space exploration and technology_1
TRANSCRIPT
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Space Exploration
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What is aRocket?
A rocket is amachine that
uses escapinggas to move
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Modern Rocketry
Robert Goddard isknown as the fatherof modern rocketry.
American inventorand physicist
Launched the firstsuccessful liquid fuelrocket in 1926.Hetested more than 150rocket engines.
By WWII his workbecame of interest tothe US military.
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Goddards First Rocket-Nell
On March 16, 1926, Goddard finished building aspin
dly, 10-ft. rocket he dubbed Nell, loaded it intoan open car and trundled it out to his aunt Effie'snearby farm.
Traveled upward at 60 m.p.h.Altitude of 41 ft. Entire flight lasted just 2 1/2 sec. but that was 2
1/2 sec. longer than any liquid-fueled rocket hadever managed to fly before.
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Goddard Moves to Roswell NewMexico in 1930.
Over the next nine years, his Nells grewfrom 12 ft. to 16 ft. to 18 ft., and theiraltitude climbed from 2,000 ft. to 7,500 ft.
to 9,000 ft.He built a rocket that exceeded the speed of
sound and another with fin-stabilizedsteering, and he filed dozens of patents foreverything from gyroscopic guidancesystems to multistage rockets.
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By the late 1930s, however, Goddard grew troubled. He had noticedlong before that of all the countries that showed an interest inrocketry, Germany showed the most.
Now and then, German engineers would contact Goddard with a
technical question or two, and he would casually respond. But in1939 the Germans suddenly fell silent.
With a growing concern over what might be afoot in the Reich,Goddard paid a call on Army officials in Washington and broughtalong some films of his various Nells.
He let the generals watch a few of the launches in silence, then
turned to them. "We could slant it a little," he said simply, "and dosome damage." The officers smiled benignly at the missile man,thanked him for his time and sent him on his way.
The missile man, however, apparently knew what he was talkingabout. Five years later, the first of Germany's murderous V-2rockets blasted off for London. By 1945, more than 1,100 of them
had rained down on the ruined city.
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Rebuffed by the Army, Goddard spent World War II onsabbatical from rocketry, designing experimentalairplane engines for the Navy.
When the war ended, he quickly returned to his
preferred work. As his first order of business, he hopedto get his hands on a captured V-2.
From what he had heard, the missiles soundeddisturbingly like his more peaceable Nells. Goddard'strusting exchanges with German scientists had given
Berlin at least a glimpse into what he was designing. What's more, by 1945 he had filed more than 200
patents, all of which were available for inspection. When a captured German scientist was asked about the
origin of the V-2, he was said to have responded, "Why
don't you ask your own Dr. Goddard? He knows betterthan any of us. When some V-2s finally made their way to the U.S. and
Goddard had a chance to autopsy one, he instantlyrecognized his own handiwork. "Isn't this your rocket?"
an assistant asked as they poked around its innards. "Itseems to be," Goddard replied flatly.
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Germany and the V-2
Many of Goddards ideaswere used to design theGerman V-2 rocket.
Wernher Von Braunworked for the Germanmilitary developing theV-2 rocket.
In 1945 Von Braun andhis research teamsurrendered to the USmilitary and the USgained 127 of the bestGerman rocket scientists.
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As part of a militaryoperation called ProjectPaperclip, he and his rocketteam were scooped upfrom defeated Germanyand sent to America wherethey were installed at FortBliss, Texas.
There they worked onrockets for the U.S. Army,launching them at WhiteSands Proving Ground,New Mexico.
In 1950 von Brauns teammoved to the RedstoneArsenal near Huntsville,Ala., where they built theArmys Jupiter ballistic
missile.
Von Brauns surrender to the
US Army, WWII.
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Wernher von Braun (19121977) was oneof the most important rocket developers
and champions of space exploration duringthe period between the 1930s and the1970s.
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In 1960, his rocketdevelopment centertransferred from the
Army to the newlyestablished NASA andreceived a mandate tobuild the giant Saturnrockets.
