space complexity
DESCRIPTION
Space complexity. [AB 4]. Input/Work/Output TM. Configurations. Brain Hurts. Time and space complexity. Def: The running time of T on input x is the number of δ transitions from the initial state to an accept/reject state. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Space complexity
[AB 4]
•Read only!
Input Tape
•Only tape counted
Work Tape
•Write only! No going back
Output Tape
2
Input/Work/Output TM
_ _ _ _ _ - -
_ _ _ _ _ - -
a a b a b - -
Input
Work
Output
Content: input tape
||N
Head position:
Input
N
Content: work tape
||S
Head position:
Work
S
the machine’s
state
|Q|
How many distinct configurations may a TM with input-size N and work-tape of size S have?
3
ConfigurationsWhat
about output
?
anbn
anbnan
anb2nan
Palindrome
anb2na4nb8n…
Brain Hurts
4
EXPPSPACE
NP
P
NL
L
Find
A problem in NL
Not known to
be in L
Time and space complexity
Def: The running time of T on input x is the number of δ transitions from the initial state
to an accept/reject state .
Def: The space complexity of T on input x is the maximal number of tape cells used
throughout the computation .
• Let t:NN be a complexity function
Definition:
Deterministic time:
•
Det. Polynomial time:
•
Det Exponential time:
6
Time-Complexity
k
knTIMEP
TM time-by decided | ticdeterminisntOLLntTIME
k
nkeTIMEEXP
EXPP
• Let t:NN be a complexity function
Definition:
• Deterministic space:
•
Det. Log space:
•
Det polynomial space:
7
Space-Complexity
nSPACEL log
TM space-by decided | ticdeterminisntOLLntSPACE
k
knSPACEPSPACE
PSPACE
L
• PPSPACE
Claim:
•a TM that runs t(n) stepsuses at most t(n) space
Proof:
• PSPACEEXPTIME
Claim:
• Next
Proof:
8
Space vs. Time
EXPTIME
PSPACEP
the content of the tape
the position
of the head
the machine’s state
Configurations
||s |Q|s
The recorded state of a Turing machine at a specific time
How many distinct configurations may a Turing machine that uses s cells have?
The Configuration graph
Vertices – All possible configurations
PSPACE EXP
Proof: A deterministic run that halts must avoid repeating a configuration
its running time is bounded from above by the number of configurations the machine has, which, for a PSPACE machine, is at most exponential
anbncn
Minimum Spanning Tree
Seating:
Hamiltonian Cycle
Tour: Hamiltonian
Path
Halting Problem
Name the Class
12
EXPPSPACE
NP
P
NL
L
The Strong Church-Turing thesis
"A probabilistic Turing machine can efficiently simulate any realistic model of computation.“
New Evidence that Quantum Mechanics is Hard to Simulate on Classical
ComputersI'll discuss new types of evidence that quantum mechanics is hard to simulate classically -- evidence that's more complexity-theoretic in character than (say) Shor's factoring algorithm, and that also corresponds to experiments that seem easier than building a universal quantum computer. Specifically:
(1) I'll show that, by using linear optics (that is, systems of non-interacting bosonic particles), one can generate probability distributions that can't be efficiently sampled by a classical computer, unless P^#P = BPP^NP and hence the polynomial hierarchy collapses. The proof exploits an old observation: that computing the amplitude for n bosons to evolve to a given configuration involves taking the Permanent of an n-by-n matrix. I'll also discuss an extension of this result to samplers that only approximate the boson distribution. (Based on recent joint work with Alex Arkhipov)
(2) Time permitting, I'll also discuss new oracle evidence that BQP has capabilities outside the entire polynomial hierarchy. (arXiv:0910.4698)
“Can machines Think ”?
Turing (1950): I PROPOSE to consider the question, 'Can machi
The question of whether it is possible for machines to think has a long history, which is firmly entrenched in the distinction between dualist and materialist views of the mind. From the perspective of dualism, the mind is non-physical (or, at the very
least, has non-physical properties[6]) and, therefore, cannot be explained in purely physical terms. The materialist perspective argues that the mind can be explained
physically, and thus leaves open the possibility of minds that are artificially produced.[7]
Are there imaginable digital computers which would do as well as human beings?
What are we?
• Was Alan Turing a computer mistreated by other computers?
• Will there ever be a computer passing Turing’s test?
• Can everything in our universe be captured as computation?
• Is there free choice?