spanish iv going into spanish...

SPANISH IV GOING INTO SPANISH V

These are the grammar topics that you need to make sure you are familiar with:

Commands with Nosotros

Preterite

Imperfect

Present Perfect

Pluscuamperfecto (Past Perfect)

Future

Future Perfect

Conditional

Past Participle

The following two websites will help you to practice. You don't need to practice every day, but you should aim for at least once a week during the summer to review the topics and vocabulary.

http://personal.colby.edu/~bknelson/SLC/ (additional practice exercises can be found here - see list below of topics (on this site, the exercises are on the right-hand side)

http://www.studyspanish.com/

In study studyspanish.com, the following sections will help you: (Select GRAMMAR at the top) - Of course, you do not need to do all the exercises, select a few from each section.

1. Preterite vs. Imperfect - Unit 6 (Exercises 62 - 74) - there should be sections that talk about verbs that differ in meaning from the preterite to the imperfect.

2. Commands with Nosotros - Unit 8 (Exercise 96)

3. Present Subjunctive - Unit 7 (Exercises 77-84)

4. Present Perfect - Unit 9 (Exercise 101)

5. Pluscuamperfecto (Past Perfect) - Unit 9 (Exercise 102)

6. Future - Unit 9 (Exercise 99)

7. Future Perfect - Unit 9 (Exercise 103)

8. Past Participle - Unit 9 (Exercise 100)

9. Conditional - Unit 9 (Exercise 104)

Study vocabulary lists attached.

REQUIRED VOCABULARYMontgomery County Public Schools�Spanish 2�2015

From Realidades Level 2 Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Used by permission.1 of 12

Unidad 1: ¿Quién soy yo?

Vocabulario To talk about someone’s nationality argentino, -a ..................................................... de Argentina boliviano, -a ..................................................... de Bolivia chileno, -a ........................................................ de Chile colombiano, -a ................................................ de Colombia costarricense .................................................... de Costa Rica cubano, -a ....................................................... de Cuba ecuatoriano, -a ................................................ de Ecuador salvadoreño, -a ................................................ de El Salvador español, española ........................................... de España guatemalteco, -a ............................................ de Guatemala hondureño, -a .................................................. de Honduras mexicano, -a .................................................... de México nicaragüense .................................................... de Nicaragua panameño, -a .................................................. de Panamá paraguayo, -a ................................................. de Paraguay peruano, -a ....................................................... de Perú puertorriqueño, -a ........................................... de Puerto Rico dominicano, -a ................................................ de la República Dominicana uruguayo, -a ..................................................... de Uruguay venezolano, -a ................................................. de Venezuela estadounidense ................................................ de los Estados Unidos norteamericano, -a .......................................... de Norteamérica

¿Recuerdas? To talk about what you and others are like alto, -a .............................................................. tallatrevido, -a ....................................................... daringbajo, -a .............................................................. shortdeportista ......................................................... sports-mindeddesordenado, -a .............................................. messyestudioso, -a .................................................... studiousgracioso, -a ...................................................... funny guapo, -a .......................................................... good-lookingimpaciente ....................................................... impatientinteligente ......................................................... intelligent joven .................................................................. youngordenado, -a .................................................... neatpaciente ........................................................... patientperezoso, -a ..................................................... lazyreservado, -a ................................................... reserved, shyserio, -a ............................................................. serioussimpático, -a .................................................... nice, friendlysociable ............................................................ sociabletalentoso, -a ..................................................... talentedtrabajador, trabajadora .................................. hardworking viejo ................................................................... old



¿Recuerdas? To talk about activities bailar ................................................................. to dance caminar ............................................................ to walkcantar ............................................................... to sing comer ............................................................... to eatcorrer ................................................................ to rundibujar ............................................................... to drawescribir cuentos ................................................ to write storiesescuchar música ............................................. to listen to musicesquiar .............................................................. to skileer revistas ...................................................... to read magazinesmontar en bicicleta ......................................... to ride a bicycle en monopatín ...................................... to skateboardnadar ................................................................ to swimpasar tiempo con amigos ............................... to spend time with friendspatinar .............................................................. to skatepracticar deportes ........................................... to play sportstocar la guitarra ............................................... to play the guitar tomar el sol ........................................................ to sunbatheusar la computadora ...................................... to use the computer vivir .................................................................... to live

¿Recuerdas? To ask questions ¿Adónde? ......................................................... Where…to?¿Cómo? ............................................................. How? ¿Cuál(es)? ........................................................ Which?¿Cuándo? ......................................................... When? ¿Cuánto, -a? .................................................... How much, how many?¿Cuántos, -as? .................................................. How much, how many? ¿De dónde? ...................................................... Where…from?¿Dónde? ........................................................... Where?¿Por qué? .......................................................... Why?¿Qué? ................................................................ What? ¿Quién(es)? ...................................................... Who?

¿Recuerdas? To tell how often you do an activity a menudo ......................................................... often a veces ............................................................. sometimes antes de ............................................................ beforedespués de ....................................................... afterlos fines de semana ......................................... on weekends muchas veces ................................................. many times nunca ................................................................ neversiempre ............................................................. alwaystodos los días ................................................... every day



Unidad 2: La vida escolar

Vocabulario To talk about some classes el álgebra ............................................................ algebra la biología ........................................................... biology la física ................................................................. physics la geografía ........................................................ geography la geometría ....................................................... geometry la historia ............................................................. history la informática ..................................................... computer science la literatura .......................................................... literaturela química ........................................................... chemistry

To talk about what you do in classel informe / el ensayo ....................................... report/essay el laboratorio ...................................................... laboratoryla palabra ........................................................... wordel proyecto ......................................................... project aprender de memoria ...................................... to memorize contestar ............................................................. to answer dar un discurso ................................................... to give a speech discutir ................................................................. to discuss entender .............................................................. to understand explicar ............................................................... to explain hacer una pregunta .......................................... to ask a question una presentación ................................... to make a presentation un experimento ....................................... to do an experiment pedir ayuda (e➞ i) ............................................ to ask for help sacar una buena nota ...................................... to get a good gradetomar apuntes .................................................... to take notes un examen/una prueba ........................ to take a test hay que + infinitivo ............................................ one must se prohíbe + infinitivo ......................................... it is forbidden

To talk about classroom rules la regla ................................................................ rule a tiempo .............................................................. on time entregar ............................................................... to turn in llegar tarde ......................................................... to arrive late prestar atención ................................................. to pay attention respetar ............................................................... to respect

Negative and affirmative words alguien ................................................................. someone, anyone algún, alguna, algunos, -as ............................. some, anynadie .................................................................... no one, nobody ningún, ninguno, -a ........................................... no, none, not any



To name school objects el armario ............................................................ locker el asiento ............................................................. seat el carnet de identidad ...................................... I.D. card la cinta adhesiva ............................................... transparent tape la grapadora ...................................................... stapler los materiales ..................................................... supplies, materialslas tijeras .............................................................. scissors

Other useful words almorzar (o ➞ ue) ............................................ to have lunchaprobar (o ➞ ue) ................................................ to succeed, to do well conocer (c ➞ zc) ................................................ to know, to be acquainted with empezar (e ➞ ie) ............................................. to start, to beginentender (e ➞ ie) ............................................ to understandfracasar ............................................................... to fail repetir (e ➞ i) ................................................... to repeatsaber .................................................................... to know, to know how salir bien/mal ...................................................... to do well / poorly sobre .................................................................... on, about lo que ................................................................... what

