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8/2/2019 SpaceRace by Sana

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The Space Race was a mid-to-late 20th century

competition between the Soviet Union(USSR)and the United States (US) for supremacy in

space exploration.

Between 1957 and 1975, Cold War rivalry

between the two nations focused on attaining

firsts in space exploration, which were seen asnecessary for national security and symbolic

of technological and ideological superiority.


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The Space Race involved pioneering

efforts to launch artificial satellites,

sub-orbital and orbital human

spaceflight around the Earth, and

piloted voyages to th

e Moon.


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In 1955, with both the United Statesand the Soviet Union buildingballistic missiles that could beutilized to launch objects into space,

the "starting line" was drawn forthe Space Race.

In separate announcements, justfour days apart, both nationspublicly announced that they would

launch artificial Earth satellites by1957 or 1958.

On 29 July 1955, James C. Hagerty,president Dwight D. Eisenhower'spress secretary, announced that theUnited States intended to launch"small Earth circling satellites"between 1 July 1957 and 31December 1958 as part of theircontribution to the InternationalGeophysical Year (IGY).


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Four days later, at the SixthCongress ofInternationalAstronautical

Federation in Copenhagen,scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoketo international reporters atthe Soviet embassy, andannounced his country's

intention to launch a satelliteas well, in the "near future".

On 30 August 1955, Korolevmanaged to get the Soviet

Academy of Sciences to createa commission whose purposewas to beat the Americansinto Earth orbit: this wasthe defacto start date for theSpace Race.


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It effectively began with the Soviet launch of

the Sputnik 1artificial satellite on 4 October

1957.It concluded with the co-operative Apollo-Soyuz

Test Project human spaceflight mission in July

1975. The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project came to

symbolize dtente, a partial easing of strained

relations between the USSR and the US.


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Timeline of the Space Race

http://www.history.com/topics/space-race/videos#the-space-race


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Date Significance Country Mission Name

August 21, 1957Intercontinental ballistic

missile (ICBM)USSR

R-7 Semyorka SS-6

Sapwood

October 4, 1957 First artificial satellite USSR Sputnik 1

November 3, 1957 First animal in orbit (Dog) USSR Sputnik 2

January 31, 1958First US satellite;detection ofVan Allen

belts

USA-ABMA Explorer 1

December 18, 1958First communications

satelliteUSA-ABMA Project SCORE

Timeline of the Space Race


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January 4, 1959Artificial satellite

(Sun's)USSR Luna 1

February 17, 1959 Weather satellite USA-NASA(NRL)1 Vanguard 2

June 1959Reconnaissance

satelliteUSA-Air Force Discover 4

August 7, 1959Photo of Earth from

spaceUSA-NASA Explorer 6

September 14, 1959 Probe to Moon USSR Luna 2

October 7, 1959Photo of the far side of

the MoonUSSR Luna 3


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April 12, 1961 Human in orbit USSR Vostok 1

July 10, 1962

First

active communications

satellite

USA-AT&T Telstar

September 29, 1962Artificial satellite by a

non-superpowerCanada Alouette 1

June 16, 1963 Woman in orbit USSR Vostok 6

March 18, 1965 Extra-vehicular activity USSR Voskhod 2

December 15, 1965 Orbital rendezvous2 USA-NASA Gemini 6A/Gemini 7


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March 1, 1966Probe lands on another

planet - VenusUSSR Venera 3

March 16, 1966In-orbit rendezvous and

dockingUSA-NASA Gemini 8

December 24, 1968 Manned Lunar orbit USA-NASA Apollo 8

July 20, 1969 Human on the Moon USA-NASA Apollo 11

April 23, 1971 Space station USSR Salyut 1

November 14, 1971Satellite orbits another

planet -MarsUSA-NASA Mariner 9

November 9, 1972Geostationarycommunicatio

ns satelliteCanada-BCE Anik A1

July 15, 1975 First U.S.-USSR joint mission USSR USA-NASA Apollo-Soyuz Test Project


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The Space Race sparked unprecedented increasesin spending on education and pure research,

which accelerated scientific advancements andled to beneficial spin-off technologies. Anunforeseen effect was that the Space Racecontributed to the birth of the environmental

movement; the first color pictures of Earth takenfrom deep space were used as icons by themovement to show the planet as a fragile "bluemarble" surrounded by the blackness of space.


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Technologyespecially in aerospace

engineering, electronics and telecommunicati

onfieldsadvanced greatly during this

period. However, the effects of the Space

Race went far beyond rocketry, physics, and

astronomy. "Space age technology" extended

to fields as diverse as home economics andforest defoliation studies, and the push to

win the race changed the very nature of

science education.

Advances in technology and education


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American concerns that they had fallen behindthe Soviet Union in the race to space led quicklyto a push by legislators and educators for greater

emphasis on mathematics and the physicalsciences in American schools. The UnitedStates' National Defense Education Act of 1958increased funding for these goals from childhoodeducation through the post-graduate level. To this

day over 1,200 American high schools retain theirown planetarium installations, a situationunparalleled in any other country and a directconsequence of the Space Race


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Today over a thousand artificial satellites orbit earth, relaying

communications data around the planet and facilitatingremote sensing of data on weather, vegetation, and humanmovements for the nations who employ them. In addition,much of the micro-technology that fuels everyday activities,from time-keeping to enjoying music, derives from research

initially driven by the Space Race.


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The Environment

An unintended consequence of the Space Race is that itfacilitated the environmental movement, as this was the firsttime in history that humans could see their home-world as itreally appears-the first color pictures from space showed afragile blue planet bordered by the blackness of space.

Pictures such as Apollo 8's Earthrise, which showed a crescentEarth peeking over the lunar surface, and Apollo 17's The Blue

Marble, which for the first-time-ever showed a full circular earth,became iconic to the environmental movement.

The first Earth Day was partially triggered by the Apollo 8 photo.Astronauts returning from space missions also commented onhow fragile the Earth looked from space, further fueling calls for

better stewardship of the only home humans havefor now.


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