spatial databases and geographic information systems · spatial databases and geographic...

Spatial Databases and

Geographic Information

Systems

Karl Neumann

Sarah Tauscher Institut für Informationssysteme

Technische Universität Braunschweig

http://www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de

1.1 Motivation

1.2 Organizational Issues

1.3 Content and Overview

1.4 Literature

Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 2

1 Introduction

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• Route

planning


1.1 Motivation

http://www.viamichelin.de/

• Sentiment

maps


1.1 Motivation

[TN12]

• Search for point of interest


1.1 Motivation

• Tree register


1.1 Motivation

http://www.baumbuero.de/ http://falk-weihs.com/

• Railway noise prediction


1.1 Motivation h

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• Ship tracking

– "Halunder Jet"

• Ship type:

passenger

• Built: 2003

• Size: 59×12 m

– Arrival

at Helgoland

(~ 12:45 – 13:15 h)


1.1 Motivation

http://www.vesselfinder.com/

• Land cover - Germany


1.1 Motivation

http://www.corine.dfd.dlr.de/

• Lecture

– 20.10.2017 – 02.02.2018

– 9:45 – 12:00

– Exercises and detours integrated into lecture

– URL: www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de/teaching/ws-1718/gis

• Credits: 5



• Exams

– Oral exam

– 05. – 09. 02.2018

– Register at examination office

– Get an appointment

at the Ifis secretariat

→ Regine Dalkiran



• 2 Spatial Data Modelling

– 2.1 Introduction

– 2.2 Geometry

– 2.3 Conversion between Vector and Raster Models

• Outline extraction for polygons

– 2.4 Topology



– 2.5 Fields

• Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)

– 2.6 AAA-Project

– 2.7 Operations

– 2.8 Summary



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• 3 Mapping of Spatial Data

– 3.1 Properties of Maps

– 3.2 Signatures, Text, Color

• For maps and map series the signatures on-hand, fonts, and

colors are specified in signature catalogs and color tables



– 3.3 Geometric Generalization

• Douglas/Peucker algorithm

– 3.4 Label and Symbol Placement

– 3.5 Summary



• 4 Spatial Queries

– 4.1 Development of SQL

– 4.2 Core SQL Queries

– 4.3 Spatial Queries and Core SQL

• Distance calculation between points

P1(x1, y1), P2(x2, y2)



SELECT SQRT(((p2.x-p1.x)**2)+ ((p2.y-p1.y)**2)) FROM Points p1, Points p2 WHERE p1.id = ’restaurant’ AND p2.id = ’church’;

– 4.4 Spatial Extensions of SQL

• Names of owners of adjacent residential buildings

– 4.5 Evaluation of Spatial Queries

– 4.6 Summary



SELECT p1.name, p2.name FROM Person p1, Person p2, Building b1, Building b2, Owner o1, Owner o2 WHERE p1.persNo = o1.persNo AND p2.persNo = o2.persNo AND b2.typeOfUse = ’residential’ AND o2.buildingId = b2.id AND b1.typeOfUse = ’residential’ AND o1.buildingId = b1.id AND Touches(b1.groundPlan,b2.groundPlan) AND b1.id < b2.id;

• 5 Spatial Access Methods

– 5.1 Quadtree

– 5.2 R-tree

• Insertion: MBR of the parent node has to be enlarged if the

new object is not entirely inside (AdjustTree)

– 5.3 K-d tree



– 5.4 BSP tree

– 5.5 Grid file

• Exact match query

– 5.6 Summary



10.1, 54.3 Kiel 10.3, 52.2 Braunschweig 11.5, 51.0 Jena

6

2 0

1 S1 10

3 12

4 15

5 45

2 0

1 S2 49

3 55

4

find (10.3,52.2)

• 6 Spatial Data and XML

– 6.1 Standards

– 6.2 XML

• Main components of XML are elements, attributes, entities

• Attributes specify additional properties of elements

– 6.3 GML



<text font-family= "Arial" font-weight= "bold" font-size= "350" stroke= "#FFFFFF" fill= "#FFFFFF" x= "-130.0" y="115.0"> U </text>