To talk about extracurricular activitieshacer gimnasia .................................................. to do gymnastics jugar a los bolos ................................................. to bowllas actividades extracurriculares .................... extracurricular activities el ajedrez ............................................................ chess el animador, la animadora .............................. cheerleaderlas artes marciales ............................................. martial arts el club .................................................................. club el club atlético ................................................... athletic club el equipo ............................................................. team la fotografía ........................................................ photography el hockey ............................................................ hockey la natación .......................................................... swimmingel pasatiempo .................................................... pastime la práctica ........................................................... practice la reunión ............................................................ meeting el fotógrafo, la fotógrafa ................................... photographer los jóvenes .......................................................... young people el miembro .......................................................... member

To talk about actions with activities asistir a ................................................................. to attendganar ................................................................... to win, to earn grabar .................................................................. to record participar (en) .................................................... to participate (in) perder (e ➝ ie) ................................................... to lose tomar lecciones ................................................. to take lessons volver (o ➝ ue) ................................................... to return



To talk about music and dramala banda .............................................................. band el bailarín, la bailarina ...................................... dancer la canción ........................................................... song el cantante, la cantante ................................... singer el coro .................................................................. chorus, choir el ensayo [ensayar] ............................................ rehearsal / to rehearse el músico, la música ......................................... musician la orquesta .......................................................... orchestra la voz .................................................................... voice

To talk about and describe Internet activitiescrear una página Web ...................................... to create a Web pageestar en línea ...................................................... to be online hacer una búsqueda ........................................ to do a search navegar en la Red ............................................. to surf the Web visitar salones de chat ...................................... to visit chat rooms

Other useful words entre ..................................................................... among, between el interés .............................................................. interest la oportunidad ..................................................... opportunity

To tell how long something has been going on ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que ___? ...................... How long ___? Hace + time + que ___ ....................................... It has been ___

To make comparisons tan + adj. + como .............................................. as + adj. + as tantos(as) + noun + como ................................ as much / many + noun + as



Unidad 3: La rutina diaria

Vocabulario

To talk about getting ready acostarse (o ➞ ue) ............................................ to go to bed afeitarse ............................................................... to shave arreglarse el pelo ............................................... to fix one’s hair bañarse ............................................................... to take a bath cepillarse los dientes ......................................... to brush one’s teethcortarse el pelo .................................................. to cut one’s hair despertarse (e ➞ ie) .......................................... to wake up ducharse ............................................................. to take a shower levantarse ........................................................... to get up lavarse la cara ................................................... to wash one’s face maquillarse / pintarse ....................................... to apply make-up pedir prestado, -a (e ➞ i) .................................. to borrow peinarse ............................................................... to comb one’s hair pintarse las uñas ................................................. to polish one’s nails ponerse ................................................................ to put on prepararse .......................................................... to get ready quitarse la ropa .................................................. to get undressed secarse ................................................................ to dry vestirse (e ➞ i) .................................................... to get dressed

To talk about things you need to get ready la afeitadora ....................................................... razor el agua de colonia / el perfume ..................... cologne, perfume el cepillo ............................................................... brush de dientes ........................................... toothbrush el champú ........................................................... shampoo el desodorante ................................................... deodorant el despertador .................................................... alarm clock la ducha .............................................................. shower el gel .................................................................... gel el jabón ............................................................ soap los labios .............................................................. lips el maquillaje ....................................................... make-up la pasta de dientes ............................................ tooth paste el peine ................................................................ comb el salón de belleza .......................................... beauty salon el secador ........................................................... blow dryer la toalla ................................................................ towel el cinturón ........................................................... belt las joyas ............................................................... jewelry de oro .................................................. gold jewelry de plata .............................................. silver jewelry



To talk about a special event la audición ....................................................... audition la boda ................................................................ wedding la cita ................................................................... date el concurso ......................................................... contest un evento especial ........................................... special event

To talk about how you feel entusiasmado, -a ............................................... excited nervioso, -a ......................................................... nervous tranquilo, -a ........................................................ calm

Other useful words and expressionscómodo, -a ......................................................... comfortable depende ............................................................. it depends elegante .............................................................. elegant lentamente .......................................................... slowly luego .................................................................... then por ejemplo ........................................................ for example rápidamente ....................................................... quickly ¡Te ves bien/mal! ................................................ You look good/bad!



Unidad 4: De compras

Vocabulario To talk about shopping la entrada ............................................................ entrance la ganga .............................................................. bargain el letrero .............................................................. sign la liquidación ...................................................... sale el mercado ......................................................... market la salida ............................................................... exit

To describe colors claro, -a ............................................................... light oscuro, -a ............................................................ dark pastel ................................................................... pastel vivo, -a ................................................................. bright de sólo un color ................................................. solid-colored

To describe what clothing is made of ¿De qué está hecho, -a? .................................. What is it made of? Está hecho, -a de ___ ........................................ It is made of ___

algodón .............................. cotton cuero ................................... leather lana ...................................... wool seda ..................................... silk tela sintética ....................... synthetic fabric

To discuss paying for purchasesla caja .................................................................. cash register el cajero, -a ........................................................ cashier el cheque personal ........................................... personal checkel cupón / la tarjeta de regalo ........................ gift card la tarjeta de crédito ........................................... credit card gastar ................................................................... to spend alto, -a ................................................................. high bajo, -a ................................................................ low en efectivo .......................................................... cash tan + adjetivo ..................................................... so

To discuss clothing purchasesapretado, -a ....................................................... tight exagerado, -a .................................................... outrageous flojo, -a ................................................................ loose mediano, -a ........................................................ medium el estilo ................................................................. style la marca .............................................................. brand el número ............................................................ shoe sizela talla .................................................................. size



anunciar .............................................................. to announce encontrar (o ➞ ue) ............................................ to find escoger (g ➞ j) ................................................... to choose estar de moda .................................................... to be in fashion probarse (o ➞ ue) ............................................. to try on

Other useful words and expressions en realidad ......................................................... really me / te importa(n) ............................................. it matters (it’s important) / they matter to me/ to you ¿Qué te parece? ................................................ What do you think? /How does it seem to you? Me parece que ___ ............................................ It seems to me that ___ ¿Qué número de zapato calzas? ................... What is your shoe size? fui/fuiste de compras ........................................ I/you went shopping ayer ...................................................................... yesterday anteayer .............................................................. the day before yesterday anoche ................................................................ last night la semana pasada ............................................ last weekend inmediatamente ................................................ immediately recientemente .................................................... recently

Review



Unidad 5: La comunidad

Vocabulario

To talk about places in a community el banco .............................................................. bank el centro .............................................................. downtown el consultorio ...................................................... doctor’s / dentist’s office la estación de servicio ...................................... service station la gasolinera ....................................................... service station la farmacia ......................................................... pharmacy el supermercado ............................................... supermarket

To talk about mail el buzón ............................................................... mailbox el correo .............................................................. post office el sello .................................................................. stamp la tarjeta .............................................................. card echar una carta ................................................. to mail a letter enviar (i ➞ í) ........................................................ to send

