spanish conquistadors in the americas. in fourteen hundred and ninety-two, columbus sailed the ocean...

64
Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas

Upload: abril-freeborn

Post on 14-Dec-2015

225 views

Category:

Documents


5 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Spanish ConquistadorsIN the Americas

Page 2: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Page 3: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Inception of the Scientific Method

• Hypothesis: It is possible to reach the Orient by sailing West

• Experimentation: Voyages of Discovery• Analysis: There are two large land masses

blocking access to the East• Conclusion: Two new continents – North

and South America

Page 4: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Engraving by Theodore DeBry

• The Age of Exploration presented enormous challenges and dilemmas to the world view of European civilization.• Even Columbus wavered

between this fervent hope that he had discovered the Garden of Eden and his desire to exploit the riches and peoples of the New World.

Page 5: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue
Page 6: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Hispanic Exploration and Conquest1492 – 1542

Spain and Portugal • In one generation Hispanics explored and colonized

over half the earth & waters • During the period of exploration, in one generation,

approximately 300,000 Spaniards had emigrated to the New World

• They established over 200 cities and towns throughout the Americas.

• In one generation Hispanics acquired more new territory than Rome conquered in five centuries .

Page 7: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Spanish and Portugese Colonial Empires c. 16th c.

Page 8: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Major HispanicExplorations and Conquests

• 1492- 1504: Columbus’s 4 voyages to New World• 1500: Pedro Cabral (Portugese) discovered Brazil• 1501-02: Amerigo Vespucci (Italian) after accompanying

Spanish conquistadors decided that what they had discovered was not Asia, but new continents

• 1508-21: Juan Ponce de Leon explored Cuba, Jamaican and Florida –Cuban conquest: 1508

• 1513: Vasco de Nuñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and named the Pacific ocean

Detailed chronology of Spanish explorations and conquests

Page 9: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Major HispanicExplorations and Conquests

• 1519- 22: Ferdinand Magellan's crew & ship, completed voyage of circumnavigation.

• 1519-21: Hernando Cortez’s conquest of the Aztecs in Mexico

• 1531: Francisco Pizarro’s conquest of the Incas in Peru• 1540: Vasquéz de Coronado explores California, Kansas,

Arizona, New México, Texas, Oklahoma.• 1539-42: Hernando de Soto explores SE United States and

discovers Mississippi River

Detailed chronology of Spanish explorations and conquests

Page 10: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Spanish Conquistadors in Florida

Ponce de León’s Explorations: 1513-1521 Panfilo de Narvaez’s Explorations: 1527-28 Hernando de Soto’s Explorations across southern North

America: 1538-1542; discovered Mississippi River Fray Luis Cancer’s failed missionary attempt: 1549 Tristan de Luna created garrison at Pensacola: 1559-1561 Pedro Menéndez de Avilés built a fort at St. Augustine and

defeated the French at Fort Caroline: 1565

Page 11: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Ponce de León, who had accompanied Columbus on his second voyage and had colonized Puerto Rico, lost the Governership of that island to Columbus's son. In recompense, the king granted him rights to Bimini, legendary site of the fabled Fountain of Youth. In his Elegias de varonesillustres de Indias (1589), Juan de Castellanos, a veteran of numerous Spanish expeditions in the Caribbean and northern South America, describes the quest:

I return, then, to Juan Poncestrong in the gifts of Juno and Belona,in quest of greater undertakingsand service to the royal crown.He never wished to live in ease,although his station permitted it;and being free of his office,he wished to seek out this tale.

Ponce de León

Page 12: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Castellanos relates the tale of the miraculous waters at some length and with some humor although he scoffs at the search for "such foolish nonsense." Indeed Ponce de León never found the Fountain of Youth, but he did bump into the Florida peninsula:

To the north, then, they turned their course,accompanied by great difficulties,far indeed from the famed fountainand the prosperous dwellers in its land:but he discovered the peninsula which he named Floridabecause he sighted it on Easter Sunday.Having made this discovery, he returnedand asked to be made its adelanto.

Page 13: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

It was on Easter Sunday (Pascua florida in Spanish), 1513, that Ponce de León not only named the

peninsula, but by doing so, claimed it and incorporated it into the body of European knowledge..

Page 14: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

The Gulf Stream

• An important discovery, unrecognized by Ponce de León, was the existence of a river in the ocean: the Gulf Stream.

• The pilot, Anton de Alaminos, understood the importance of the discovery.