– 6.4 SVG

• Path instruction for complex shapes, lines, and areas

– 6.5 Summary



<g id="SN3338SymbolApotheke">  <path d="M -250.0 250.0 L -250.0 -250.0 250.0 -250.0 250.0 250.0 Z“ fill= "#FFFFFF"/> <path d="M -200.0 145.0 L -118.0 88.0 -94.0 97.0 -94.0 72.0 -148.0 72.0 -148.0 -27.0 -94.0 -27.0 -94.0 -152.0 33.0 -200.0 161.0 -134.0 161.0 80.0 200.0 115.0 132.0 200.0 62.0 150.0 62.0 72.0 0.0 72.0 0.0 150.0 -73.0 200.0 Z“ fill= "#FF0000"/> <path d="M 0.0 -27.0 L 0.0 -119.0 62.0 -95.0 62.0 -27.0 Z" fill= "#FFFFFF"/> </g>

• 7 Application Programming

– 7.1 Connecting SQL with Programming Languages

– 7.2 PostgreSQL and JDBC

• For processing geometric attributes special

Java classes and methods are offered

• They are subclasses of

class "PGobject"

– 7.3 Oracle Spatial and JDBC

– 7.4 Processing of GML-based Data

– 7.5 Summary



• 8 Architecture of Geographic Information

Systems

– 8.1 GIS Hardware and Software

– 8.2 Hybrid vs.

Integrated Systems



– 8.3 Clients and Servers

• PostGIS extends PostgreSQL by implementing missing types

and functions

– 8.4 Web-based Spatial Databases

– 8.5 Summary



SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Intersection( ST_GeomFromText( 'MULTIPOLYGON(((-77 56,-52 18,-88 -27, -10 -13,-11 38,-77 56)))'), ST_GeomFromText( 'MULTIPOLYGON(((-49 63,-32 24,-39 -7,-66 -19, -72 -9,-74 31,-49 63)))')));

• 9 Remote Sensing

– 9.1 Physical Basics

– 9.2 Recording Techniques

• Radar: Azimuth

resolution AR

depends on beam

width (β) and

the ground

range distance

(GR)



B

GR2

GR1

R2

R1 A

A

B β

[LKC15]

– 9.3 Image Processing

– 9.4 Thematic Classification

• Classification with iterative k-means clustering

(k=3 was chosen)

– 9.5 Summary



• 10 Location Based Services

– 10.1 Positioning

• Global Positioning System (GPS):

Enables three dimensional

positioning near the earth



http://www.uni-giessen.de/ilr/frede/ lehrveranstaltungen/MP_51/2.6-GPS.pdf

[La13]

http://www.zess.uni-siegen.de/

– 10.2 Car Navigation

• Inertial navigation system:

Three gyroscopes and

three accelerometers

(MEMS sensors)

– 10.3 Map Matching

– 10.4 Privacy

– 10.5 Summary



• 11 Environmental Information Systems

– 11.1 Environmental Data

– 11.2 Collection of Environmental Data

– 11.3 Monitoring Networks

• Tropical Atmosphere- Ocean Array (TAO Network)

– 11.4 Laboratory Data

– 11.5 Summary



http://tao.ndbc.noaa.gov/

• 12 Review and Outlook

– 12.1 Review

– 12.2 Outlook



[TN16]

• [AS14] Albertz, J.; Scholten, F.: Einführung in die Fernerkundung. 5. Aufl., Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2014.

• [Ba05] Bartelme, N.: Geoinformatik – Modelle, Strukturen, Funktionen. 4. Aufl., Springer, 2005.

• [BCKO10] Berg, M. de; Cheong, O.; Kreveld, M. van; Overmars, M.: Computational Geometry – Algorithms and Applications. 3. Ed. , Springer, 2010.