To talk about items in a sporting-goods store el equipo deportivo ........................................... sports equipment el palo de golf .................................................... golf club los patines ........................................................... skates la pelota .............................................................. ball la raqueta de tenis ............................................ tennis racket

To talk about errands cerrar (e ➞ ie) .................................................... to close cobrar un cheque .............................................. to cash a check cuidar a ............................................................... to take care of decir ..................................................................... to say / to tell devolver (o ➞ ue) un libro ................................ to return a book ir a pie .................................................................. to go on foot llenar el tanque .................................................. to fill the tankquedarse ............................................................. to stay sacar un libro ...................................................... to take out, to check out a book salir ....................................................................... to go out, to exit el dentista, la dentista ....................................... dentist la gasolina .......................................................... gasoline el médico, la médica ........................................ doctor se abre ................................................................. opens se cierra ............................................................... closes se me olvidó ..................................................... I forgot



Other useful words and expressions casi ....................................................................... almost en seguida .......................................................... right away hasta .................................................................... untilpor ........................................................................ for (how long) pronto .................................................................. soon todavía ................................................................ still varios, -as ............................................................ various, several¡Caramba! ........................................................... Good gracious! ¡Cómo no! ........................................................... Of course! ¡Hasta pronto! ..................................................... See you soon!

To talk about getting around la avenida ........................................................... avenue el camión ............................................................ truck la carretera ......................................................... highway el carro / el coche ............................................. car el conductor, la conductora ............................ driver el cruce de calles .............................................. intersection la cuadra ............................................................. block la esquina ............................................................ corner la estatua ............................................................ statue la fuente .............................................................. fountain el peatón ............................................................. pedestrian el permiso de manejar ..................................... driver’s license la plaza ................................................................ plaza el policía, la policía ........................................... police officer el puente ............................................................. bridge el semáforo ......................................................... traffic light la señal de parada ............................................ stop sign el tráfico .............................................................. traffic poner una multa ................................................ to give a ticket

More useful words and expressions esperar ................................................................. to wait estar seguro, -a .................................................. to be sure dejar de + infinitivo ............................................. to stop quitar .................................................................... to take away, to remove tener cuidado ..................................................... to be careful ancho, -a ............................................................ wide despacio ............................................................. slowly estrecho, -a ........................................................ narrow peligroso, -a ....................................................... dangerous ya .......................................................................... already ¡Basta! .................................................................. Enough! De acuerdo. ........................................................ OK. Agreed. ¡Déjame en paz! ................................................. Leave me alone! Me estás poniendo nervioso, -a. ..................... You are making me nervous.



To ask for and give directions cruzar ................................................................... to cross doblar .................................................................. to turn manejar ............................................................... to drive parar .................................................................... to stop pasar .................................................................... to pass, to go quedar ................................................................. to be locatedseguir (e ➞ i) ....................................................... to follow, to continue tener prisa ........................................................... to be in a hurry tomar .................................................................... to take, to follow el metro ............................................................... subway aproximadamente ............................................ approximately complicado, -a .................................................. complicated derecho ............................................................... straight desde ................................................................... from, since en medio de ....................................................... in the middle of hasta .................................................................... as far as, up to por ........................................................................ for, by, around, along, through ¿Cómo se va a ___? .......................................... How do you go to ___?



Unidad 6: Cuando éramos niños Vocabulario

To name toys los bloques .......................................................... blocks la colección ........................................................ collectionla cuerda ............................................................. rope el dinosaurio ....................................................... dinosaur la muñeca ........................................................... doll el muñeco ........................................................... action figure el oso de peluche .............................................. teddy bear el tren eléctrico .................................................. electric train el triciclo .............................................................. tricycle

To name animals el pez ................................................................... fish la tortuga ............................................................. turtle la mascota .......................................................... pet

To name places la guardería infantil ........................................... daycare center el patio de recreo .............................................. playground

To explain your actions el vecino, la vecina ........................................... neighbor la verdad ............................................................. truth mentir (e ➞ ie) .................................................... to lie obedecer (c ➞ zc) ............................................ to obey ofrecer (c ➞ zc) ................................................. to offer permitir ................................................................. to permit, to allow portarse bien / mal ............................................ to behave well / badly de niño, -a ........................................................... as a child de pequeño, -a .................................................. as a child de vez en cuando ............................................. once in a while por lo general ..................................................... in general todo el mundo .................................................... everyone

To describe someone bien educado, -a .............................................. well-behaved consentido, -a / mimado, -a ............................ spoiled desobediente ..................................................... disobedient generoso, -a ....................................................... generous obediente ............................................................ obedient tímido, -a ............................................................. timid travieso, -a .......................................................... naughty, mischievous



To talk about manners abrazar(se) ......................................................... to hug besar(se) ............................................................. to kiss dar(se) la mano ................................................. to shake hands despedirse (e ➞ i) (de) .................................... to say good-bye (to) saludar(se) .......................................................... to greet sonreír (e ➞ í) ..................................................... to smile los modales ......................................................... manners el beso ................................................................. kiss el abrazo ............................................................. hug

To talk about people el bebé, la bebé ................................................ baby los mayores ......................................................... grown-ups los parientes ........................................................ relatives contar (o ➞ ue) chistes ..................................... to tell jokesllevarse bien / mal ............................................. to get along well / badly llorar ..................................................................... to cry reírse (e ➞ í) ....................................................... to laughreunirse (u ➞ ú) ................................................. to meet

To talk about special events el aniversario ...................................................... anniversary la costumbre ....................................................... custom el desfile .............................................................. parade el día festivo ........................................................ holiday la fiesta de sorpresa .......................................... surprise partylos fuegos artificiales ......................................... fireworksla reunión ............................................................ gathering casarse (con) ..................................................... to get married (to) charlar ................................................................. to chat cumplir años ....................................................... to have a birthday divertirse (e ➞ ie) .............................................. to have fun felicitar ................................................................. to congratulate hacer un picnic .................................................. to have a picnic nacer (c ➞ zc)..................................................... to be born recordar (o ➞ ue) .............................................. to rememberregalar ................................................................. to give (a gift) alrededor de ....................................................... around enorme ................................................................ enormous ¡Felicidades! ........................................................ Congratulations!

