southpacificstudies23(1)pp1-10

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South Paciflc Study Vo1 23,No l,2002

Jamu as Traditional Medicinein Java,Indonesia

Soedarsono RIswANl'2and Ha ni SANGAT RoENIANTY02

Abstract"Jamu" is a word in Javanese tribe language,which means the traditional medicine from plaToday,jamu has becn adoptcd into thc lndoncsian languagc and has become a common an

lndoncsian word with thc silnilar lneaning_Bascd on its uscs,jamu can bc distinguishcd intOcatcgories of mcdicincs,hcalth carcs,bcautycarcs(coSmctics),tOnics or bcvcragcs and bodylscndurancc or protcction This papcr discusscs thc rcsults on cthnocdicinal plant studics from sOmearcas in Java and also data from thc sccondary sourccs and rcfcrcnccsKeyords: jamu,traditional medicinc,Java,Indonesia

IntroductionThe utilization of plants as traditional inedicines caned'jamu"in Javanesc pcop

has been practiced for a long tilne.Jamu can consist of a single or a mixture of somemcdicinal plants.Thc word of'jamu"now has been adopted into lndonesian languagewhich mcans traditional medicincs.Thc Javancse jamu is now used widcly throughothe country, even in abroad likc in Malaysia and Brunci Darussalamhe modcrnJavanese jamu is manufactured in many big and modem industrics in Java.ThoseindustHcs havc bccn registercd by thc lndonesian Govemment through thc Departrncntof Hcalth(HARGONO,1991).At the prescnt timc,jamu is a part ofliving culturc in thccountry and it is uscd not only for cu ng discasc but also other uscs. According toTILAAR ,(1992),thc uSCS Of'jamu"arc groupcd into fivc catcgoHcs as follows;

1.mcdicinc2.health care3.beautycarc4.tonic and bcveragc5.body's protcction or endurance

Thc modem trend ofjamu productions is very easy to be consumed and caricpodcHng jamu is an example for nice and simplc packing. It is very casily tosobbcd with boiled water.Thcrc arc manyjamus in the folll1 0fpillThc present condition is the era ofjamu developmcnt.Now,it has been uscd to treatsomc common discascs and thercforc it supports to thc program of National Hcalth ilndoncsia.F the economic point ofw,jamu can be consumcd from the lowcrtohighcr lcvcl pcoplc,since the priccs ofjamu arc rclatly cheaper comparcd with thcVisiting Foreign Rcscarchcr,Research Center fbr thc Pacinc lslands,Kagoshima l niversity,1-21-24

Ko motO,Kagoshilna 890-8580,Japan2 Hcrbaum Bogo cnse,Research Ccntcr fbr Blology,LIPI,Jalan Raya Juanda 22,Bogor 161221ndoncsia


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South Paciflc Study Vol.23,No l,2002

modern lnedicincs or drugs.

Ailns and the Study AreasThC aiFn Of thc study is to collect infollllatiOn on ethno-lnedicinc or traditional

mcdicinc which is uscd daily by Javanese peoplc in the villagcs and conll only called'mu".The activities includc collection ofplants which are uall kinds of jamu products from some industries and an inf11lation conccming thcjamu in the traditional markets.The study arcas are at Ccntral Java,J,Yogyakarta,Scmarang,Surakarta,and Tawangmangu areas;East Java, . Surabaya,Malang,andLawang areas and West Java, J. ., Sukabulni, BogOr,Banten and outskirts Of Jakartaarcas.Data are also conccted froln the secondary sources and thc references.

Resultsl.History

Knovledgc about the traditional incdicines in lndonesia is quitc cxtcnsive bccauscof thc grcat diversity of its local cultures.Although thc greater part of thc lndonesianknowledge in traditional lnedicine of plants was innucnced by thc practice of Javancsetribe in using thcir traditional medicine ofplants,called`lamu''.

