spatial and temporal distribution of aquatic insects in...

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http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/

Turkish Journal of Zoology Turk J Zool(2017) 41: 102-112© TÜBİTAKdoi:10.3906/zoo-1512-56

Spatial and temporal distribution of aquatic insects in the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin, Turkey, with new records

Fatma ÇETİNKAYA, Aysel BEKLEYEN*Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey

* Correspondence: [email protected]

1. IntroductionAquatic macroinvertebrates are critical to ecosystem functioning through their regulation of many essential top-down and bottom-up ecosystem processes such as energy translocation, nutrient flow, and detrital decomposition (Hellmann et al., 2015). Aquatic insects are among the important components of the aquatic communities in terms of taxa richness and their role in the food web. They have been used as bioindicators of pollution and water quality in environmental studies (e.g., Rae, 1989; Zamora-Muñoz and Alba-Tercedor, 1996; Kazancı and Dügel, 2000; Türkmen and Kazancı, 2008; Kalyoncu and Gülboy, 2009; Girgin et al., 2010).

Due to the strategic geographic position of Turkey, which is a transcontinental Eurasian country, it is important to conduct species inventories to fill gaps in the known distributions of many species in Eurasia, particularly for the Turkish insects. Aquatic insects have been generally well documented from a wide variety of inland aquatic biotopes in Turkey (e.g., Geldiay, 1949; Kazancı, 1984, 2009; Şahin, 1984; Balık et al., 1999; Tanatmış, 1995; Narin and Tanatmış, 2004; Ahiska, 2005; Taşdemir and Ustaoğlu, 2005; Ustaoğlu et al., 2005, 2008; Dik et al., 2006; Ozkan and Camur-Elipek, 2006; Sipahiler, 2006, 2008; Duran et al., 2007; Taşdemir et al., 2008, 2009; Gültutan and

Kazancı, 2010; Özkan, 2010; Özkan et al., 2010; Özyurt and Tanatmış, 2011; Türkmen and Kazancı, 2011; Kazancı and Türkmen, 2012; Zeybek et al., 2012). However, our knowledge on aquatic insects of the Southeastern Anatolia Region (Mesopotamian Turkey) is still incomplete (Şahin, 1984; Koch, 1985; Kazancı, 2009).

The Dicle (Tigris) River is an important water source for the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, and it serves mainly for irrigation, fishing, recreation, and receiving wastewater. Moreover, the dam reservoirs on the river and its tributaries are used for irrigation and fishing, in addition to their function as a source of drinking water supply. However, the Dicle (Tigris) Basin is particularly affected by a variety of anthropogenic influences, from damming, impoundments, and other hydromorphological alterations (e.g., gravel and sand extraction) to various types of pollutions (Varol et al., 2012). Although the Dicle (Tigris) is one of the most important transboundary rivers in Turkey, the information on invertebrate communities of the main stretch of the river is still incomplete. Moreover, as part of the Southeastern Anatolia Project, when the construction of the Ilısu Dam is completed, a large part of the Dicle (Tigris) will lose the river property. Therefore, we investigated the actual insects of the Dicle (Tigris) River basin with special reference to the composition and

Abstract: We investigated insects of the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin in terms of their composition and spatiotemporal distribution. Larvae, pupae, pupal exuviae, and nymphs of insects were obtained from samples collected by a plankton net monthly during a 1-year period in 2008 and 2009 at seven different sites of the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin. A total of 35 taxa from the orders Trichoptera (1 taxon), Ephemeroptera (3 taxa), and Diptera (31 taxa) were identified. Chironomidae (Diptera) was the most diverse group and was represented by three major subfamilies, namely Tanypodinae (2 taxa), Orthocladiinae (19 taxa), and Chironominae (7 taxa). Among these species, Nanocladius (Nanocladius) spiniplenus Saether, 1977 is a new record for Turkey as well as for western Asia. In addition, the Psychomyia larvae found for the first time in the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin (Turkey) were described. Both taxa have been illustrated to warrant validation. Taxa number varied spatially from 6 to 14 and temporally from 2 to 12 during the sampling period. Along the river, Cricotopus bicinctus and Orthocladius (S.) holsatus were the most common taxa.

Key words: Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Insecta, Dicle (Tigris) River

Received: 21.12.2015 Accepted/Published Online: 01.06.2016 Final Version: 25.01.2017

Research Article

ÇETİNKAYA and BEKLEYEN / Turk J Zool

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distribution of the taxocoenosis and biogeographically interesting elements through regular monitoring of the river during a period of 1 year at seven different sites spread over a stretch of the river of approximately 500 km.