To discuss the past antiguo, -a .......................................................... old, antique frecuentemente ................................................. frequently había .................................................................... there was / there were mientras (que) .................................................... while una vez ................................................................ once



Unidad 7: Las emergencias Vocabulario

To talk about natural disasters and weather extremes el huracán ........................................................... hurricane la inundación....................................................... flood la lluvia ................................................................ rain el terremoto ........................................................ earthquake la tormenta ......................................................... storm llover (o ➞ ue) .................................................... to rain nevar (e ➞ ie) ..................................................... to snow

To discuss the news el artículo ............................................................ article el locutor, la locutora ........................................ announcer el noticiero .......................................................... newscast el reportero, la reportera .................................. reporter investigar ............................................................. to investigate ocurrir ................................................................... to occur tratar de ............................................................... to try to

To talk about fires el bombero, la bombera .................................. firefighter el edificio de apartamentos ............................ apartment building la escalera .......................................................... ladder la explosión ......................................................... explosion el humo ................................................................ smoke el incendio .......................................................... fire los muebles ......................................................... furniture el paramédico, la paramédica ...................... paramedic apagar ................................................................. to put out (fire) bajar ..................................................................... to go down comenzar (e ➞ ie) ............................................. to start destruir (i ➞ y) .................................................... to destroy escaparse ........................................................... to escape esconder(se) ...................................................... to hide (oneself) quemar(se) ......................................................... to burn (oneself), to burn up subir ...................................................................... to go updormido, -a ......................................................... asleepmuerto, -a ........................................................... dead se murieron ......................................................... they died

To discuss rescues el herido, la herida ............................................ injured person el héroe, la heroína ........................................... hero la vida .................................................................. life



herido, -a ............................................................. injuredvaliente ................................................................ brave vivo, -a ................................................................. living, alive gritar ..................................................................... to scream llamar ................................................................... to call por teléfono ............................................ to call on the phoneoír .......................................................................... to hearrescatar ............................................................... to rescue salvar ................................................................... to save

To tell a storyafortunadamente ............................................... fortunately asustado, -a ........................................................ frightened la causa ............................................................... cause a causa de .......................................................... because of de prisa ................................................................ in a hurry de repente .......................................................... suddenly hubo ..................................................................... there was sin duda ............................................................... without a doubt ¡Socorro! .............................................................. Help!

To talk about medical treatments dar puntadas ...................................................... to stitch (surgically) doler (o ➞ ue) .................................................... to hurt me duele la cabeza ....................................... my head hurts te duele la pierna ............................................ your leg hurts le duelen los pies ............................................. his/her feet hurt examinar ............................................................. to examine, to check poner una inyección ......................................... to give an injection el dolor pain recetar ................................................................. to prescribe sacar una radiografía ....................................... to take an X-rayel enfermero, la enfermera .............................. nurse la medicina ......................................................... medicine el médico, la médica ....................................... doctor las muletas .......................................................... crutches las pastillas ........................................................... pillsla receta .............................................................. prescription la sala de emergencia ..................................... emergency room la sangre ............................................................. blood la silla de ruedas ................................................ wheelchair la venda .............................................................. bandage el yeso ................................................................. cast roto, -a ................................................................. broken

To talk about accidents ¿Qué te pasó? .................................................... What happened to you? el accidente ....................................................... accidentla ambulancia .................................................... ambulance



caerse .................................................................. to fall me caí .......................................................... I fell te caíste ........................................................ you fell se cayó ......................................................... he / she fell se cayeron ................................................... they / you fell chocar con ......................................................... to crash into, to collide with cortarse ............................................................... to cut oneself lastimarse ............................................................ to hurt oneself romperse ............................................................. to break, to tear torcerse (o ➞ ue) ............................................... to twist, to sprain tropezar (e ➞ ie)(con) ...................................... to trip (over)

To talk about parts of the body el cuerpo ............................................................. body la cabeza ............................................................ head el ojo .................................................................... eye la nariz ................................................................. nose la boca ................................................................ mouth la oreja ................................................................ ear el cuello ............................................................... neck el hombro ............................................................ shoulder la espalda ........................................................... back el brazo ................................................................ arm el codo ................................................................ elbow la muñeca ........................................................... wrist la mano ............................................................... hand el dedo ................................................................ finger el estómago ........................................................ stomach la pierna .............................................................. leg la rodilla ............................................................... knee el tobillo ............................................................... ankleel pie .................................................................... foot el hueso ............................................................... bone el músculo ............................................................ muscle

Other useful words and expressions pobrecito, -a ....................................................... poor thing ¡Qué lástima! ...................................................... What a shame! moverse (o ➞ ue) .............................................. to move sentirse (e ➞ ie) ................................................. to feel



Unidad 8: ¡A cocinar! Vocabulario

To name foods and items in the kitchen el aceite .............................................................. cooking oil el ajo .................................................................... garlic el caldo ............................................................... broth el camarón ......................................................... shrimp los mariscos ........................................................ shellfish la salsa ................................................................. salsa, sauce el vinagre ............................................................ vinegar la estufa ............................................................... stoveel fregadero ........................................................ sink el fuego ............................................................... fire, heat el horno ............................................................... oven el microondas .................................................... microwave la olla ................................................................... pot el refrigerador ..................................................... refrigerator la sartén ............................................................... frying pan

To follow a recipe añadir ................................................................... to add batir .................................................................... to beat calentar (e ➞ ie) ................................................ to heat freír (e ➞ í) ........................................................... to fry hervir (e ➞ ie) ..................................................... to boil mezclar ................................................................ to mix pelar ..................................................................... to peel picar ..................................................................... to chop probar (o ➞ ue) .................................................. to taste, to try la cucharada ...................................................... tablespoon el ingrediente ..................................................... ingredient el pedazo ............................................................ piece, slice la receta .............................................................. recipe

To talk about food preparation ¿Cómo se hace ___? ......................................... How do you make ___? ¿Con qué se sirve? ............................................ What do you serve it with?al horno ............................................................... baked caliente ............................................................... hot congelado, -a .................................................... frozen enlatado, -a ........................................................ canned fresco, -a ............................................................. fresh frito, -a ................................................................. fried



apagar ................................................................. to turn off no apagues .................................................... don’t turn off dejar ..................................................................... to leave, to let no dejes ........................................................... don’t leave, don’t let encender (e ➞ ie) ............................................. to turn on, to light no enciendas ................................................. don’t turn on, don’t lightolvidarse de ........................................................ to forget about / to no te olvides de ............................................. don’t forget about / to tirar ....................................................................... to spill, to throw away no tires ............................................................. don’t spill, don’t throw away se puede .......................................................... one can

To talk about eating outdoors la fogata .............................................................. bonfireel fósforo .............................................................. match la leña .................................................................. firewood el puesto ........................................................... (food) standa la parrilla .......................................................... on the grill asado, -a ............................................................. grilled asar ...................................................................... to grill, to roast hacer una parrillada ......................................... to have a barbecue

To talk about foods el aguacate ........................................................ avocado la carne de res ................................................... steak la cereza ............................................................. cherry la cesta ................................................................ basket la chuleta de cerdo ........................................... pork chop el durazno ........................................................... peach los frijoles ............................................................. beans la harina .............................................................. flour el maíz ................................................................. corn la mayonesa ....................................................... mayonnaise el melón ............................................................... melon la mostaza ........................................................... mustard el olor ................................................................... smell, odor el pavo ................................................................. turkey la piña .................................................................. pineapple el sabor ................................................................ taste la salsa de tomate ............................................. ketchup la sandía .............................................................. watermelon acompañar ...................................................... to accompany

Other useful words dulce .................................................................... sweet grasoso, -a .......................................................... fatty picante ................................................................ spicy mojado, -a .......................................................... wet seco, -a ............................................................... dry



Unidad 9: De viaje Vocabulario

To talk about travel plans la agencia de viajes ......................................... travel agency el agente / la agente de viajes ....................... travel agent el equipaje .......................................................... luggage el pasaporte ....................................................... passport la reservación ..................................................... reservation la tarjeta de embarque .................................... boarding pass el turista, la turista .............................................. tourist hacer un viaje .................................................... to take a trip la maleta .................................................. to pack the suitcase ir de vacaciones ................................................ to go on vacation planear ................................................................ to plan extranjero, -a ...................................................... foreign