Thc origin and dcvclopmcnt of`jamu''itself is not completcly known.The carlicstevidcncc of internal and external use of herbs datcs back to thc cighth century. InCcntral Java, on thc wan of the BOrobudur Tcmple(thc largcst and biggcst ancientmonumcnt in the Southcrn Hemisphcre and thc world's largest``stupa" a domeshapcdof Buddhist Shrine),therc was a rclicf Of a``kalpataru"trcc.It is a mythologicawhich symbolized as livcs forcvcr.Bcncath the trcc,peoplc crushcd thc ingrcdicnts forthc preparation ofjamu.Pcoplc of Javancsc tc writc lhc prcscHptions Of jamu traditional lncdicinesplants in thc follll callcd``serat"or``primbon''.Thcse old documcnts(anCiCnt swcrc written on thc dv lcaves of lontar palm trcc(3sSL.)usuallyrittcn in Sanskrit or``()ld Javanesc''languagc.Somc ofthose ancient scripts are``ScratPmbon Jampi'', Scrat Racikan BOreh Wulang Dalenl'', Kalimusada Puratc Bolang'',sada Sa ", ``Usada Tctcnger Bcling'' and sada Tiwas Panggung"(SoEDIBJO,1989; 1990).All thesc ancient scripts arc kept and belongs to the King of PakubuvonoIX and X in Mangkunegaran Palace, Surakarta, Central Java. There is still anOthermanuscript of Javancsc Medicinal plants,1.c. ``Serat Kawruh Bab Jampi Jampi Jawi'',which published in 1831(SuTARJ )I, 1990).Thcy are all vcry important Javancsehcritages on traditional mcdicines of plants,sincc thcy are consist of many rccipcs ofJavancscjamu traditional mcdicines.

Jamu is a purc culturc of Javancse tribc pcoplc. Jamu is a word from Javaneselanguagc,which mcans a traditional mcdicinc plants.Today,thc word ofjamunationally uscd for all kinds OftraditiOnal rnedicincs.2.Species Diversity of Jamu PIaterials

BACKER and BACKHUIZEN(1963-1968)mentiOned that thc total numbcr spccies of


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the flowering plants in Java was about 4,500 species and about 14 16 /O of totalflowcHng plants(25,000 - 30,000 spccics)in lndOnesian archipelago. FurthcllllorC,HEYllE(1927)rcportCd that thcrc was 996 spccies of flowe ng plants which had becnuscd as traditional medicines in lndonesia, and hc mcntioncd that it would makc atotaHy l,040 spccics if including algac,fllngi,fcrand gymnospennae specics(Tablcl). KAZAH (1986)publiShed an index of medicinal plants in lndoncsia for aJapancsc modcm pharlnaccutical company in lndoncsia, P.T. EISAI Indonesia, listedabout 7500 spccics of uscful plants and about of 3689 spccics from all lifc forlns aremcdicinal plants.ZIIHuD (1994)rncntiOncd that about 1260 trcc spccics in tropicalrain forests oflndonesia arc uscd as incdicinal plallts

SANGAT RoEMANTYO and RISWAN(1990)based On thcir study in scveral villagesin West,Central and East Java,reportcd that 151 species of plants have been uscd asmedicinal plants by thc pcoplcs.Those an species belong to 125 gcnera and 57 families.The specics of Zingiberaccac, Astcraccac, Fabaccac, Euphorbiaccac and Lamiaccaecre the commonly used in thc Javancsc villagcs and among thcnl Zingibcraceac(gingcr family)waS thC most important plant family in thc making of traditionaljamu.Somc spccics ofthosc uscd as lncdicinal plants arc now gctting to bc vcry rarc and cvcnendangcr spccics, such as pulosaH

rB),jenitri(Ett,rsB),kayu rapet(P (JusS.)M01dCnkc),kayu kuning(_4g/7 (L.)Merr.)and regulo b`SCs scs Medikus).It theplant species is endemic to Java,thc status condition of spccics is gctting orst,such aspadma(RttJBl)which Javanese people use as traditional cosmetics.It isnovedifflcult to ind and bccolning a rarc spccics.