2. Materials and methods2.1. Study area The portion of the Dicle (Tigris) River flowing through Southeastern Anatolia represents one of the largest rivers in Turkey with a catchment area of approximately 57,614 km2 (Akbulut et al., 2009). The river originates in the Toros Mountains of Turkey and follows a southeastern route in Turkey to Cizre, where it forms the border between Turkey and Syria for 32 km before entering Iraq. The total length of the river is approximately 1900 km, 523 km of which is within Turkey. The Batman Stream is one of the major tributaries of the river. Diyarbakir, Bismil, Hasankeyf, and Cizre are the four major urban settlements on the banks of the river, which serves as a major source of the domestic water supply of the city of Diyarbakir (population of approximately 851,000) as well as directly receiving the partially treated domestic wastewater from Diyarbakir; the untreated domestic wastewater from the Bismil, Hasankeyf, and Cizre townships; and effluents from several industries along its course. The maximum flows in the river occur from February through April, whereas the minimum flows occur from August through October (Varol et al., 2012). The river discharge varies considerably at different locations, showing an increasing

trend towards its downstream stretches due to inputs from its tributaries. The continental climate of the Dicle (Tigris) Basin is referred to as a subtropical plateau climate. The continental climate features of the basin are most similar to those of the Mediterranean Region. The summer season is hot and dry, and the winter season is not as cold as the climate observed in the Eastern Anatolia Region. The highest annual total rainfall value was recorded as 611.1 mm, in Maden town (upstream region of the river), and the lowest annual total rainfall value was found to be 294.1 mm, in Cizre town (downstream region of the river). The mean annual air temperature ranged between 14.6 °C (Maden) and 21.8 °C (Cizre) (Varol et al., 2012). The Dicle (Tigris) River has the highest water temperature of all of the Eastern Anatolian rivers (Akbulut et al., 2009).

The locations of the selected sampling sites in the Tigris River are shown in Figure 1. In the present study, a total of seven sites, specifically Maden “Site 1”, Hantepe “Site–2”, Diyarbakır “Site 3”, Bismil “Site 4”, Batman “Site 5”, Hasankeyf “Site 6”, and Cizre “Site 7”, were selected on the Dicle (Tigris) River as part of a river monitoring network. Two of these sites, Hantepe (Site 2) and Batman (Site 5) are situated downstream of the Dicle and Batman dam reservoirs, respectively. Some features of the sampling sites are given in Table 1. 2.2. Collection and identification of samples All specimens were obtained from collections of a limnological research project funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK,

Figure 1. The locations of the selected sampling sites in the Tigris River Basin.


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project no. 107Y216). In that research project, plankton samples were collected by a standard plankton net (25 cm in radius, 50 cm in length, 55 µm in pore size) within the period from February 2008 to January 2009 from different habitats of the study sites spread over a river stretch of approximately 500 km. The material collected mainly from stagnant or slow-running and vegetation-rich areas at the shores throughout the length of the river was preserved in 70% ethanol until laboratory processing. The larvae, pupae, pupal exuviae, and nymphs selected from these samples were then transferred to an alcohol-glycerin solution (1:1) and mounted in glycerin (50% glycerol and water) on microscope slides. Specimens were examined and identified under an Olympus-B51 compound microscope at 40–1000× magnifications. Images were collected with an Olympus DP71 digital camera (12.5 megapixels) using Image Analysis Pro 5.0 software (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions GmbH, Germany). Relevant references were used to identify the larvae, pupae, pupal exuviae, and nymphs at the lowest possible taxonomic level (Macan, 1950, 1955; Usinger, 1956; Flint, 1964; Hickin, 1967; Hilsenhoff, 1975; Utrio, 1976; Pankratova, 1978; Şahin, 1984; Tomka and Zurwerra, 1985; Contreras-Lichtenberg, 1986; Schmid, 1986; Smith, 1989; Soponis, 1990; Harrison, 1992; Epler, 1995, 1999, 2001; Pescador et al., 1996; Langton and Visser, 2003; Sæther, 2003, 2004, 2005; Bouchard, 2004, 2009; Wiedenbrug and Ospina-Torres, 2005; Jacobsen, 2008; Sealock and Ferrington, 2008; Madden, 2010; Andersen et al., 2013; Waringer and Graf, 2013).