To talk about airports la aduana ............................................................ customs el aduanero, la aduanera ................................ customs officer el aeropuerto ...................................................... airport el anuncio ........................................................... announcement el auxiliar / la auxiliar de vuelo ....................... flight attendant el billete / el boleto ........................................... ticket el empleado, la empleada .............................. employee la inspección de seguridad ............................. security checkpointla línea aérea ..................................................... airline la llegada ............................................................ arrival el pasajero, la pasajera .................................... passenger el pasillo .............................................................. aisle el piloto, la piloto ............................................... pilot la puerta de embarque .................................... departure gate el retraso .............................................................. delay la salida ............................................................... departure la ventanilla ........................................................ (airplane) window el vuelo ................................................................ flightabordar ................................................................ to board durar ..................................................................... to last facturar ................................................................ to check (luggage) hacer escala ...................................................... to stop over registrar ................................................................ to inspect, to search (luggage)con destino a ...................................................... going to de ida y vuelta ................................................... round-trip directo, -a ........................................................... direct

Other useful words and expressions insistir en .............................................................. to insist sugerir (e ➞ ie) ................................................... to suggest tener paciencia ................................................. to be patient



tendremos ........................................................... we will have abierto, -a ........................................................... open bienvenido, -a .................................................... welcome cerrado, -a .......................................................... closed listo, -a ................................................................. ready

To talk about places to visit in a city el castillo ............................................................. castle la catedral ........................................................... cathedral el palacio ............................................................ palace el quiosco .......................................................... newsstandhistórico, -a ......................................................... historical

To talk about hotels el ascensor .......................................................... elevator la habitación ...................................................... room doble ........................................... double room individual .................................... single room la llave ................................................................. key la recepción ....................................................... reception desk conseguir (e ➞ i) ................................................ to obtain

To talk about behavior hacer ruido ......................................................... to make noise observar .............................................................. to observe ofender ................................................................ to offend atento, -a ............................................................ attentive cortés ................................................................... polite puntual ................................................................. punctual

To talk about tourist activities la artesanía ......................................................... handicrafts el bote de vela ................................................... sailboat el cajero automático ........................................ ATM la casa de cambio ............................................ currency exchange el esquí acuático ............................................... water ski la excursión ........................................................ excursion, short trip el guía, la guía ................................................... guide la guía .................................................................. guidebook el itinerario .......................................................... itinerary la moto acuática ............................................... jet ski la propina ............................................................ tipel surf de vela ..................................................... windsurfingla tarjeta postal .................................................. postcard el vendedor, la vendedora .............................. vendor cambiar ............................................................... to change, to exchange disfrutar de .......................................................... to enjoy hacer una gira .................................................... to take a tour navegar ............................................................... to sail, to navigate regatear ............................................................... to bargain



Other useful words and expressions bello, -a ............................................................... beautiful estupendo, -a ..................................................... stupendous, wonderful famoso, -a ........................................................... famous siguiente .............................................................. next, following tal vez ................................................................... maybe, perhaps típico, -a .............................................................. typical en punto .............................................................. exactly (time) el rey, pl. los reyes ............................................. king, king and queen



Unidad 1: Al aire libre

Vocabulario Para hablar de actividades acampar / ir de camping ................................ to campandar ................................................................ to walk, to move dar un paseo .................................................... to take a walk, strollescalar ............................................................... to climb (a rock or mountain) hacer una fogata.............................................. to make a campfireperderse (e➞ ie) .............................................. to get lost refugiarse .......................................................... to take shelter

Para describir la naturaleza el bosque ........................................................... woods, forest la cascada / la catarata ................................. waterfall la cueva ............................................................ cave el desierto .......................................................... desert el lago ................................................................ lake la naturaleza ..................................................... nature el paisaje ........................................................... landscape el río ................................................................... river la roca .............................................................. rock el sendero.......................................................... path/trailla sierra .............................................................. sierra, mountain range asombroso, -a .................................................. amazing hermoso, -a ...................................................... beautiful increíble ............................................................ incredible

Para hablar de camping los binoculares .................................................. binoculars la brújula ............................................................ compass la linterna .......................................................... flashlight el mapa ............................................................. map el repelente de insectos .................................. insect repellent el saco de dormir ............................................. sleeping bag la tienda de acampar ...................................... tent

Para hablar del tiempo caer granizo ...................................................... to hail ver relámpagos ................................................ to see lightning oír truenos .......................................................... to hear thunder

Para indicar que sucede algo suceder .............................................................. to occur tener lugar ......................................................... to take place

Para indicar cuándo sucede algo al amanecer ..................................................... at dawn al anochecer .................................................... at dusk



al final ................................................................ at the end al principio ........................................................ at the beginning durante .............................................................. during mientras tanto ................................................... meanwhile un rato ................................................................ a while una vez allí ....................................................... once there

Para prepararse para un evento deportivo el entrenamiento .............................................. training entrenar(se) ....................................................... to train hacer un esfuerzo ............................................. to make an effort inscribirse ........................................................... to register

Para hablar de competencias deportivas el campeonato ................................................. championshipla carrera ........................................................... race la ceremonia ..................................................... ceremony el certificado ..................................................... certificate, diploma la competición / el concurso .......................... competition la medalla ........................................................ medalla meta ............................................................. goalel participante/ la participante ...................... participantel premio .......................................................... prize, awardel trofeo ............................................................ trophyalcanzar ............................................................. to reach contra ............................................................... againsteliminar ............................................................. to eliminateobtener ............................................................. to obtain, to get tener éxito ........................................................... to be successful vencer (c➞ z) .................................................. to beat

Para expresar emociones e impresiones asustar(se) ........................................................ to scare / to get scared darse cuenta de .............................................. to realize emocionarse .................................................... to be movedestar orgulloso / estar orgullosa de ............... to be proud ofimpresionar ...................................................... to impresspasarlo bien / mal ........................................... to have a good / bad timeanimado, -a ..................................................... excited desafortunadamente ...................................... unfortunately desanimado, -a ............................................... discouraged

Otras palabras y expresiones aparecer (c ➞ zc) ............................................ to appearasí ...................................................................... this way hacia ................................................................. towardsin embargo ..................................................... however



Unidad 2: Las bellas artes

Vocabulario Formas de arte la cerámica ......................................................... pottery la escultura ......................................................... sculpture el mural ................................................................ mural la pintura ............................................................. painting

Géneros de arte el autorretrato ...................................................... self-portrait la naturaleza muerta ......................................... still life el retrato .............................................................. portrait

Profesiones artísticas el actor / la actriz ............................................... actor el artista / la artista ............................................. artist el escritor / la escritora ...................................... writerel escultor / la escultora ................................... sculptor el poeta / la poeta ............................................ poet

Para describir una obra de artela figura ................................................................ figure el fondo ............................................................... background la fuente de inspiración .................................... source of inspiration la imagen ............................................................ image la obra de arte ................................................... work of art el primer plano ................................................... foreground el sentimiento ..................................................... feeling el siglo .................................................................. centuryel tema ................................................................ subjectexpresar(se) ........................................................ to express (oneself) influir (i ➞ y) ........................................................ to influence inspirar .................................................................. to inspire representar .......................................................... to represent

