SPAIN AND INDEPENDENCE

THE FORMATION OF THE VICEROYALTIES.

CRISTOBAL COLOMBUS got the support of the CATHOLIC KINGS to find an alternativeroute to go to India.

On 3rd August 1492, he left Spain and started his trip (with Vicente

Pinzón and Martín Pinzón).

• On 12th October 1492, they landed in one of the Bahamas islands called Guanahani.Then, they discovered Cuba and “La Española”.

• The arrival of Colombus led to the conquer of America and the exploitation of its resources.

• After the conquer And the colonization, Spain divided the new American territories in big regions ruled by a viceroy: the Viceroyalties.

• This stage is known as“the colonial period”and it lasted fromthe 16th to the 19th century.

MAP OF THE VOYAGES

ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE VICEROYALTY

Economy: the life in the viceroyalty is supported mainly by the agriculture that included traditional native crops and someothers introduced by the Spanish. They developed livestock and the explotation of minerals.

Society: It was formed by:

- The Spanish, who were the smallest social group.

- The Creoles, who were the Spanish´s children born in New Spain.- The Mestizos,who were the Spanish and Indigenous´ children.

-The Africans, who were brought from Africa as slaves.- The Zambos, who were the African and natives´ children

-The Mulatos, who were the Spanish and Africans´ children.- The natives, who were the ones who lived in America before the colonization.

POLITICS IN THE VICEROYALTY

• Politics: The Real Audience limits the viceroy’s power and it has administrative functions.

The Visitators were sent from the Spanish Crown, like the viceroy. Their function was to know the situation of the government in the viceroyalty.

The Indias Council was the responsible of giving appointments, the writing of laws and the resolution of legal disputes between the autorities in the different viceroyalties of New Spain.

The Church was important to keep the peace in the viceroyalty, to teach the Spanish Language and they did the evangelistic work among the natives. It had an important influence in the government.

How many viceroyalties were there?

VICEROYALTIES’ MAP AND TODAY’S MAP

VICEROYALTY of THE NEW SPAIN

• “New Spain” was part of the Spanish Empire. It spread from some states of the USA to Guatemala in Central America. New Spain didn´t only owned this land, but also the Philippine Islands in Asia and some small islands in Australia.

THE INDEPENDENCE OF NEW SPAIN

• After the Spanish army had lost against Agustin of Iturbida, Vicente Guerrero and their soldiers, all the land was made independent.

• Mexico´s independence was the most outstanding event within this Viceroyalty. It was the result of a social and political conflict solved with force.

VICEROYALTY of THE SILVER RIVER

• This viceroyalty was created in 1776 by the king Carlos III. It was formed mainly by today´s Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, with its capital in Buenos Aires.

• The most remarkable man in its independence was “José de San Martín”. He was a soldier. whose actions were very important fo the independence of many countries.

INDEPENDENCE of THE SILVER RIVER

• In 1812, the North Army won the Tucuman´s fight. When the news arrived to Buenos Aires, “San Martín” led a movement with the objective of fighting the government and writing a constitution. The independence wasn´t inmediate but, step by step, little by little, eventualy they all became independent countries:

• ARGENTINA in 1820

• PARAGUAY in 1811

• URUGUAY in 1828

VICEROYALTY of NEW GRANADA

• New Granada was the present-day territories of Ecuador, Colombia, Panamá and Venezuela.

It was conquered under the Spanish king Felipe V’s reign in 1717. Its capital was established in “Santa Fe de Bogotá”.

INDEPENDENCE of NEW GRANADA

In 1810, a revolution exploted in “Santa Fe”. The people expelled the viceroy.

The last representative of the Spanish government in New Granada was “Juan de Sámano”, a viceroy who had no power in the land. When he knew about Simon Bolívar´s victory in 1819, he fled from Santa Fe and New Granada became independent.

VICEROYALTY of PERU

The countries that form this viceroyalty are the modern Peru, Chile, half of Colombia, Bolivia and half of Ecuador.

In 1776, the division of the viceroyalty of Peru began:

- Peru´s Independence:In 1821, the freer “José San Martín” declared the indepence of Lima. A battle ended the war in 1824, although Spain didn´t recognize the independence until 1879.

- Chile´s Independence: It began in 1810. The Argentinian troops commanded by “José San Martín”, after the Chacabuco´s battle, released Chile in 1817.

- Bolivia´s Indepence:“Simón Bolívar” defeated the royal army in 1824, at the battle of “Junín” and it was the previous step for the independence. The congressman “Manuel Martín Cruz” said: “If Romulus, Rome; Bolivar, Bolivia.” and the named the city in honor of the freer.

Bolivia´s Indepence:“Simón Bolívar” defeated the royal army in 1824, at the battle of “Junín” and it was the previous step for the independence. The congressman “Manuel Martín Cruz” said: “If Romulus, Rome; Bolivar, Bolivia.” and the named the city in honor of the freer.

VICEROYALTY of PERU BEFORE AFTER

THE LOST of CUBA, PUERTO RICO and THE PHILIPPINES

The loss of the last Spanish colonies was in 1898.Reasons:-The hard import and tax laws from Madrid´s Government harmed the

colonies, that could find better and cheaper products in the USA.

In Cuba and Puerto Rico, the Spanish hegemony was based in the interests of a reduced government that enslaved the town and put the Spanish interests in front of everything.

The Cuban problem gave an advice with the “Long War”(1868-1878). This facilitated the anticolony. In 1895 explote again the Independence Movement in Philippines and Cuba.

In this war, a new factor appeared: the American help to the Cubans, because of these two reasons:

• Economic interests: Cuba was the first sugar producer.• Strategic interest: the American people wanted the Caribbean .

A battleship called “Maine” in the Habana bay, where a lot of Americans died, caused that the USA declared war on Spain.

The USA army was superior to the Spanish, so they won the war.

In 1898, the Peace was signed in Paris and Spain gave Puerto Rico, Philippines and the Guam island to the USA, and Cuba obtained the independence because it was protected by the USA.

In Spain, the colonies loss is called “The Disaster of the 98” . It is named like this because of the economic loss,the territories loss and the human lifes loss.

That’s all, folks!!!

Thanks for

your attention