)
SA
T3
/ZIM
/P9
/94
Hw
ang
e-1
1 b
uffa
lo
SA
T3
/BO
T/P
3/9
8 (
buffa
lo 2
1)
SA
T3
/BO
T/P
3/9
8 (
buffa
lo 6
)
SA
T3
/BO
T/P
3/9
8 (
buffa
lo 9
)
SA
T3
/ZA
M/P
2/9
6 (
NA
N-1
1)
(AY
16
88
15
)(b
uffa
lo)
SA
T3
/ZA
M/P
2/9
6 (
MU
L-4
) (A
F0
23
52
5)(
buffa
lo)
SA
T3
/ZA
M/P
2/9
6 (
MU
L-4
) (D
Q0
09
74
1)(
buffa
lo)
SA
T3
/UG
A B
UF
F/2
7/7
0 (
buffa
lo)(
AJ3
03
48
0)
SA
T3
/UG
A/1
0/9
7 (
UG
A/2
/97
/3)(
buffa
lo)
100
100
97
100
100
100
93
100
98
100
95
73
100
100
71
100
82
98
100
77
71
98
78
99
74
100
100
0.0
5
Southeast Zimbabwe /
South AfricaNortheast Zimbabwe
Western Zimbabwe /Botswana U
gan
da
Zam
bia
Institute for Animal Health
Questions
• What is the role of buffalo in the epidemiology of FMDV in different regions of Africa?
• Have FMDV lineages been (re)-introduced into the buffalo population from domesticated animals?
• What are the interactions between buffalo and the European FMDV serotypes?
– Infection?
– Disease?
– Persistence?
Institute for Animal Health
Understanding FMDV persistence in African buffalo
� Wellcome Trust funded project in collaboration with the Kruger National Park,
Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Institute for Animal Health, University of Glasgow
and University of Edinburgh.
� Aim is to determine how FMDV is maintained and how antigenic diversity is
generated in African buffalo.
� First study due to start in June 2011 (Skukuza, KNP)
• Challenge 16 buffalo with SAT 1, 2 and 3 simultaneously
• 4 cattle for contact challenge
� In 2012, samples will be collected during an extensive bovine tuberculosis survey in
the KNP
• Investigate the composition of FMDV in an endemically infected natural host
• Determine the genetic diversity of FMDV circulating in the buffalo herds
Nick Juleff & Bryan Charleston, IAH
Institute for Animal Health
Partnership for FMD Research in Southern Africa:
Collaboration between the following research projects:
SACIDS (Wellcome Trust), CIDLID (BBSRC-DfID), SADC TADs, National Govts e.g. ASDP
• Tanzania:
– Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL)
– Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)
– Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI)
– National Epidemiology Unit (NEU)
• Zambia:
– University of Zambia (UNZA)
– Central Veterinary Research Institute (CVRI)
• SADC SECRETARIAT: SADC TADs Regional Project
• Republic of South Africa: ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI)
• Botswana: Botswana Vaccine Institute (BVI)
• United Kingdom:
– World Reference Laboratory for FMD, Pirbright (IAH)
– Royal Veterinary College, London
– University of Glasgow
– University of Edinburgh
Institute for Animal Health
SACIDS2009-2014
BBSRC/DfID2010-2014
UNZA
Zambia
WRLFMD
IAH
UK OVI
RSA
SUA
TanzaniaUniv.
Glasgow
UK
CVL
Tanzania
Proposed FMD Programme: SACIDS/CIDLID BBSRC-DfID/SADC-TADs Partners
SADC-TADs
TAWIRI
and
TANAPA
TanzaniaCVRI
Zambia
NEU
TanzaniaProf.
Brian PerryUK/East Africa
RVC
UK
BVI
Botswana
VIC
Tanzania
Institute for Animal Health
Sampling wildlife and livestock
around protected areas will allow
us to map the genetic diversity of
FMD viruses across Tanzania
Wildlife, particularly buffalo, are
likely to be important reservoirs of
FMD in Tanzania
Understanding Endemic FMD
Institute for Animal Health
Buffalo sampling: Serengeti, Tanzania, April 2010
Institute for Animal Health
Conclusions
• Much is already known about the role of cape
buffalo in FMD epidemiology in southern
Africa.
• Little is currently known about the situation in
other parts of Africa.
Institute for Animal Health
New CL4 Laboratory Complex being built at IAH Pirbright
• Jemma Wadsworth
• Don King
• Nigel Ferris
• Geoff Hutchings
• Euan Anderson
• Stuart Hargreaves
World
Organisation
for Animal
Health
Acknowledgements