En el escenario el aplauso ........................................................... applause en vivo ................................................................. livela entrada ............................................................ ticket el escenario ........................................................ stage el espectáculo ................................................... show la obra de teatro ................................................ stage play

Otras palabras y expresiones el poema ............................................................. poemla reseña .............................................................. review el taller ................................................................. workshop



el público ............................................................ audienceestar de acuerdo con ....................................... to agree withmostrar (o ➞ ue) ................................................ to show opinar ................................................................... to be of the opinion / to thinkparecerse (c➞ zc) (a) ..................................... to look, seem (like) realizar ................................................................. to perform, to accomplish sonar (o➞ ue) (a) ............................................. to sound like volverse (o➞ ue) ............................................... to become a través de .......................................................... through

Sobre la música y la danza clásico, -a ........................................................... classical el conjunto .......................................................... band la danza ............................................................... dance el gesto ................................................................ gesture el instrumento ..................................................... instrument la letra .................................................................. lyrics la melodía ........................................................... melody el movimiento ..................................................... movement el paso ................................................................. step el ritmo ................................................................. rhythm

Sobre la actuación el argumento ...................................................... plot el director / la directora .................................... directorlos efectos especiales ....................................... special effectsel entusiasmo ..................................................... enthusiasm la escena .......................................................... scenela interpretación .............................................. interpretationla película ........................................................... movie

cómica ............................................ funny de acción ....................................... action de ciencia ficción ......................... science fiction romántica ....................................... romantic policíaca ........................................ detective story/mystery

el personaje ........................................................ characteractuar .................................................................. to act / to perform destacar(se) ....................................................... to stand out exagerar .............................................................. to exaggerate tratarse de ............................................................ to be abouthacer el papel de ___ ....................................... to play the role of ___ identificarse con ................................................ to identify oneself with interpretar ......................................................... to interpret conmovedor, -a ................................................. moving, touching doblado, -a ......................................................... dubbeden versión original ............................................. original version



Unidad 3: El bienestar

Vocabulario Los síntomas y las medicinas la alergia ............................................................. allergy el antibiótico ....................................................... antibiotic la aspirina ............................................................ aspirin la enfermedad ................................................... illness la fiebre ............................................................... fever el grado centígrado .......................................... centigrade degree la gripe ................................................................ flu el jarabe .............................................................. syrup la tos ..................................................................... cough enfermarse .......................................................... to get sick estar resfriado, -a ............................................... to have a cold estornudar ........................................................... to sneezetomar la temperatura ........................................ to take the temperature vomitar ................................................................. to throw up

Partes del cuerpo el corazón ........................................................... heart el oído .................................................................. ear la garganta ......................................................... throat el pecho .............................................................. chest

Estados de ánimo agotado, -a ........................................................ exhausted/worn out ansioso, -a ........................................................... anxious deprimido, -a ...................................................... depressed estresado, -a ....................................................... stressed out caerse de sueño ................................................ to be exhausted, sleepy concentrarse ...................................................... to concentrate estar de buen / mal humor .............................. to be in a good / bad mood estar en la luna ................................................... to be daydreaming preocuparse ....................................................... to worry sentirse fatal (e➞ ie) ......................................... to feel awful tener confianza en sí mismo, -a ...................... to have self-confidence

Actividades relacionadas con la salud aconsejar ......................................................... to advise aguantar ........................................................... to endure, to tolerate alimentarse bien ................................................. to eat well contener .............................................................. to contain cuidarse ................................................................ to take care of oneself desarrollar ........................................................... to develop estar activo ......................................................... to be active estar en forma .................................................... to be fit estirar ................................................................... to stretch evitar el estrés .................................................... to avoid stress



exigir (g➞ j) ...................................................... to demandguardar cama .................................................... to stay in bed hacer flexiones ................................................... to do push-ups abdominales ........................................... to do crunches ejercicios aeróbicos .............................. to do aerobics incluir (i ➞ y) .................................................... to include levantar pesas .................................................... to lift weights mantenerse en forma ........................................ to stay in shape perder peso (e➞ ie) .......................................... to lose weigh ponerse a dieta .................................................. to get on a diet ponerse en forma .............................................. to get in shape quejarse ............................................................... to complain relajar(se) ............................................................ to relax respirar ................................................................. to breathe saltar una comida ............................................. to kip a meal usar la cinta de correr ....................................... to use a treadmill

La nutrición la alimentación .................................................. nutrition, feeding los alimentos ....................................................... food el carbohidrato .................................................. carbohydrate la comida basura .............................................. junk food la energía ............................................................ energy la fibra .................................................................. fiber la grasa ................................................................ fat/greasela proteína ........................................................... protein la vitamina .......................................................... vitamin apropiado, -a ..................................................... appropriate equilibrado, -a ................................................... balanced nutritivo, -a .......................................................... nutritious saludable / sano, -a .......................................... healthy

Expresiones útiles el consejo ............................................................ advice la manera ............................................................ way el nivel .............................................................. leveldébil ..................................................................... weak fuerte .................................................................... strong aunque ................................................................ despite, even when

Expresiones del subjuntivo Es importante que ............................................... it is important that Es posible que / es imposible que ................... it is posible that / it is impossible that Es probable que / es improbable que ............ it is probable that / it is improbable that Es necesario que ................................................. it is necessary that Es una lástima que .............................................. it is a shame that

Expresiones del indicativo Es cierto que ....................................................... it is certain that Es evidente que ................................................... it is evident that Es obvio que ........................................................ it is obvious that



Unidad 4: La amistad

Vocabulario Adjetivos amable ................................................................ kind cariñoso, -a ........................................................ loving, affectionate celoso, -a ............................................................ jealous chismoso, -a ....................................................... gossipy comprensivo, -a ................................................. understanding egoísta ................................................................. selfish entrometido, -a .................................................. meddlesome, interfering honesto, -a .......................................................... honest íntimo, -a ............................................................. intimate sincero, -a ........................................................... sincere vanidoso, -a ........................................................ vain, conceited

Sustantivos la armonía ........................................................... harmony el chisme ............................................................. gossip el comportamiento ............................................ behavior la confianza ........................................................ trust el conflicto .......................................................... conflict la cualidad .......................................................... quality la explicación .................................................... explanation el malentendido ................................................. misunderstanding la pelea ............................................................... fight el secreto ............................................................ secret

Verbos acusar .................................................................. to accuse alegrarse ............................................................. to be delighted apoyar(se) .......................................................... to support, to back (each other) atreverse ............................................................. to dare colaborar ............................................................ to collaborate confiar (i ➞ í) ...................................................... to trust contar con (o ➞ ue) ........................................... to count on criticar .................................................................. to criticize desconfiar (i ➞ í) ................................................ to mistrust enamorarse de ................................................... to fall in love withesperar ................................................................. to hope (for) estar equivocado, -a ........................................ to be mistaken guardar un secreto ............................................ to keep a secret ignorar ................................................................. to ignore mejorar ................................................................ to improve pedir perdón (e ➞ i) ........................................... to ask for forgiveness perdonar ............................................................. to forgive ponerse de acuerdo ......................................... to reach an agreement reaccionar .......................................................... to react



reconciliarse ....................................................... to become friends again reconocer (c ➞ zc) ........................................... to recognize, to admit resolver (o➞ ue) ............................................... to resolve romper con .......................................................... to break up withsoportar ............................................................... to toleratesorprender(se) .................................................... to (be) surprised temer .................................................................... to fear

Expresiones aceptar tal como (soy) ..................................... to accept (me) the way I am cambiar de opinión ........................................... to change one’s mind hacer caso .......................................................... to pay attention / to obey hacer las paces ................................................. to make peace pensar en sí mismo, -a (e➞ ie) ....................... to think about oneselftener en común .................................................. to have in common celos .......................................................... to be jealous la culpa ..................................................... to be guilty la diferencia de opinión ................................... difference of opinion juntos, -as ......................................................... together ¡Qué va! ............................................................... No way! ¡Yo no fui! ............................................................. It was not me!