Table l:Total number of Species and Farnilies ofMedicinal Plants in lndonesia(baSCd On HEYIIE,1927)No. Group of Plants Fanlilies Specles1. Fungi:

a.Phycomycctcsb.Basidiolllycctcs

2 Algac:Agacalcs

3 1mpcrfcct fungilLichcncs4. Fern and allicdi

Ptcridophyta5 Anthophytal

a.Gyllmospellllaeb.Angiospellllac

l.Monocotylcdonac2.Dicotylcdoncac

Total

27

4138858

1040

3.Preparation and Serving of Jamuln the past, Javancsc people seemed to sense what thcy

health by the choicc of Hght food and a right way oflife.Notshould do to kcep theironly thc processed food,


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but also they consume thc freshly pickcd leaves or other part of plants to keep thcirhcalth always in the good condition. In casc of illncss or discascs,thcy madc ccrtaindccootions from the part of plants,such as lcat bark,fruit,flowcr,loots etc.forthcir illncss or discases.Thc prcscriptions ofthis traditional rncdicinc camu)aobtaincd frorn the villagc incdical practitioncr,which is usually cancd``dukun"(in JaVa).This tcm may bc silnilar with``pavang"in Bornco/Kalimantan,Indoncsia.The pcoplcin villagcs or rural areas collcct the plant mateHals from thcir homc gardens orsurrounding fbrcst.Bascd on thc prcparation manncr,jamu can bc distinguished into two digroups,those arc(1)jamu cOntaining only a singlc plant species and(2)jamucontaining two or morc plant species.Thcrc are somc mcthods or folllls tO Shich they have been practiccd in a traditional manner(1,2,3,and 4)and a new trend(5).They are as follows:

1.Jamu Scgar"Scgar'mcans fresh,thcrcfore the jamu is madcm thc frcsh plant matcrialsand drink itin the frcsh condition.So that,they can bc drank as frcshj2.Janlu Godogall

odog" mcans to boil, therefore "Godogani' means ``has bccn boiled". InJavanese languagc,thcjamu matcrials arc boilcd with the watcr,anboilcd watcr as a decoction is used for curing the discascs.Thc raw matels canbc dried or frcsh raw matcrials and thcn boil thcm. So that, thcy drink thcdccoction ofthejamu raw materials.

3.Jamu ScduhanScduh"trllcans``to sob"in Javanese language,and``scduhan"mcans that thcpowder ofthejamu raw matels have bccn sob with the boil watcrthey dk the suspcnsion of thc powder of thc jamu materials in ho'iSeduhan"is produced in jamu industrics,g,``Jago", "Nyonya Meneer" and''Sido_MunculH in Ccntral Java

4.Jamu(Dlesan"C)les" mcans to rtlb in Javancsc languagc. Therefore, "olesan" mcans thatrubbing thcir body to cure the discase by using cxtemal traditional incdicinc orjamu.Thc forlns ofthis extemaljamu arc called"pilis"and tapcl".Both are lia pastc ofjamu raw matcrials and usually in frcsh or wet conditions.SO ththcy put the pilis or tapel on thc disordcr part ofthc body.

5.Jamu in forln of Pills,Tablcts Or CapsulesToday,in thc modem culture,jamu can bc found in thc forlns ofpcapsules. Sincc it is very simple and easy to bc consumed,1lkcs other moderndrugs or incdicincs.

