spain builds an american empire the voyages of columbus prompt the spanish to establish colonies in...
TRANSCRIPT
Spain Builds an AmericanEmpire
The voyages of Columbus prompt the Spanish to establish colonies in the
Americas.
The Voyages of Columbus
First Encounters• Genoese sea captain Christopher Columbus
reaches Americas (1492)• Thinks he is in East Indies, calls natives “los
indios”—Indians• Actually lands on an island, probably in the
Bahamas• Unable to find gold, he claims many islands for
Spain• In 1493, he sets out for the Americas again with a
large fleet• Spain aims to set up colonies—lands controlled
by a foreign nation
The Voyages of Columbus
Other Explorers Take to the Seas• Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal
(1500)• Amerigo Vespucci identifies South America as new
continent (1501)• In 1507, the Italian mapmaker names the
continent America • Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches the Pacific Ocean• Ferdinand Magellan leaves to sail around the world
(1519)• Magellan is killed, but some of his men return to
Spain in 1522
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Spanish Conquests in MexicoConquistadors• In 1519, Hernando Cortés—Spanish adventurer—lands in Mexico • He and others become known as conquistadors—Spanish conquerorsCortés Conquers the Aztecs• Cortés and 600 men reach Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán• By 1521, they conquer Aztec empire• Conquest aided by superior weapons, Native American allies• European diseases wipe out large numbers of AztecsAnother Conquistador• Spanish conqueror Francisco Pizarro leads force to Peru in 1532Pizarro Subdues the Inca• Pizarro kills Atahualpa—Inca ruler—and defeats the Inca Pizarro himself assassinated in June 1541Questions: What do you think of the actions of Cortes and Pizarro? What does the background and rise to power and fame of Pizzaro
and Cortes tell you about life and opportunities during this age?
Spanish Conquests in Mexico
Spain’s Pattern of Conquest• Spanish men and Native American women have
children• Result is large mestizo—mixed Spanish and native
—population
• Encomienda system—Spanish force Native Americans to work for them
The Portuguese in BrazilIn 1530s, Portuguese settle in Brazil, begin growing sugar
Spain’s Influence Expands
Growth of Spanish Power• Conquests in Americas bring great wealth to Spain• Spain enlarges its navy to protect ships carrying
treasureConquistadors Push North• Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain (1513)• In 1540s, Francisco Coronado explores Southwest,
finds little gold• Catholic priests set up missions in Southwest• In early 1600s, Spanish establish capital of Santa Fe
Opposition to Spanish Rule
Protests Against Mistreatment• Catholic priests protest mistreatment of Native
AmericansAfrican Slavery and Native Resistance• Spain abolishes encomienda system (1542)• Need for workers in mines and on farms met with
enslaved Africans • Some Native Americans resist Spanish conquerors• In 1680, Popé leads rebellion against Spanish in
modern New Mexico• Spanish driven out, but return 12 years later to stay
European Nations Settle North America
Several European nations fight for control of North America, and England emerges victorious.