Expresiones del subjuntivo esperar que ........................................................ to hope that temer que ............................................................ to fear that alegrarse de que ............................................... to be glad that preferir que (e➞ ie) .......................................... to prefer that querer que (e➞ ie) ........................................... to want that

me encanta que, te encanta que, ___ ........... I’m delighted that, you are delighted that, ___ me enoja que, te enoja que, ___ .................... I’m mad that, you are mad that, ___me irrita que, te irrita que, ___ ......................... it irritates me that, it irritates you that, ___me gusta que, te gusta que, ___ ..................... I like that, you like that, ___me molesta que, te molesta que, ___ ............ it bothers me that, it bothers you that, ___me sorprende que, te sorprende que, ___ .... it surprises me that, it surprises you that, ___

ojalá que .............................................................. let’s hope that



Unidad 5: El trabajo y el voluntariado

Vocabulario En el trabajo el anuncio clasificado ...................................... classified ad los beneficios ...................................................... benefits el cliente / la cliente ......................................... client la compañía ....................................................... firm / company el dueño / la dueña .......................................... owner la experiencia .................................................... experiencela fecha de nacimiento .................................... date of birth el gerente / la gerente ...................................... managerel puesto .............................................................. position el salario / el sueldo .......................................... salary la solicitud de empleo ...................................... job application

Los trabajos el consejero / la consejera .............................. counselor el mensajero / la mensajera ............................ messenger el niñero / la niñera ........................................... babysitter el repartidor / la repartidora ............................ delivery person el / la recepcionista .......................................... receptionist el / la salvavidas ................................................ lifeguard

Cualidades y características agradable ........................................................... pleasant dedicado, -a ...................................................... dedicated flexible ................................................................. flexible injusto, -a ............................................................. unfair justo, -a ................................................................ fair puntual ................................................................. puntual responsable ........................................................ responsable la responsabilidad ............................................. responsibility

Para la entrevista la carta de recomendación ............................ letter of recommendationel conocimiento ................................................. knowledge el currículum vítae ............................................. résuméla entrevista ........................................................ interview la habilidad ......................................................... skill la referencia ....................................................... reference el requisito ........................................................... requirement

El trabajo a tiempo completo ............................................ full time a tiempo parcial ................................................ part time



Actividades atender (e➞ ie) .................................................. to help, to assist construir (i➞ y) .................................................. to build cumplir con ......................................................... to carry out, to perform donar ................................................................... to donate elegir (e➞ i) ........................................................ to choose encargarse (de) ................................................. to be in charge of juntar fondos ....................................................... to fundraise presentarse ......................................................... to show up / to apply for a job reparar ................................................................. to repair repartir ................................................................. to distribute / to deliver seguir + gerundio (e➞ i) ................................... to keep on (+ -ing) sembrar (e➞ ie) ................................................ to sow (a seed) soler (o➞ ue) ...................................................... to usually do something solicitar ................................................................ to request

La comunidad el campamento de verano .............................. summer camp la campaña ........................................................ campaign el centro de la comunidad .............................. community center

de rehabilitación .............................. rehabilitation center recreativo .......................................... recreation center

la ciudadanía ..................................................... citizenshipel ciudadano / la ciudadana .......................... citizen el comedor de beneficencia .......................... soup kitchen el derecho ........................................................... right la gente sin hogar .............................................. homeless people el hogar de ancianos ........................................ home for the elderly la ley .................................................................... lawla manifestación ................................................ demonstrationla marcha ............................................................ march el medio ambiente ............................................ environment el servicio social ................................................ social servicela sociedad ......................................................... society

Acciones beneficiar ............................................................ to benefit educar ................................................................. to educate garantizar ............................................................ to guarantee organizar ............................................................. to organize proteger (g➞ j) ................................................... to protect

Expresiones a favor de ............................................................ in favor of a pesar de ........................................................... in spite of alguna vez .......................................................... sometime / ever en contra (de) .................................................... against me es imposible ................................................. it is impossible for me me encantaría .................................................... I would love to me interesaría ..................................................... I would be interested



Unidad 6: El porvenir

Vocabulario Profesiones el abogado / la abogada ................................ lawyer el arquitecto / la arquitecta ............................. architect el banquero / la banquera .............................. banker el carpintero / la carpintera ............................ carpenter el científico / la científica ................................. scientist el cocinero / la cocinera ................................. cook el contador / la contadora .............................. accountant el diseñador / la diseñadora ........................... designer el hombre de negocios .................................... businessman la mujer de negocios ........................................ businesswomanel ingeniero / la ingeniera ................................ engineer el jefe / la jefa .................................................... boss el juez / la jueza ................................................. judge el / la modelo ..................................................... model el peluquero / la peluquera ............................. hairstylist el / la periodista ................................................. journalist el programador / la programadora ............... programmer el traductor / la traductora .............................. translator el veterinario / la veterinaria ........................... veterinary

Cualidades ambicioso, -a ..................................................... ambitious capaz ................................................................... able cuidadoso, -a ..................................................... careful eficiente ............................................................... efficient emprendedor, -a ............................................... enterprising maduro, -a .......................................................... mature

Verbos ahorrar ................................................................. to save aumentar ............................................................. to increase averiguar ............................................................. to find out comunicarse ....................................................... to communicate contaminar ......................................................... to pollute curar ..................................................................... to cure dedicarse a ......................................................... to dedicate oneself to defender (e➞ ie) ............................................... to defenddesaparecer (c➞ zc) ........................................ to disappear descubrir ............................................................. to discover desempeñar un cargo ...................................... to hold a position diseñar ................................................................. to design enterarse ............................................................. to find out graduarse (u➞ ú) .............................................. to graduate hacerse ................................................................ to become inventar ................................................................ to invent lograr .................................................................... to achieve, to manage (to)



mudarse .............................................................. to move to negociar .............................................................. to negotiate obtener un título ................................................. to get a degreeprogramar ........................................................... to programproteger (g➞ j) ................................................... to protectprolongar ............................................................. to prolong, to extend reducir (c➞ zc) .................................................. to reduce reemplazar .......................................................... to replace seguir una carrera (e➞ i) ................................. to pursue a career tomar decisiones ............................................... to make decisions traducir (c➞ zc) ................................................. to translate

Sustantivos asociados con el futuro el aparato ........................................................... gadget el avance ............................................................ advance el desarrollo ........................................................ development la fábrica ............................................................. factory la fuente de energía .......................................... energy source el invento ............................................................. invention la máquina .......................................................... machine la mayoría ........................................................... majority los medios de comunicación .......................... media el ocio .................................................................. free time la realidad virtual ............................................... virtual reality el uso .................................................................... use tecnológico, -a .................................................. technological vía satélite ........................................................... via satellite