3. Results and discussionA total of 35 taxa from three orders of Insecta were identified in the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin during the study period (Table 2). Although the orders Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera were represented by only one taxon (Psychomyia sp.) and three taxa (Baetis sp., Caenis macrura, Rhithrogena sp.), respectively, the order Diptera

was the most diverse group including 31 taxa. Among Diptera families, Chironomidae was the dominant group represented by three subfamilies, which are Tanypodinae (2 taxa), Orthocladiinae (19 taxa), and Chironominae (7 taxa). It seems that orthoclad midges are the most advantaged group in terms of species richness in the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin, accounting for 74.2% of the species composition.

From Trichoptera, Psychomyia larvae could not be identified to the species level, because some characteristics of the larvae were not typical for described species of this genus. So far three species of the genus Psychomyia have been recorded from Turkey: Psychomyia dadayensis Sipahiler, found in northern and southeastern Turkey; P. mengensis Sipahiler, found in certain streams and rivers in the western, northwestern, and southwestern parts of Turkey; and P. pusilla (Fabricius), widely distributed in the rivers and streams of Turkey (Sipahiler, 2006, 2008). As mentioned above, two species are found in southeastern Turkey, of which the larval stages of P. dadayensis have not been identified yet. Our larva looks like the larva of the second species, P. pusilla in Hickin (1967), from which it differs in the shape of mandibles and anal claw. Likely, our specimens may be larvae of P. dadayensis, and they deserve further detailed study. Therefore, we need to describe the Psychomyia larvae of the Dicle (Tigris) River. The larvae of this genus are easily separated from all the other known Psychomyiinae by the presence of well-developed ventral teeth on the anal claw (Flint, 1964), and Turkish larvae fit the general description of the genus Psychomyia (Pescador et al., 1996).

Psychomyia larva from the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin can be distinguished from other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: head about 1.5 times longer than wide; only pronotum sclerotized, mesonotum and metanotum entirely membranous; anterior margin of frontoclypeus more straight; labrum round; paired

Table 1. Locations, geographical coordinates, altitudes (m), widths (~m), and substrates of the sampling sites in the Tigris River Basin.

Site no. Location Coordinates Altitude (m) Width (~m) Substrate

Site 1 Maden 38°20′N, 39°41′E 860 7 GravelSite 2* Hantepe 38°06′N, 40°08′E 616 35 StonesSite 3 Diyarbakır 37°53′N, 40°13′E 576 80 Sand, mudSite 4 Bismil 37°50′N, 40°39′E 538 90 Sand, mudSite 5* Batman 37°54′N, 41°05′E 540 65 Gravel, sandSite 6 Hasankeyf 37°42′N, 41°24′E 471 80 Gravel, sandSite 7 Cizre 37°19′N, 42°11′E 371 97 Sand, mud

*: Sites situated downstream of the dam reservoirs.


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Table 2. Spatial and temporal distribution of insects found at seven sites of the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin (Turkey). Stages: L- larva, P- pupa, Pe- pupal exuviae, N- nymph.

Taxa Sites2008 Months 2009

StageF M A M J J A S O N D J

Order: TRICHOPTERAPsychomyia sp. 5 - - - - - + - - - - - - LOrder: EPHEMEROPTERABaetis macrospinosus 6 - - - - - - + - - + - - NCaenis macrura 1, 3, 5, 6 - - - + - + + + - - - - NRhithrogena sp. 5 - - - - + - - - - - - - NOrder: DIPTERAFam.: CeratopogonidaeCulicoides sp. 2 - - - - + - - - - - - - PFam.: ChironomidaeSubfam.: ChironominaeChironomus plumosus 3, 5 - - - - - + - - + + - - L, PeCladotanytarsus sp. 2 - - - + - - - - - - - - PeDicrotendipes sp. 6 - - - - - + + - - - - - PeParatanytarsus sp. 3, 4, 6 + - - - - - - - + - - + L, PePolypedilum sp. 4 - - - - - - - + - - - - LRheotanytarsus sp. 2, 3, 5 - - - - + + + - - - - - L, PeTanytarsus sp. 3, 6 - - - - - + + - - - - - PeSubfam.: OrthocladiinaeCardiocladius capucinus 6 - - + + - - - - - - - - LCricotopus sp. 1, 5 - - + + + - - - - - - - L, PeCricotopus bicinctus 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 - - + + + - + + + - - + L, PeCricotopus triannulatus 5, 6 - - - + - - + - - - - - L, PeCricotopus trifascia 5 - - + - + - - - - - - - PeCricotopus vierriensis 1, 3, 6, 7 - - - - + - + + - + - - PeEukiefferiella coerulescens 4 + - + - - - - - - - - - L, PeEukiefferiella fuldensis 2, 4, 5 + - + - + - - - - - - - PeEuryhapsis sp. 7 - - + - - - - - - - - - PeNanocladius spiniplenus 3 - - - + + - - - - - - - L, PeOrthocladius (E.) rivicola 5, 7 - + - - - - - - - + + - L, PeO. (E.) thienemanni 2, 5, 7 - + - - - - - - - - + - L, PeOrthocladius (O.) sp. 1, 5, 6 - - - + - - - - - + + + L, PeOrthocladius (O.) oblidens 2 + - - - - - - - - - - - PeOrthocladius (S.) holsatus 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 + - + + + - + - - - - - L, PeParakiefferiella sp. 6 - - - + - - - - - - - - LPsectrocladius sordidellus 2 - - - - + - - - - - - - PeThienemanniella sp. 1 - - - - - - + - - - + - L, PeTvetenia calvescens 7 - - - - + - - - - - - - PeSubfam.: TanypodinaeThienemannimyia sp. 1 - - - - - - - + - - - - LLarsia curticalcar 1 - - - - - - - - - - + - LFam.: CulicidaeOchlerotatus (Rusticoidus) cf. rusticus 2 - - - + - - + - - - - - L