• By riding the current, the ships could be carried to a point where the winds would carry them back to Spain.

• This became the route of the later treasure ships.

Page 15: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Thomas Moran, Ponce de Leon in Florida -- 19th c

Page 16: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

De León's Return: Aborted Settlement

The King of Spain knighted Ponce de León and made him governor of Florida.

Ponce de León left Santa Domingo in 1521 with two ships carrying two hundred colonists and domestic animals. They landed near Charlotte Harbor.

The Calusa attacked, and Ponce de León was wounded. The colonists got into their ships and left.

Ponce de León reached Cuba where he died of his wounds.

Page 17: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

The indigenous peoples of Florida resisted and held off European settlements for the next fifty years despite numerous attempts

by Spanish conquistadors.

Page 18: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

The Conquest of Mexico During the year Ce Acatl ( One Reed)

1519

Page 19: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Aztec Empire1350-1519

Page 20: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Aztecs1350-1519

Aztecs came into the Valley of Mexico during the 12th and 13th century and rose to be the greatest power in the Americas by the time the Spaniards arrived in the 16th century.

According to myth, Huitzilopochtli told Tenoch to lead his people to a place of refuge on a swampy island in Lake Texcoco. When they reached their destination, they were to look for an eagle perched on a cactus.

At that location, they were to build their city and honor Huitzilopochtli with human sacrifices. The city they built was called Tenochtitlán, the city of Tenoch.

Page 21: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Aztec Foundation Myth

Page 22: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Hernán Cortés

• April 21, 1519 (Good Friday), Cortés landed on an island off eastern Gulf Coast with 11 galleons, 550 soldiers and sailors, and 16 horses

• Staked claim for God and King and founded a settlement Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz

• Sailed to Cozumel and rescued de Aguilar from the Mayas – valuable Mayan interpreter

• Took Malintzin/Marina as Nahuatl interpreter and mistress

• Burnt the remainder of his fleet and proceeded on to Tenochtitlán, making allies of tribes hostile to the Aztecs.

                      

Page 23: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

La Malinchec. 1505- c.1529

• Malinalli (Malintzin) was born to a noble family, but sold to a Tabascan chief by her mother to ensure her half-brother’s inheritance

• Brought from her native Nahuatl-speaking home of Veracruz to the Yucatan, she learned the Maya language

Page 24: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

La Malinche• Given to the

Spaniards by the Maya, she was baptized as Marina in 1519.

• She began to work for the Spanish as an interpreter between the Nahuatl and Maya and quickly learned Spanish.

Page 25: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

José Clemente OrozcoCortés and Malinche

La Malinche• She became Cortés’s

interpreter, confidante and mistress, called "la lengua de Cortés" (Cortés's tongue, or interpreter)

• Bore him a son, Martín, the first mestizo of historical note

• “After God we owe this conquest of New Spain to Doña Marina.” – Cortés

Page 26: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Moctezuma• Emperor of the Aztecs,

Moctezuma was aware of Cortés’s approach

• He sent Cortés a cordial message and gifts but warned against approaching Tenochtitlan

• The gold and finery whetted the Spaniards’ greed

• Although Moctezuma commanded a huge army, he feared to greet Cortés with a hostile force because of ancient legend 17th C. portrait, artist unknown

Page 27: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

The Prophecy of Quetzalcoatl’s

Return• Ancient legend

prophesied that Quetzalcoatl, the Plumed Serpent, the bearded, fair-skinned Toltec ruler-god would return in the year Ce Acatl to reclaim his kingdom.

http://www.cedarcreekclay.com/

Page 28: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Omens of Return

• Lake Texcoco flooded Tenochtitlan• The temple of Huitzlopochtli caught fire• The voice of woman wailing in the night

disturbed the city• Immense comets shot through the sky• A column of fire appeared every night for

a year

Page 29: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Tenochtitlán• The last city the Spanish had seen was Seville, the largest

in Spain, population: 60,000. London, Europe’s largest city, had a population of 100,000.

• Its site was fixed by the god Huitzilopochtli, who sent a sign in the form of a great eagle

Page 30: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue
Page 31: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Tenochtitlán

• Priests were everywhere. Like Spanish priests, they wore long dark robes. But the robes were stained with human blood, and their long hair was clotted with it, and while some of the blood was their own, most came from the human victims they slew daily.

• An essential part of the rituals conducted in the shrines crowning the shining pyramids was human sacrifice.