Accordingly, von Braunbecame director ofNASAs Marshall Space
Flight Center inHuntsville, Alabama, andthe chief architect of theSaturn V launch vehicle,the super booster thatwould propel Americansto the Moon.
Huntsville, Alabama washome to the facilities theUnited Statesgovernment used todevelop the country'sfirst space vehicles.
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Space Race- US and the SovietUnion
October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Unionsuccessfully launched Sputnik I.
The world's first artificial satellite was about thesize of a beach ball and took about 98 minutes toorbit the Earth on its elliptical path.
The public feared that the Soviets' ability to launchsatellites also translated into the capability tolaunch ballistic missiles that could carry nuclearweapons from Europe to the U.S.
That launch ushered in new political, military,technological, and scientific developments. Whilethe Sputnik launch was a single event, it markedthe start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.Rspace race.
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Sputnik-First Orbiting Artificial Satellite-
Soviet Union-1957
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What is a Satellite?http://www.gma.org/surfing/sats.html
Although anything that is in orbit aroundEarth is technically a satellite, the term"satellite" is typically used to describe a
useful object placed in orbit purposely toperform some specific mission or task
We commonly hear about weather satellites,communication satellites and scientific .satellites.
The path a satellite follows is an orbit.
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How are Satellites Used?
Satellites come in all shapes and sizes and play a variety of roles. Weather satellites help meteorologists predict the weather or see
what's happening at the moment. Communications satellites allow telephone and data conversations
to be relayed through the satellite.
Broadcast satellites broadcast television signals from one point toanother (similar to communications satellites). Scientific satellites perform a variety of scientific missions. The
Hubble Space Telescope is the most famous scientific satellite, butthere are many others looking at everything from sun spots to gammarays.
Navigational satellites help ships and planes navigate. Rescue satellites respond to radio distress signals Earth observation satellites observe the planet for changes in
everything from temperature to forestation to ice-sheet coverage.
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Military Satellites
Military satellites are up there, but much of the actual applicationinformation remains secret. Intelligence-gathering possibilities usinghigh-tech electronic and sophisticated photographic-equipmentreconnaissance are endless.
Applications may include:
-Relaying encrypted communications-Nuclear monitoring-Observing enemy movements-Early warning ofmissile launches
-Eavesdropping on terrestrial radio links-Radar imaging-Photography (using what are essentially large telescopes that take
pictures of militarily interesting areas)
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GPS- Global Positioning System
When people talk about "a GPS," they usually mean a GPS receiver. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is actually a constellation of
27 Earth-orbiting satellites (24 in operation and three extras in caseone fails).
The U.S. military developed and implemented this satellite network asa military navigation system, but soon opened it up to everybody else.
They are constantly moving, making two complete orbits in less than24 hours. These satellites are traveling at speeds of roughly 7,000miles an hour.
GPS Receivers can be found in newer model cars, airplanes, ships,telephones and in a handheld version.
It will pinpoint your location by latitude and longitude. It will show you the direction you are traveling and map out a route
you would like to travel.
' b l f f
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A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or more ofthese satellites, figure out the distance to each,and use this information to deduce its own
location.
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Space Exploration
Part 2
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Satellites
Satellites are used to transmit information as theyorbit the Earth.
They are used in weather, communications,
science, navigation and Earth observation.GPS satellites (Global Positioning System) allow
people to find their location anywhere on Earthand help planes, ships and cars navigate their
routes.GPS uses 27 Earth orbiting satellites.
Weather and communication satellites are useddaily and are in GEO, Geosynchronous Orbit.
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Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO)Satellites
A satellite in geosynchronous (orgeostationary) orbit are positioned a fixedpoint at approx. 21,000 miles above the
earth's surface.GEO satellites primary purpose is weather
imagery.
The GEO satellites above the US transmitweather imagery and information to helpforecasters relay weather information to us.
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GEO Satellites
http://www.satsig.net/sslist.htm
List of GEO satellites
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NASA
The launch of the first satellite, Sputnik,launch led directly to the creation ofNational Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA).