Jamu in the forln of gOdOgan,olesan,scduhan,pill,tablet and capsulc are now verycasily found in the drugstores,market,or supermarkct,alld except for`jamu segarJamu segar has to be boughtin the spccial homc industries.In Yogyakarta,thcrc arc two famous jamu scgar home industries,thosc are called"Jamu Jampi Asland"Jamu Ginggang".Javanesc jamu segar distributcs in tllc wholc country oflndonesia whcrc arc Javancsc pcoplc communitics.As mentioncd latcr,it is also foundin`jamu gendong",but thc kinds ofjamu arc lilnitcd(uSuany only 5 kinds o


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4.Culture and Philosophy ofJamuln thc Javancse culturc,thcy bclieve that all discascs are able to be cured.The way

ofthcir thinking is bascd on thc natural phenomcnon,such as``dark and light",1'sunHSeand sunset:1, 'Itoday and tomorrow",ctc. They believc that thc God has prcparcd thcmedicincs for cung of an discascs in naturc.Thcrcforc,thcy arc alays trying to looklor any mcdicincs in thc naturc.In thcir liJavancsc pcoplc also bclicvc that thc pcdof human lifc is started froln their billh until thcir death and thcy can bc dividcd into sixstages.thosc arc:

1)birth2)'Inonths old3)5)cars(fOr girls)Or 9_12 ycars old(fOr bOys)4)adult age5)marned6)deathJancsc pcoplc bclicvc that at the beginning of cach lifc stagc,human bcing is

enteHng a nc chanenge.It also means each a ncstagc oflife wince many kinds ofdangers or bad lucks.Thercfore,they have to do somcthing to against an thOsc kinds ofdangers or bad lucks. In thc past,thcrc wcre many kinds of ritcs and ccrcmonies thatmust bc obcycd and executed,starting of each stagc of thcir human lifc.Thosc arc fromthc birth of baby or cvcn whcn thc baby was stillin mothcrs womb(g.,"mitoni"thatis ' months old of thc prcgnant)until thCir death.People,particularly who live in thcrtlral areas or villagcs, arc still making thosc ccremonies. In cach ccremony, thcyusually use many kinds of plants(i.C.lCat flowCr,frllit,)whiCh Were collcctcd insurrounding area of their houses or in thc forcst. Today, those traditional tes aredeclining particularly in whom livc in the city areas and only a fewere carried out.Itis due to the influenccs ofthc rnoderll cultures.

Sirnilar to other ethnicroups in the world the knovlcdgc of Javanese traditionalmedicincs is usuaHy silnply passcd from generation to the next.They only prepared partof plants or a wholc plants,singlc or llnixturc ofplants,for keeping their health,incrcasebody rcsistant,curing discascs and also othcr purposes.

Othcr tcrlns, which thcy havc a c10sed connection ith the Javanese traditionalmcdicines Gamu)arC ncmponmpon","botckan"and`jamu gcndong".Emponemponand botckan are now still commonly practiced in the rural areas at the JavaneseThc similar thing is also practiced with thc`jamu gcndong''.Itis now nOt Only knowin thc many citics in Java but also outsidc Java.Thc bricf explanations of thosc terlnsarc as follows:a Empon emponiEmpon cmpon"has two rncanings,thosc arc:

1. Ernponempon mcans homc gardcn or``pekarangan"of rncdicinal plants. In thcrtlral arcas or Javancse villages,each farnily usually has its ovn garden for cultivatingthc medicinal plants.Thercforc,thcy can easily obtain and use any tilnc for cu ng thcdiseascs or for kccping their body's endurancc and hcalth This home gardcn usuallylocated at surrounding their houses.