1.4 Literature – Books

Chap. 9

Chap. 2, 3

• [Be08]

Bernhardsen, T.: Geographic Information

Systems – An Introduction.

3. Ed., Wiley, 2008.

• [Be11]

Bertin, J.: Semiology of Graphics: Diagrams,

Networks, Maps. ESRI Press, 2011.

• [Bi16]

Bill, R.: Grundlagen der Geo-Informations-

systeme. 6. Aufl., Wichmann, 2016.



Chap. 4, 5

• [CW11]

Campbell, J.B.; Wynne, R.H.: Introduction to

Remote Sensing. 5. Ed., Guilford Publ., 2011.

• [EE04]

Eckstein, R.; Eckstein, S.: XML und

Datenmodellierung. dpunk, 2004.

• [Gü10]

Günther, O.: Environmental Information

Systems. Springer, 2010.



Chap. 9

• [He14]

Hennermann, K.: Kartographie und GIS –

Eine Einführung. 2. Aufl., Wissen-

schaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2014.

• [HGM02] Hake, G.; Grünreich, D.; Meng, L.: Kartographie.

8. Aufl., de Gruyter, 2002.

• [KGB11]

Kothuri, R.; Godfrind, A.; Beinat, E.: Pro Oracle

Spatial. Apress, 2011.



Chap. 2.4, 3

Chap. 7.3

Chap. 2, 3, 4

• [KO15]

Kraak, M.-J.; Ormeling, F.: Cartography –

Visualization of Spatial Data. 3. Ed.,

Taylor & Francis, 2015.

• [La13]

Lange, N. de: Geoinformatik in Theorie und

Praxis. 3. Aufl., Springer, 2013.

• [LKC15]

Lillesand, T.; Kiefer, R.; Chipman, J.: Remote

Sensing and Image Interpretation. 7. Ed.,

Wiley, 2015.



Chap. 5.1, 5.2

Chap. 9

• [Sa06] Samet, H.: Foundations of Multidimensional and Metric Data Structures. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2006.

• [SX08] Shekhar, S.; Xiong, H. (Eds.): Encyclopedia of GIS. Springer, 2008.

• [WD04] Worboys, M.; Duckham, M.: GIS: A Computing Perspective. 2. Ed., CRC Press, 2004.



Chap. 3, 4

Chap. 5

• [BO79] Bentley, J.L.; Ottmann, T.: Algorithms for Reporting and

Counting Geometric Intersections. IEEE Transactions on

Computers 28(9), 1979, pp. 643–647.

• [DP73]

Douglas, D.H.; Peucker, T.K.: Algorithms for the Reduction

of the Number of Points required to represent a

digitized Line or its Caricature. The Canadian

Cartographer 10(2), 1973, pp. 112–122.


1.4 Literature – Articles

• [Gu84]

Guttman, A.: R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for

Spatial Searching. In Proc. "SIGMOD Conference", 1984,

pp. 47–57.

• [HBS11]

Huang, H.; Brenner, C.; Sester, M.: 3D Building Roof

Reconstruction from Point Clouds via Generative

Models. In Proc. "19th ACM SIGSPATIAL International

Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information

Systems, ACM-GIS", 2011, pp. 16–24.



• [MMG12]

Marti, E.D.; Martin, D.; Garcia, J.; de la Escalera, A.; Molina,

J.M.; Armingol, J.M.: Context-Aided Sensor Fusion for

Enhanced Urban Navigation. Sensors, 2012, 12,

pp. 16802–16837.

• [NGNSW07]

Neumann, K.; Grutza, M.; Nordmann, T.; Schlutow, F.; Wolf,

C.: Metaautomation der Liegenschaftskarte. Mitteilungen

des Bundesamtes für Kartographie und Geodäsie

(MdBKG), Band 39, 2007, pp. 15–29.



• [NHS84]

Nievergelt, J.; Hinterberger, H.; Sevcik, K.C.: The

Grid File: An Adaptable, Symmetric Multikey File

Structure. ACM Transactions on Database

Systsems, 9(1), 1984, pp. 38–71.