In July 1958, Congress passed the NationalAeronautics and Space Act (commonly
called the "Space Act"), which created NASAas of October 1, 1958.
http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/spaceact.htmlhttp://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/spaceact.htmlhttp://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/spaceact.htmlhttp://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/spaceact.htmlhttp://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/spaceact.htmlhttp://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/spaceact.html -
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Marshall Space Flight Center
Huntsville, Alabama
On January 31, 1958, rocket called aJupiter-C launched Explorer I, Americasfirst orbiting satellite.
1960 Von Braun became director ofNASAs new George C. Marshall Space
Flight Center in Huntsville where he andhis team would develop the Saturn rocketsthat launched astronauts to the moon in1969.
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Van Allen Belt
Data returned by Explorer 1 and Explorer 3(launched in March 1958) provided evidencethat the Earth is surrounded by intense
bands of radiation, now called the Van Allenradiation belts.
This was the first major scientific discovery
of the space age.
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Jupiter C Rocket
Explorer 1, First satellitelaunched by the US.
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Saturn V- Apollo 8 and 11
The Saturn V wasflight-tested twicewithout a crew.
The first mannedSaturn V sent the
Apollo 8 astronautsinto orbit around theMoon in December1968.
After two more
missions to test thelunar landing vehicle,in July 1969 a SaturnV launched the crewof Apollo 11 to the
first manned landingon the Moon.
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First on the Moon-Apollo 11- July1969
The US was the first to put a man on themoon.
Launched on July 16, 1969, it carried
Commander Neil Alden Armstrong,Command Module Pilot Michael Collins andLunar Module Pilot Edwin Eugene 'Buzz'
Aldrin, Jr.
On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin becamethe first humans to land on the Moon.
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Video Clips from the moon.
http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11v_1092338.mpg
http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11f.1093
409.movhttp://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11f.1093
543.mov
http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.v1100253.mov
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Space Shuttle
On January 5, 1972, President RichardM. Nixon announced plans to developthe Space Shuttle for routine access to
space. It would be launched like arocket but would land like an airplane.
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Space Shuttle
April 12, 1981 marked a new era in the history of space flight.
The worlds first reusable space vehicle, the Space Shuttle,powered by Marshall developed propulsion systems, was
thrust into orbit with two astronauts aboard.
This new chapter in the history of the Center would featureMarshall at the forefront of the nations space explorationefforts, among them launch of the Hubble Space Telescope in1990, responsibilities for more than 20 Spacelab missions, andmuch more.
One of Marshalls prime responsibilities included developingthe Hubble Space Telescope, an optical observatory that isreturning unprecedented views of the universe.
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SpaceShuttle
Hubble Space
Telescope
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Space Shuttle
On April 12, 1981, theSpace Shuttle Columbiabecame the first shuttleto orbit the Earth.
Flown by Commander
John W. Young andPilot Robert L. Crippen,Columbia spent 2 daysaloft on its check-outmission, STS-1, whichended in a smoothlanding, airplane-style,at Edwards Air ForceBase in California.
http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/columbia.htmlhttp://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/columbia.htmlhttp://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/shuttle/missions/sts-1/mission-sts-1.htmlhttp://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/shuttle/missions/sts-1/mission-sts-1.htmlhttp://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/stsref-toc.htmlhttp://history.nasa.gov/sts1/index.htmlhttp://history.nasa.gov/sts1/index.htmlhttp://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PressReleases/2001/01-21.htmlhttp://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PressReleases/2001/01-21.htmlhttp://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PressReleases/2001/01-21.htmlhttp://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PressReleases/2001/01-21.htmlhttp://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PressReleases/2001/01-21.htmlhttp://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PressReleases/2001/01-21.htmlhttp://history.nasa.gov/sts1/index.htmlhttp://history.nasa.gov/sts1/index.htmlhttp://history.nasa.gov/sts1/index.htmlhttp://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/stsref-toc.htmlhttp://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/shuttle/missions/sts-1/mission-sts-1.htmlhttp://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/columbia.html -
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Shuttle Disasters
In 1986, the shuttle Challenger
exploded in flight and theentire crew was lost.