Competing Claims in North America
Other European Claims in North America• French, English, Dutch start colonies in North
AmericaExplorers Establish New France• Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec• New France—French colony in North America• New France includes Great Lakes and Mississippi
River valleyA Trading Empire• New France is very large but has few inhabitants• Main activity of the colony is the fur trade
The English Arrive in North America
The First English Colony• King James permits investors to start North American colony• In 1607, colonists found Jamestown—English settlement in
VirginiaThe Settlement at Jamestown• Early years very difficult; many die, but settlement takes holdPuritans Create a “New England”• Pilgrims—group persecuted for religion—found Plymouth in
1620• Puritans—group seeking religious freedom—settle in
Massachusetts• Many families in Massachusetts colony, which begins to grow
The English Arrive in North America
The Dutch Found New Netherland• In 1609, Henry Hudson explores waterways for
Dutch• Dutch claim land, found New Netherland—now
Albany and New York City• Dutch focus on fur trade; welcome settlers from
other landsColonizing the Caribbean• European nations also start colonies in Caribbean• Large cotton, sugar plantations worked by enslaved
Africans
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The Struggle for North America
The English Oust the Dutch• New Netherland splits northern, southern English
colonies• In 1664, English force Dutch colonists to surrender
control• By 1750, about 1.2 million English settlers in 13
coloniesEngland Battles France• English settlers, pushing west, collide with French
possessions• French and Indian War—part of Seven Years’
War—begins (1754)• In 1763, France loses to Britain, gives up its
American colonies Image
Native Americans Respond
A Strained Relationship• French and Dutch fur traders get along well with
Native Americans• English settlers and Native Americans disagree
over land, religionSettlers and Native Americans Battle• Hostility often breaks out into war• Native American ruler Metacom launches attacks
on colonists in 1675Natives Fall to Disease• Wars are less deadly to Native Americans than
European diseases• Colonists use enslaved Africans to work in place of
Native Americans
The Atlantic Slave Trade
To meet their growing labor needs, Europeans enslave millions of
Africans in the Americas.
The Causes of African Slavery
Slavery in Africa• Slavery has existed in Africa for centuries, but was a minor
practice until the 17th Century
The Demand for Africans• Need for workers in Americas raises demand for enslaved
Africans• Africans withstand diseases, have farming skills, unlikely to
escape• Result = Atlantic slave trade
Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas
England Dominates the Slave Trade• From 1690 to 1807, England dominates slave
trade• About 400,000 enslaved Africans brought to
North American colonies, but brings many more slaves to sugar plantations in Brazil
African Cooperation• Many African rulers capture people to be sold
into slavery (not captured by Europeans)
Triangular Trade and Middle Passage
The Triangular Trade• Triangular trade—trade network linking Europe,
Africa, Americas• One trade route:
- manufactured goods move from Europe to Africa
- people move from Africa to Americas- sugar, coffee, tobacco move from Americas to
EuropeThe Middle Passage• Voyage of enslaved Africans to Americas known as
the middle passage• As many as 20 percent of Africans die on these
journeys Image Interactive
Slavery in the Americas
A Harsh Life• In Americas, captured Africans sold at auction
to highest bidder• Life is difficult: long work hours; poor food,
housing, clothingResistance and Rebellion• Africans maintain musical, cultural traditions• Some resist by breaking tools or working
slowly• Some run away or take part in revolts
Slavery in the AmericasResults of slavery in the Americas• Labor of enslaved people helps build
new societies • Enslaved Africans affect culture in Americas• Population in Americas changes
Question: Use your notes and information gained from the video to write two or three paragraphs on The Atlantic Slave Trade. Use the following headings as a guide:
Why the slave trade began and how it was justified. How it operated (you may use your “triangular trade” map
to help you explain this) What life was like for a slave The long-term effects of slavery in the Americas
The Columbian Exchangeand Global Trade
The colonization of the Americas introduces new items into Eastern
and Western hemispheres.
The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange• Columbian Exchange—global transfer
of food, plants, animals• Corn, potatoes from Americas become
crops in Eastern Hemisphere • New animals, plants introduced by
Europeans take hold in Americas• European diseases kill millions of Native
Americans
Global TradeChanging Economies• Wealth from Americas, growth of trade changes
business in EuropeThe Rise of Capitalism• New economic system—capitalism—based on
private property, profit• Increase in business leads to inflation—rising prices—
in Europe• Hauls of gold, silver from Americas cause high
inflation in Spain Joint-Stock Companies• Joint-stock company lets investors share risk,
profits of business• These companies help fund colonies in America
The Growth of Mercantilism
New Economic Policy• Policy of mercantilism emphasizes national wealth
as source of powerBalance of Trade• One way for nation to increase wealth: gather gold,
silver• Favorable balance of trade when nation sells more
goods than it buys• Colonies provide raw materials that home country
uses to make goodsEconomic Revolution Changes European Society• Economic changes spur growth of towns, rise of
merchant class• Still, most people are poor and live in rural areas
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