space radiation operations status, methods and needs neal zapp, nasa/jsc srag
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Space Radiation OperationsSpace Radiation OperationsStatus, Methods and NeedsStatus, Methods and Needs
Neal Zapp, NASA/JSC SRAGNeal Zapp, NASA/JSC SRAG
Space RadiationSpace RadiationA Fundamental Problem for NASA’sA Fundamental Problem for NASA’s MannedManned SpaceflightSpaceflight ObjectivesObjectives
• Legal, moral and practical considerations require NASA limitpostflight risks incurred by humans living and working in space to “acceptable” levels
• Radiation protection is essential to enable humans to live and work safely in space
• Astronaut radiation protection is addressed as part of the NASA Strategic Plan
Radiation ExposureRadiation Exposure
Principal Health RisksPrincipal Health Risks
Acute affects – of PRIMARAcute affects – of PRIMAR Affects potentially range from mild and recoverable to Affects potentially range from mild and recoverable to
deathdeath Much higher risk for exploration than for STS/ISS/LEOMuch higher risk for exploration than for STS/ISS/LEO
Long-term risksLong-term risks Cancer risk increaseCancer risk increase CataractsCataracts
Increase in cancer risk is principal concern for Increase in cancer risk is principal concern for astronaut exposure to space radiation for ISSastronaut exposure to space radiation for ISS
For exploration acute effects/syndromes For exploration acute effects/syndromes become much more an operational possibilitybecome much more an operational possibility
NASA Mission Support Team:NASA Mission Support Team:Space Radiation Analysis GroupSpace Radiation Analysis Group
Provide preflight crew exposure projectionsProvide preflight crew exposure projections
Provide real-time astronaut radiation protection supportProvide real-time astronaut radiation protection support
Provide radiation monitoring to meet medical and legal Provide radiation monitoring to meet medical and legal requirementsrequirements
Small group of health physicists, physicists, and Small group of health physicists, physicists, and programmersprogrammers 4 civil servants4 civil servants 7-8 contractors7-8 contractors
SRAG Real-TimeSRAG Real-Time Flight SupportFlight Support
Man console in Mission Control Center-Man console in Mission Control Center-Houston (MCC-H) 4 hr/day during nominal Houston (MCC-H) 4 hr/day during nominal conditionsconditions
Man console in MCC-HMan console in MCC-Hcontinuously during significant space weather activity and all EVA's
Space EnvironmentSpace EnvironmentSupport TeamsSupport Teams
NOAA Space Environment Center/Space Weather NOAA Space Environment Center/Space Weather Operations (NOAA SWO)Operations (NOAA SWO) Principle organization for providing space weather support to Principle organization for providing space weather support to
civilian customerscivilian customers Space weather equivalent to National Weather ServiceSpace weather equivalent to National Weather Service
EnvironmentEnvironmentNovember 00 SPE SMSAFE Shield
0
1
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9
10
0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00
time GMT 8/9 Nov00
mra
ds
/min
1
10
100
1000
pa
rtic
le f
lux
un
its
Dose rate
> 100 MeV protons
Defenses Defenses Protection MethodProtection Method Current MaturityCurrent Maturity
Orbital ParametersOrbital Parameters
Mission DurationMission Duration
ShieldingShielding ½½
MonitoringMonitoring
MeasuringMeasuring
Predicting/ForecastingPredicting/Forecasting
Phase of Solar CyclePhase of Solar Cycle
KnowledgeKnowledge
Space weather phenomenologySpace weather phenomenology Solar activity—terrestrial response couplingSolar activity—terrestrial response coupling Radiation environment inside geomagnetosphereRadiation environment inside geomagnetosphere Radiation exposure monitoringRadiation exposure monitoring Nuclear interactionsNuclear interactions Human response to radiation exposureHuman response to radiation exposure ½½ Human exposure risk assessmentHuman exposure risk assessment ½½
MeasurementsMeasurements Archival Archival
Environment characterization Environment characterization Crew medical record inputCrew medical record input Crew and area monitors – TLD, OSL, Crew and area monitors – TLD, OSL,
and CR-39and CR-39 TLD < 10keV/micron < CR-39TLD < 10keV/micron < CR-39
Operational or real-timeOperational or real-time Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter Charged particle spectroscopyCharged particle spectroscopy
Intravehicular (IV-CPDS)Intravehicular (IV-CPDS)Extravehicular (EV-CPDS, multi-axis)Extravehicular (EV-CPDS, multi-axis)
IP monitoringIP monitoring
NASA Passive and Active RadiationNASA Passive and Active Radiation Measurements in ISS OrbitMeasurements in ISS Orbit
Results--Individual RAM Exposure Results--Individual RAM Exposure Rates Relative to Vehicle AverageRates Relative to Vehicle Average
Lab Window
Airlock
SM SleepStations
TeSSAft End of SM,Near Treadmill
Near CWCsin Node
ExplorationExploration
Requirements GenerationRequirements Generation Crew exposure limitsCrew exposure limits Vehicle design limits (human exposure) – SPE drivenVehicle design limits (human exposure) – SPE driven Measurements – mission phase / typeMeasurements – mission phase / type Mass, time, complexity, budgetary constraints, etc.Mass, time, complexity, budgetary constraints, etc.
August 22nd, 2006August 22nd, 2006
Bob Rutledge, NASA JSCBob Rutledge, NASA JSC
Design of OrionDesign of Orion
“HOT”“COOL”
Final ThoughtsFinal Thoughts Must assume that the question of mission and/or crew Must assume that the question of mission and/or crew
safety impact of space weather operations is a “when”, not safety impact of space weather operations is a “when”, not an “if”.an “if”.
Highest risk mission element is surface EVAHighest risk mission element is surface EVA
Operations depends on monitoring and forecastingOperations depends on monitoring and forecasting
Measuring and understanding the space weather Measuring and understanding the space weather environment (dynamics) is a direct enabler of space environment (dynamics) is a direct enabler of space exploration.exploration.
Today’s climate dictates a blurring of the lines between Today’s climate dictates a blurring of the lines between “research” and “operations” as applied to space weather.“research” and “operations” as applied to space weather.