2. EIInponcmpon also means a group of lncdicinal plants vhich it belongs to theginger family(Zingiberaceac), for examples, such as kunir"(C g L.),


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"kencur'(gL.), 'jahe" (Zi c Roscoc), and"laos"g(L.)Willd.).Emponmpon arc uscd for thc irst aids to hclp tsick person,usually bcfore thc patient is b ught to Public Hcalth Centcr(PuSatKcschatan Masyarakat)or mcdical doctor/physician.Somc empon cmpon spccics arealso uscd for spiccs,dycs,and omamcntal plants.b.Botekan:

"Botckanis a containcr or a boxhich lllladc fronood and it is uscd to storc thc : : illi:L :ll

'ITttf

'1:Tto 5 drawcrs insidc. Tablc 2 shows thc list of dricd plant matCrials that wcre usuany

storcd in thc botckan container or box.coJamu Gendong

"Jamu gcndong"is a fresh jamu in fom Of scng and sclling.Jamu gendong isinitially scr17cd tO whom ordcr this jamu.SO that,tllc scller must bHng thc jadoor to door.Evcn today,the scncrs ofjamu gendong can bc lnct,not only inbut also city arcas in Java,and cven in other islands of lndonesia, vhcre thcrcvereJavancsc peoplcs.

ThcvOrd''gcndong"itsclf rneans to bng sOmcthing On the back of a body.In cascofjamu gendong,the frcsh jamu is put inside cach bOttlc in bamboo or rattan basket.And they usc a long wide shav/1 called"selendang''for bging thc basket on the back.Thereforc,the jamu is called ttamu gendOngThe sellcr is usually a woman,not manand originated from Java.We call recognizc 5 kinds ofjamu which usually arthroughjamu gcndong.Those arc as follows:1.''Jamu bcras kencur":

It is used for tonics and rclicf OfbOdy pain aftcr hard wOrking.The lnain ingrcdicntsarc"beras",thc sccds Of thc ricc plant(0SL.)and thC rhizome Of"kencur'( L.).2."Jamu cabe puyang":It is uscd fOr curing a cold and fevcr and also for rclicf of pain. The mainingrcdients arc the fruit Of"cabe"(PVahl.)and the fruit of"puyang"(Z4gb"Val.).3."mu kunir asenl'':

It can be uscd fOr relicf of painingredicnt are thc rhizome of "kunir"(2rL.)

during a woman's mcnstruation. The main(C L.)and the fruit of ascm

4."Jamu paitan":It is uscd ibr appetizcr and digestion problcms and it composed ofrnany ingrcdients

of mcdicinal plant specics,amOng of them are``brotowali"( 4 bzBcumcc).5.IiJamu galian'1:It is uscd fOr increasing the body's cndurance and resistant against thc sickncss or


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Jamu as Traditional Medicine in Java,Indonesia

discases.It also contains ofrnany ingrcdients.Tablc 2.List of dried plant rnatcrials which stored insidc the"Botekan"No. Fanllly and Spccies Local name Part uscd(the uses)

1. Amaryllidaceael 9,L. bawang merah tuber(pru ent and ache)2..s L. bawang putih tuber(pru ent,b nchitis,febrifuge,

and bactericide)2. Apiaceac3.C tumba seed(carminat e,rclaxation,andsL. aromatic)3 Fabaccac4. s asem fruit(anti SCorbutic and laxative)

L4 Flacourticeae

5.Pg klewek fruit(aS Spices)`Relnw.5. Myristicaccac6. rtsr pala seed(rlleumatism,gastropods)

gS HOutt.6. Myrtaceae7.SyJg Cengkeh ower(toOth ache,rlleumatism and

carlninativc)Merr.&Pc8.S a salam leaf(carminative)(Wight)Walp.

7. Piperaceae9rL. meHca seed(c01d and carminat c)8. Poaceac10 Cb9 sereh leaf(diurCtiC and cosmetics) Rindle9. RutaccacH. s jeruk purut lcaf(cough and fever)sDC .10. Zingiberaceae

12.Besb" Schl.temu kunci rhizOme(diarrhea and scabics)13.Cu Val kunir rhizOme (itChes,diarrhca,lcvcr

and purities)14. g77gL. kencur rhizome (eXpectorant andsomatic)15.g lengkuas rhizome(rhCumatism and curia)(L.)Willd