Page 32: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Sacrifice of PrisonersTo HuitzlipotchliCódice Magliabecchi., siglo XVI

Page 33: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

The Beginning of the End• Cortés met little resistence and on November 8, 1519 he crossed

the causeway over Lake Texcoco to enter Tenochtitlán.• Moctezuma personally went out to meet Cortés and his men.

Doña Marina interpreted what Moctezuma said for Cortés:• "Lord, you are weary. The journey has tired you, but now you

have arrived on earth. You have come to your city of México."• Then Cortés responded through Marina: "Tell Moctezuma that

we are his friends and that there is nothing to fear. We have waited long to meet with him." (Florentine Codex)

• Within a week Cortés seized the emperor, put him in chains and held him hostage.

Page 34: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Death of Moctezuma

• Cortés left Tenochtitlan to deal with a Spanish rival.

• In his absence, the Spanish attacked the citizens during a religious festival.

• The Aztecs rebelled.• Cortes tried to use

Moctezuma to appeal for peace, but the people hurled stones and arrows at him

• The Spaniards threw the body of Moctezuma into a canal

Page 35: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

La Noche Triste

• Cuitláhuac, Moctezuma’s successor, besieiged the Spaniards

• June 30, 1520, the Spaniards tried to escape but were attacked by the Aztecs – hundreds died

• Cuitláhuac died of smallpox, succeeded by Cuauhtemoc

• Cortés regrouped with Tlaxcalan allies

Page 36: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

CuauhtemocLast Aztec Emperor

• January, 1521, Cortés reentered valley of Mexico and demanded surrender

• Cuauhtemoc refused• Cortés attacked with a newly built

fleet and besieged Tenochtitlan• After a valiant resistance and an

80 day seige, the Aztecs, overcome by smallpox and famine, surrendered

• The Spaniards lay the Aztec Empire to waste, burned Tenochtilan, and levelled the temples.

Page 37: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

The Conquest of Peru1531-1572

Page 38: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Incan Empire 1438-1572

Page 39: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

The Incan Empirein Peru

• The Incan Empire was held together by military force and linked by an extensive road system.

• In 1548 Huayna Capac became the Sapa (Supreme) Inca

• In 1527 he received word that strange people with white skin and hair on their faces had arrived in floating wooden houses on the northern Peruvian coast.

• By the end of 1527, a smallpox epidemic arrived in Peru killing over 200,000 people including Huayna Capac

Page 40: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Incan Roads

Page 41: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Incan CivilizationHeavily indebted to Chimu civilization

and the Lords of Chan Chan Master assimilationists Reciprocity: Mutual commitment

between state and citizen Mit’a: labor tax Master road builders Gold artifacts

Page 42: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Quipus:databanks in colored

knotted cords

Page 43: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Civil War• After Huayna Capac died, his two sons Huascar and

Atahualpa vied to become Sapa Inca.• During the five-year civil war, hundreds of thousands of

people were killed. • The army of Atahualpa captured Huascar and executed

him. • Atahualpa declared himself the Sapa Inca and started to

go south to Cuzco. • Word continued to come to Atahualpa about the

approach of strange, bearded white people who wanted to meet with him. . .   

Page 44: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Pizarro Meets Atahualpa

Page 45: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Chronology of Conquest• 1526–1529 – Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro make first contact with Inca

Empire at Tumbes, the last Inca stronghold in the northern coast• 1528–1529 – Pizarro returns to Spain where he is granted by the Queen of Spain the

license to conquer Peru• 1531–1532 – Pizarro's third voyage to Peru, Atahualpa captured by Spaniards• 1533 – Atahualpa is executed; Almagro arrives; Pizarro captures Cuzco and installs

seventeen year old Manco Inca as new Inca emperor• 1535 – Pizarro founded the city of Lima; Almagro leaves for Chile• 1537 – Almagro seizes Cuzco from Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro. Manco flees to 

Vilcabamba, the new Inca capital• 1538 – Hernando Pizarro executes Diego de Almagro• 1541 – Francisco Pizarro is murdered by Diego de Almagro II and other supporters of

Almagro• 1544 – Manco Inca is murdered by supporters of Diego de Almagro. The Inca do not

stop their revolt.• 1572 – Viceroy of Peru, Francisco Toledo, declares war on Vilcabamba; Vilcabamba is

sacked and Túpac Amaru, the last Inca emperor, is captured and executed in Cuzco. The Inca capital of Vilcabamba is abandoned.