• [NKP08]

Neumann, K.; Kupfer, A.; Panse, F.: Generierung

von Gebäude-Präsentationsobjekten für NAS-

Bestandsdatenauszüge. MdBKG, Band 41, 2008,

pp. 83–92.



• [NPW06]

Neumann, K.; Petri, J.; Wolf, C.: Erzeugung karten-

ähnlicher Graphiken: XML-basierte Verdrängung

und Platzierung von Punktsignaturen. MdBKG,

Band 36, 2006, pp. 89–98.

• [NSe01]

Neumann, K.; Selke, M.: Elemente der Program-

miersprache Java vorgestellt an einer Modifikation

des Douglas/Peucker-Algorithmus zur Erhaltung

rechter Winkel. MdBKG, Band 20, 2001, pp. 87–97.



• [PP97]

Petzold, I.; Plümer, L.: Platzierung der Beschriftung in

dynamisch erzeugten Bildschirmkarten. Nachrichten aus dem

Karten- und Vermeesungswesen (NaKaVerm),

Reihe I, Nr. 117, 1997, pp. 95–113.

• [Se00]

Sester, M.: Automatische Generalisierung mittels

Ausgleichung. MdBKG, Band 17, 2000, pp. 105–113.

• [Se07]

Sester, M.: Generierung von kartographischen Präsentationen

im Maßstab 1:25.000 und 1:50.000 mit PUSH und TYPIFY.

MdBKG, Band 39, 2007, pp. 93–101.



• [SH95]

Schoppmeyer, J.; Heisser, M.: Behandlung von Geometrie-

typwechseln in GIS. NaKaVerm, Reihe I, Nr. 113,1995,

pp. 209–224.

• [St12]

Storandt, S.: Quick and Energy-Efficient Routes –

Computing Constrained Shortest Paths for Electric

Vehicles. In Proc. "ACM SIGSPATIAL Int. Workshop

on Computational Transportation Science", 2012,

pp. 20–25.



• [TN12]

Tauscher, S.; Neumann, K.: Combining Web Map Services and Opinion Mining to generate Sentiment Maps of Touristic Locations. In Proc. "Int. Symposium on Service Oriented Mapping", M. Jobst (Ed.), Wien 2012, pp. 277–286.

• [TN16]

Tauscher, S.; Neumann, K.: A Displacement Method for Maps Showing Dense Sets of Points of Interest. In "Progress in Cartography", Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 3–16.



• [Bu10] Budgenhagen, B.: Automatische Visualisierung von Quadtrees mit XFig. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.

• [Bu11] Budgenhagen, B.: Visuelle Darstellung des Überganges von

Polygonen zu Linienzügen durch Rasterisierung und topologische Skelettierung. Diplomarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.

• [Da12] Darda, R.: Visuelle Darstellung von Rasterisierung und

Blockcodierung vektorbasierter Polygone. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2012.


1.4 Literature – Student Works

• [Hu14]

Huy, M.: Ein durch Kriging berechnetes Höhenmodell aus Wikipedia-Daten. Masterarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2014.

• [Lu13]

Luthmann, L.: Erzeugung von speziellen zweidimen-sionalen Parkettierungen. Bachelorarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2013.

• [Me11]

Menzel, M.: Übergang von Polygonen zu Linienzügen:

Implementierung des Petzold/Plümer-Verfahrens. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.



• [Ra10] Rath, C.: Visualisierung von unregelmäßig verteilten Messpunkten durch Delaunay-Triangulation mit XFig, CGAL-Methoden und Java. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.

• [Sp10] Spannknebel, J.: Visualisierung der Splitmöglichkeiten beim R-Baum. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.

• [Zo13] Zorigoo-Graap, S.: Konstruktion und anspruchsvolle

Visualisierung von experimentellen Variogrammen mit XFig und Java. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2013.



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