16.ZigRosc iahe rhizome(Cough and carlninative)doJamu cekokln the rurallagcs,wc may still find a kind oftraditionaljamu,which called'jamucckok".That is a special fresh jamu for a baby undcr 5 ycars old and it is effectiv


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South Paciflc Study Vo1 23,No l,2002

thc increasing of baby and child appetitc."Cekok"Incans put in sOmcthingmouth by compulsion,sincc usually thc baby or child will rttcct duC tO this not nicc(uSually bitter)It iS a homcmadc jamu and it is made by initiaof eachfamily lbr their unhcalthy or sick childrcn.5Ethnobotanical and Social Aspects ofJavanese Jamu

Thc relationship bctveen human being and his envi ollmcnt has influenced theculturcs and traditiOns Of thc nations in the carth, such as lndonesian pcoples. Thisrelationship has cv01vcd ovcr thOusands of ycars on their cxpericnces and practiccs.Apart iom his carly life style as a nomad, human bcing had bcgun tO exploit hissurroundings by gathc ng plants from thc wild in thc forln of fruits,nuts,loots,leavcsand cercals to use for their"f00d",and it is used tO sustain their life.Some ofthe plantscrc also coHected fOr thc l'Inedicinall'purposes and othcr for"shclter",particularly inthe forln Ofrooftilc and Other cOnstruction rnatcls.

The closc relationship bctwecn Javanese pcople and plant spccics cOuld bc shownon thcir custOms,traditions,culturcs and thcir philosophy of lifc.Thc spccial casc isho thc Javancse peoplc devc10p thcir knowlcdge on using of plants as thc sourcc Ofmedicincs.SOme artifacts,data and cvidcnccs of thcir long and close rclationship viththc plants arc shon,such_as:a.jamu as thcir traditional mcdicinc hcritage

b.using ofplant inatcrials in thcir ritcs and cercmoniesc.documentatiOn of thcir traditiOnal medicine, such as in the

"prilnbOn".This artifacts arc wHtten in Sanskrit or 01d Javanese ldricd oflontar leaves as a paper

d. traditiOn in making cmponempon" and "bOtekan" in(mOStly in the rural areas)

folll1 0f"serati'andlanguage,by using a

cvery Javanesc houscs

6.Jamu lndustries and lts ProgressThc prOgress and devc10pment Ofjamu industrics in Java arc FnuCh Supportcconnection ith the cstablishent Of thc E)ircctoratc of Traditional MedicineAdlninistratiOn since 1975 by thc lndoncsian Govcmmcnt through thc Dcpartmcnt ofHcalth This DircctOratc has a duty to guide and stimulatc the devclopmcnt oftraditional mcdicinc prOduction (SOETRISNO,1977).To cOntr01 the standard quality ofjamu productiOn,cach mdustry has tO havc a liccnse gen by the Directorate of Dand Food COntrol,Departmcnt Of Hcalth.TOday,the totally more than 350 jamuindustrics havc dispcrscd into 20 provinccs Of lndonesia(HARGONO,1991).BcSidCS adomcstic cOnsumption,the jamu productiOns have bcen exported to abroad,whcrc thctotal cxport in 1981as accOuntcd to be ls 7.93 milllons and in 1990 tO bc USs 20millions(DHANUTIRTO,1990).

ConclusionThe Javancse pcOplc have used and practiced of traditional mcdicincs Of plants(`mu''),fOr a 10ng timc.Jamu was not Only for cug thc illncss Or discases(mCdiCincs),but alSO usc fOr othcr purposcs,suCh aS hcalth carcs,tOnics and bbeautyarcs,and body's endurances and protcctiOns.Wc can sccjamu in cvery plaJava and you can sce that thc 10cal pcOplc arc still practicing it.


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Thc word ofjamu has now bccn adopted as an lndoncsian word,which it means atraditional lncdicine and has becomc onc of the most popular words in a daily life,concenling of thc traditional lnedicincs.The traditional knowledge ofJavancse jamureally very important as basic study in link with the research for producing of a modcmmcdicinc or drugs.