Page 46: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Death of Atahualpa, the last Sapa Inca on 29 August 1533 (Luis Montero)

Page 47: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Meanwhile, back in La Florida…

Page 48: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Panfilo de Narvaez

Panfilo de Narvaez arrived near Tampa Bay in 1528 with about 400 men.

The Uzita were initially friendly.

When the Spanish found a small amount of gold, they tortured the Indians in their search for more gold, silver, and enslaved natives to serve as guides and burden bearers.

Page 49: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Unwilling or unable to reveal the location of any treasure, Chief Hirrahigua had been forced to watch as his Mother was torn to shreds before his eyes by fierce

Spanish war dogs. Narvaez then ordered the nose of the chief to be cut off.

Page 50: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Hunting for Gold

The Indians told them that they could find the gold in the land of the Apalachee

Narvaez divided his men, sending part of them by ships while he himself marched north by foot

The four ships were told to coast north until another good harbor was found, finding nothing they returned to New Spain (Cuba).

In June 1528 Narvaez reached the area of Apalachee nation on the Georgia--Florida border. All the villages in the area were deserted and the natives were hiding.

Page 51: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue
Page 52: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Marooned The Apalachees waged

guerilla-war against Narvaez: the march forward changed into a route

The Spanish built rafts and drifted along the coast of Florida, landing near Galveston.

After eight years only three men survived, arriving in Mexico City: Cabeza de Vaca, Oviedo, and Estevanico of Azamor

Page 53: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

• Cabeza De Vaca: After a brief period of glory and renown, De Vaca returned to Spain and wrote a book which with vivid description and detail reports the entire de Narvaez-de Vaca adventure. But he fell out of favor and died in exile in Africa

• Estevanico of Azamor: a black Muslim from Morocco, he mesmerized the Mexican natives. He led two great exploration expeditions into California, Arizona and New Mexico, but he finally overplayed his hand. On the second, he had become so arrogant in his treatment of the Indians, they lynched him.

Page 54: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

The Original Pocahontas?

The frieze of the Rotunda of the United States Capitol

Page 55: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Juan Ortiz and Princess Hirrihigua

In 1528, Juan Ortiz, a member of the expedition sent from Cuba to find Panfilo De Narvaez, was captured by Chief Hirrihigua, who hated the white men because of the violence of Narvaez.

Juan Ortiz was condemned to death but Princess Hirrihigua, eldest daughter of the chief, pleaded with her father and saved his life.

Princess Hirrihigua saved Ortiz from death three times. In 1539, Hernando De Soto rescued Ortiz who became his

guide and interpreter.

Page 56: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Hernando De Soto Hernando De Soto had had

been with Pizarro in Peru and wanted to find his own gold-country to conquer.

In 1538 De Soto sailed from Spain with 600 experienced soldiers, weapons and livestock.

Page 57: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

De Soto’s

Landing

Page 58: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

• In 1539 De Soto reached Florida, and made a landing at Tampa Bay.

• He conquered the nearest village, and from there pillaged the whole area, attacking every village within his reach.

Page 59: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue
Page 60: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

.

De Soto died of fever in 1542 somewhere in Mississippi – he was buried in the river to hide his

body from angry Indians.

The remnants of his men finally managed to build boats and sail to Mexico

The frieze of the Rotunda of the United States Capitol

Page 61: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Spanish Colonization of Florida

Pedro Menéndez de Aviléz was sent to Florida to counteract threats posed by the French colony.

Menéndez landed on the coast at St. Augustine in 1565. After establishing a base of operations, Menéndez sailed

with five ships to Fort Caroline. When the Spanish sailed into the mouth of the St. Johns

River, they found the French ships there and tried to board them.

Unsuccessful at this attempt, they sailed southward back to St. Augustine, and began to build a fort.

Page 62: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Aviles marched his soldiers overland to Fort Caroline, made a surprise attack, and massacred all the inhabitants save those who declared themselves Catholic, the muscians, and some of the women and children. French soldiers, who later surrendered to Aviles, were also massacred at Matanzas Inlet. This

massacre put an end to France's attempts at colonization in Florida

Page 63: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Aviles de Menendez, conqueror of the Huguenots and founder of St. Augustine, was committed to building a permanent

settlement in Florida.

Ft. San Marcos in St. Augustinebegun 1672

Page 64: Spanish Conquistadors IN the Americas. In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue

The Spanish fort and town of St. Augustine that became the

first continuous European settlement in North America.