Otras palabras y expresiones el campo ............................................................. field la empresa .......................................................... businessla estrategia ........................................................ strategyel idioma ............................................................. languagela industria ........................................................... industry casado, -a .......................................................... married próximo, -a ......................................................... next soltero, -a ............................................................ single además de ......................................................... in addition toasí que ................................................................. therefore de hoy en adelante ........................................... from now on por lo tanto .......................................................... therefore tener en cuenta ................................................. to take into account

Expresiones del subjuntivo aconsejar que ..................................................... to advise that exigir que (g➞ j) ................................................ to demand thatmandar que ........................................................ to order thatinsistir en que ...................................................... to insist thatrecomendar que (e➞ ie) ................................. to recommend thatordenar que ........................................................ to order thatprohibir que ........................................................ to prohibit that sugerir que (e➞ ie) ............................................ to suggest that



Unidad 7: Los misterios

Vocabulario Descubrimientos el arqueólogo / la arqueóloga ....................... archaeologist la civilización ...................................................... civilization la escritura .......................................................... writing el hallazgo .......................................................... discovery la pirámide .......................................................... pyramid la representación gráfica ................................. graphic representation las ruinas .............................................................. ruins el símbolo ............................................................ symbolsagrado, -a ......................................................... sacred

Mitos y leyendas la creencia .......................................................... belief el dios / la diosa ................................................. god / goddess el extraterrestre .................................................. extraterrestrial la nave espacial ................................................ spaceship el origen .............................................................. origin

Para hablar de los fenómenos inexplicables la estructura ........................................................ structure la evidencia ........................................................ proof, evidence la explicación científica ................................... scientific explanationla función ............................................................ function el hecho .............................................................. factla teoría ............................................................... theory extraño, -a .......................................................... strange misterioso, -a ...................................................... mysterious

Para describir objetos el alto ................................................................... height el ancho .............................................................. width el centímetro ...................................................... centimeter el círculo .............................................................. circle el diámetro .......................................................... diameter el diseño .............................................................. design la distancia .......................................................... distance la esfera ............................................................... sphereel largo ................................................................. length el óvalo ................................................................ oval el rectángulo ...................................................... rectangle la tonelada ......................................................... ton el triángulo .......................................................... triangle asombroso, -a .................................................... amazing geométrico, -a ................................................... geometric(al) redondo, -a ......................................................... round



El universo el astrónomo / la astrónoma ........................... astronomer el eclipse ............................................................. eclipse el / la habitante ................................................. inhabitant la luna .................................................................. moon el observatorio ................................................... observatory el planeta ............................................................ planet el pueblo ............................................................. people / village la sombra ............................................................ shadow la Tierra / la tierra ............................................... Earth / land cualquier, -a ....................................................... any

Expresiones al igual que ......................................................... as, like o sea que ............................................................ in other words sino ....................................................................... but rather ya que ................................................................. because, due to

Verbos aparecer (c➞ zc) .............................................. to appear arrojar(se) ............................................................ to throw (oneself) brillar .................................................................... to shine calcular ............................................................... to calculate, to compute convertirse (e➞ ie) (en) ................................... to turn (into), to become contribuir (u➞ y) ............................................... to contribute cubrir .................................................................... to cover excavar ............................................................... to excavate existir .................................................................... to exist investigar ............................................................. to investigatemedir (e➞ i) ....................................................... to measure pesar (e➞ ie) ...................................................... to weigh ponerse (el sol) ................................................... to set (the sun) trazar .................................................................... to trace, to draw

Expresiones del subjuntivo dudar que ............................................................ to doubt that no creer que ....................................................... to not believe thatno estar seguro -a de que ................................ to not be sure that no pensar que (e➞ ie) ...................................... to not think that

Expresiones del indicativo creer que ............................................................. to believe that estar seguro -a de que ...................................... to be sure that pensar que (e➞ ie) ............................................ to think that saber que ............................................................. to know that suponer que ......................................................... to suppose that



Unidad 8: Nuestro planeta

Vocabulario Sobre la contaminación el derrame de petróleo .................................... oil spill el desperdicio .................................................... waste el pesticida ......................................................... pesticidela pila ................................................................... battery la polución .......................................................... pollution el recipiente ........................................................ container el veneno ............................................................ poison afectado, -a ....................................................... affectedcontaminado, -a ................................................ contaminated químico, -a ......................................................... chemical

Sobre los recursos naturales la protección ...................................................... protection económico, -a ................................................... economical suficiente ............................................................. enough

Verbos afectar ................................................................. to affect agotar(se) ........................................................... to exhaust, to run out atrapar ................................................................. to catch, to trap castigar ................................................................ to punish colocar ................................................................ to put, to place conservar ............................................................ to preserve crecer (c➞ zc) ................................................... to grow dañar ................................................................... to damage depender de ...................................................... to depend on derretir (e➞ i) ...................................................... to melt deshacerse de ................................................... to get rid of desperdiciar......................................................... to waste detener ................................................................ to stop disminuir (i➞ y) ................................................... to decrease, to diminish echar .................................................................... to throw (away) explotar ............................................................... to exploit, to overwork fomentar .............................................................. to encourage intentar ................................................................. to attempt limitar ................................................................... to limit preservar ............................................................. to preserve producir (c➞ zc) ................................................ to produce promover (o➞ ue) ............................................ to promote reciclar ................................................................ to recycle recoger (g➞ j) .................................................... to pick up separar ................................................................ to separate



Sobre los animales la caza ................................................................. hunting la piel ................................................................... skin la pluma .............................................................. feather salvaje ................................................................. wild (en) peligro de extinción .................................. (in) danger of extinction, endangered

Otras palabras y expresiones el agujero ............................................................ hole la amenaza .......................................................... threat la electricidad .................................................... electricity la escasez ........................................................... shortage la falta .................................................................. lack el gobierno .......................................................... government la limpieza ........................................................... cleaning estar a cargo de ................................................ to be in charge of tomar conciencia de ........................................ to become aware of tomar medidas ................................................... to take steps (to) excesivo, -a ........................................................ excessive grave .................................................................... serious a menos que ....................................................... unless debido a .............................................................. due to en cuanto ............................................................ as soon as tan pronto como ................................................ as soon as

Sobre el medio ambiente la atmósfera ........................................................ atmosphere la capa de ozono .............................................. ozone layer el cartón .............................................................. carton el clima ................................................................ weather el contenedor de reciclaje .............................. recycling containerel efecto invernadero ....................................... greenhouse effect el hielo ................................................................. ice la lata ................................................................... can el plástico ............................................................ plastic la preservación .................................................. conservation el (re)calentamiento global ............................. global warming el rescate ............................................................ rescue la reserva natural ............................................... nature preserve la selva tropical .................................................. tropical forest el vidrio ................................................................ glass

Animales el ave ................................................................... bird el águila calva, pl. las águilas calvas ............ bald eagle la ballena ............................................................ whale la especie ........................................................... species la foca .................................................................. seal el oso ................................................................... bearel mono ............................................................... monkey la rana ................................................................. frog

spanish iv going into spanish...

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