The Space Shuttle Challengerdisintegrated 73 seconds intoits flight.
A member of its crew was a
civilian and first teacher inspace, Christa McAuliffe.
In 2003, while re-entering theEarth's atmosphere, theshuttle Columbia broke up overthe United States.
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Future of the Space Shuttle
While the space shuttles are a greattechnological advance, they are limited as tohow much payload they can take into orbit.
The shuttle cannot go to high altitude orbitsor escape the Earth's gravitational field totravel to the Moon or Mars.
NASA is currently exploring new conceptsfor launch vehicles that are capable of goingto the Moon and Mars.
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Space Probes
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Space Probes
Space Probes are used to gatherinformation about distant objects inthe solar system.
They are unmanned vehicles thatcan reach distances that humans
would not be able to reach. Space probes are made to conduct
science experiments and takephotographs.
Luna 1:
The first successful space probewas the Soviet Luna 1flyby of theMoon in 1959.
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Mariner Space Probe
NASA launched the first series of planetary probes,called Mariner.
Mariner 2first reached Venus in 1962. Later Mariner spacecraft flew by Mars in 1964 and
1969, providing detailed images of that planet. In 1971, Mariner 9became the first spacecraft to
orbit Mars.During its year in orbit, Mariner 9transmitted
footage of an intense Martian dust storm as wellas images of 90 percent of the planet's surfaceand the two Martian moons.
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Mariner Space Probe
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Space Probes TheMars Exploration Rovers: The Mars Exploration Rovers, Spiritand Opportunitylanded on Mars to
explore the Martian surface and geology, and search for and clues topast water activity on Mars. They were each launched in 2003 andlanded in 2004.
Voyager1:Voyager1is an 733-kilogram probe launched September 5, 1977. It iscurrently still operational, making it the longest-lasting mission of theU.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It visitedJupiter and Saturn and was the first probe to provide detailed imagesof the moons of these planets.
Voyager 1is the farthest human-made object from Earth, travelingaway from both the Earth and the Sunat a relatively faster speed than
any other probe. As ofAugust 12, 2006, Voyager 1is over 100AU, or9.3 billion miles from the Sun and has left our solar system never toreturn.
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Future Arrivals
Two missions have been launched and are nowmaking the long trips to their target solar systemobjects.
The Messengerspacecraft was launched in 2004and will arrive at Mercury in 2011. It will be onlythe second probe sent to that small, rocky planet.
The New Horizonsspacecraft was launched in2006, and will arrive at Pluto in 2015. It will be thefirst spacecraft to visit that very distant dwarfplanet.
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Space Technology in Everyday Life
In 2008, NASA will celebrate 50 years of exploringthe solar system and expanding human knowledgeof the universe.
The agencys pioneering research also hasproduced or contributed to such technologies assatellites, space-based telescopes and cell phones,and new products used every day in every nationthat have contributed to advances in health care,
transportation, public safety, consumer goods,environmental resources and informationtechnology.
E l f S T h l i
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Examples of Space Technology inour Everyday Lives
MRI Machine-In the mid-1960s, the Jet PropulsionLaboratory developed digital image processing toallow computer enhancement of moon pictures.
Today, digital image processing is used to createand enhance images of body organs in computedaxial tomography (CAT scans) and MRI.
FIRE RESISTANT MATERIAL use in spacecraft
materials and spacesuits now used in firefightersuits, homes, race cars and clothes.
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More Space Innovations
Temper foam used in prosthetics (artificial arms and legs). Enriched Baby food Scratch Resistant Lenses Portable coolers Trash compactorsAthletic shoes
Fogless ski goggles Self-adjusting sunglasses Invisible braces Portable x-ray device
Water Purification Cordless Tools Robotic hands To read more about Space Innovations click below: http://www.thespaceplace.com/nasa/spinoffs.html#chr
http://www.thespaceplace.com/nasa/spinoffs.htmlhttp://www.thespaceplace.com/nasa/spinoffs.html