Fam.: EphydridaeScatella sp. 6 - - + - - - - - - - - - P

+: Present, -: absent.


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submental sclerites on ventral surface of labium longer than width (Figure 2a); the labium, with the opening of the spinneret extending beyond the anterior margin of the head; mandibles with four broad ventral teeth and two broad dorsal teeth, and only left mandible with brush of long hairs on inner face; the tarsal claws with two spines; trochantin of prothoracic leg broad and hatchet-shaped (Figure 2b); anal claw strongly curved with two setae dorsally and 4 or 5 conspicuous teeth along the ventral, concave margin (Figure 2c); abdominal gills absent. Four larvae of Psychomyia were only found in July 2008 and at Site 5 (the Batman Stream). Temperature: 23.5 °C; dissolved oxygen: 6.6 ppm; pH: 8.1; conductivity (EC): 301 (Gökot, 2009).

From Diptera, a chironomid, Nanocladius (Nanocladius) spiniplenus Saether, 1977, is a new record for the Turkish fauna and also for western Asia. Previously, this species was known only from the Nearctic, but it was later reported

from Italy as a new record from the Holarctic by Rossaro (1988). This species was also reported from Norway (Sæther and Spies, 2013). Now the present paper reports its third record from the Holarctic, which extends its distribution into the Asian portion of Turkey. The general morphology of our pupal exuviae (Figures 3a and 3b) is in agreement with Saether’s (1977) description, such as frontal setae long; thoracic horn elongate, digitiform with prominent apical spines (Figure 3b); pedes spurii B well developed (Figure 3a); pedes spurii A present on sternites IV–VII; row of hooklets on TII on distinct protuberance; TIV–VI with median patches of spines; caudal spines on TVI short; TVII without caudal spines; segment VI with 1 filamentous L-seta; L-setae of segments VII and VIII all filamentous; 5 L-setae on VIII. Two male pupae were only found in May 2008 and at Site 3 (Diyarbakır).

In the Dicle (Tigris) River, Diptera was the order showing the highest richness, composing 88.5% of the

Figure 2. Psychomyia sp. larva: a- head, b- trochantin, c- anal claws.


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fauna. The dipteran families Ceratopogonidae, Culicidae, and Ephydridae were each represented by only one taxon at Site 2 and Site 3, and members of these families were observed once or twice during the sampling period (Table 2). However, another family, Chironomidae, had the highest taxa richness, especially subfamily Orthocladiinae. Similarly, Caspers and Reiss (1989) recorded 64 taxa of Chironomidae (Podonominae, Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae, and Orthocladiinae) from the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin (provinces Siirt and Hakkari), 56 of which were orthoclad taxa. Compared with that

study, we did not encounter members of subfamilies Podonominae, Diamesinae and Prodiamesinae, which could stem from the limited collection efforts in the region. However, we also determined the same taxa from the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin, such as Cricotopus bicinctus, C. vierriensis, Eukiefferiella coerulescens, Eukiefferiella fuldensis, Euryhapsis sp., Orthocladius (E.) rivicola, O. (E.) thienemanni, and Tvetenia calvescens. Additionally, Şahin (1984) reported 55 taxa of larval chironomids (13 Tanypodinae, 18 Orthocladiinae, 24 Chironominae, and 1 Diamesinae) from the Dicle (Tigris) River, of which Larsia

Figure 3. Nanocladius spiniplenus, pupa: a- TII–IX, b- thoracic horn, c- precorneal setae, d- anal lobe with three macrosetae.


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curticalcar, Thienemannimyia sp., Cardiocladius capucinus, Cricotopus bicinctus, C. triannulatus, C. vierriensis, Eukiefferiella sp., Orthocladius (E.) thienemanni, Psectrocladius sp., Thienemanniella sp., Chironomus gr. plumosus, Cladotanytarsus sp., Paratanytarsus sp., Polypedilum sp., Rheotanytarsus sp., and Tanytarsus sp. were also detected at species- or genus-level in our study.

During the sampling period, some chironomids in temporal distribution, Cladotanytarsus sp., Polypedilum sp., Euryhapsis sp., Orthocladius (O.) oblidens, Parakiefferiella sp., Psectrocladius sordidellus, Tvetenia calvescens, Thienemannimyia sp., Larsia curticalcar, and Scatella sp., were only observed once, whereas Cricotopus bicinctus was the most common taxon (Table 2). It is also a fact that most of the taxa recorded from the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin were uncommon and were found sporadically, except for Dicrotendipes sp., Rheotanytarsus sp., and Tanytarsus sp. from Chironominae, which were only observed in summer months.

As in many other studies of temperate lotic habitats (e.g., Coffman, 1973; Boerger, 1981; Drake, 1982; Singh and Harrison, 1984; Rempel and Harrison, 1987; Berg and Hellenthal, 1992), the Orthocladiinae in the present study were also the dominant subfamily. In contrast to lotic temperate habitats, this subfamily is generally less diverse in lentic and low-latitude habitats (e.g., Freeman, 1955; MacDonald, 1956; Iovino and Miner, 1970; Petr, 1970; Lehmann, 1979; Ferrington et al., 1993; Coffman and de la Rosa, 1998). Many orthoclads are considered to be cool-water adapted (Berg and Hellenthal, 1992; Ferrington, 2000) and are, therefore, expected to be richer during periods of low water temperature in lotic temperate habitats. Accordingly, in the present study, Insecta fauna in March (temperature of


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(2012) determined 26 taxa from Ephemeroptera, 23 from Trichoptera, and 11 from Diptera in Köprüçay Stream.

Many studies previously conducted for the determination of chironomid fauna of lotic habitats in Turkey have been based on larval material for a long time and pupal exuviae have somehow been overlooked. In this study, drifting larvae and pupal exuviae collected by plankton net were used for the evaluation of Insecta fauna found in the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin. Most benthic sampling methods use nets with a mesh size fine enough to collect small larvae (Storey and Pinder, 1985; Hudson and Adams, 1998). On the other hand, many studies have used surface floating pupal exuviae methods or chironomid pupal exuvial techniques to effectively assess the biological condition of aquatic habitats using community metrics (e.g., richness, composition, diversity indices, biotic indices) to assess the condition of lotic habitats (e.g., Cranston et al., 1997; Bitušík and Hamerlík, 2001; Hayford and Ferrington, 2005; Rieradevall, 2007; Raunio et al., 2011), resulting in a higher number of taxa. In the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin, drifting material contained numerous pupal exuviae from Chironominae and Orthocladiinae, and we identified 10 taxa using pupal exuviae material exclusively. Additionally, 13 taxa were identified by using both larval and pupal material (Table 2).

To sum up, the findings of this study have indicated that a comprehensive picture of chironomid composition can be achieved by sampling not only larvae but also pupal exuviae. Additionally, this study confirmed the presence of 20 taxa listed by previous authors (Şahin, 1984; Caspers and Reiss, 1989). However, it is expected that when the construction of the Ilısu Dam is completed, a large part of the Dicle (Tigris) will lose the river property, and hence the lives of these animals will be endangered if measures are not taken. This study is the latest investigation performed on insects of the Dicle (Tigris) River and therefore provides important data on insects living in the present conditions of the river.

AcknowledgmentsThe material of this study was obtained from collections of a research project conducted by the second author and funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK, project no. 107Y216). We would like to thank Dr Bülent Gökot and Dr Memet Varol for their assistance in collecting material and Dr Nilüfer Bekleyen for improving the English of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to Dr O Soriano for help with the identification and to two anonymous referees for their valuable comments.

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