ReferencesBACKER,C.A.and BAKHUIZEN van dc Brink Jr.1963 1968.Flora of Java.vol.lto 3.P.Noordhott Groningen,Netherlands.DHANUTIRTO,H.1991.Indonesian Medicinal Plants.Paper presented on the Workshop

``Drug Developmcnt,Biological Activity and Econonlic Gro vth".National lnstituteof Hcalth,Bcthesda,Washington D.C.,USA,March 13-14,1991.HARGONO,D.1991.Pcran usaha industri obat traditional scbagai sumber devisa negaradan pcnycdiaan lapangan kctta.In:Prosiding Symposium Pclcstarian Pcmanfaatan

Tumbuhan Obat dari Hutan Tlopis lndoncsia: 63-70.Dcpartmcnt of Hcalth,Indonesia.

HEYNE, K. 1927. Dc Nuttigc Planten van Nedcrlandsch lndie. W. van HoevesnGravcnhagc,Bandung.

ZAHARA,S.1986.Mcdicinal Hcrb lndex in lndoncsia.P.T.Esisei lndonesia,Jakarta.RATNASARI,E.(1986).Daya antibaktcri temulawak(C OrrhzRoxb.)dan kunyit(C as Val.)dalam ekstrak hasil fraksinasi dengan pclarut

bCrp01aritas mcningkat. In: Prosiding I Seminar Pcmbudidayaan Tanaman Obat.Univcrsitas Socdillllan,Punvokcrto,Indonesla.

SANGAT RoEMANTYO, H and RIswAN, S. 1990. Javanese mcdicinal plants: thcirdistribution and uses. Papcr prcsented on thc lntcm. Congrcss on TraditionalMcdicincs and Medicinal Plants,Octobcr 15-17,1990.Denpasar,Bali,Indonesia.

SANGAT RoEMANTYO,H.and RISwAN,S(1992).TradiSi pasangan tumbuhan obatalanli dalaln budaya Jawa. In: Prosiding Scnlinar dan Lokakarya NasionalEtnobotani. Feb 19-20,1992.Cisarua,Bogor,Indoncsia.pp.40-44.

SOEDIBYO, M. 1989. Falsafah Jamu scbagai Titik Pcngembangan Obat Tradisional.Paper presented on Sirllposiurn Kosmetika dan Obat Tradisional II. DepartemcnKcschatan,Jakana.

SOEDIBYO, M. 1990. Javancsc Traditional Mcdicinc. Paper prescntcd on thc lntcrnCongrcss Traditional Mcdicinc and incdicinal Plants.Dcnpasar,Bali,Octobcr 15-17,Indoncsia.

SOETRISNO,R.B. 1977.Problcms conccrlling thc usc of nativc crudc drugs in thcrapy.Procccd. thc 4th Sympiosiurn on Pharlnacognosy and Chcnlistry on NaturalProducts.University of Lcidcn,Netherlands.

SUTARADI.1990.Pengkttian dan Pcngcmbangan 1lrnu tentang Jamu lndonesia.Papcrprescntcd on Simposium Meningkatkan Citra dan Manfaat Jamu dan Obattraditional serta Kcamanannya tcrhadap KcschatanTubuh Manusia. 1 niversitasAirlangga,Surabaya.TIL ,M., SANGAT ROEMANTYO,H.and RISWAN, S.1992.Kunyit(C J,thC quccn ofjamu. In: Procccd. of thc Conl on Mcdicinal Productsfrom Tropical Rain Forests.May 13-15,1991.FRIM,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia.


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10 South PaciFlc Study Vol.23,No.1,2002

pp.67 72.Z ,E.A.M.,EKARELAWAN,RISWAN,S.1994.Hutan TropiL Indonesia sebagaiSunber K kara_n Plasm,Nutfah Tumbuhan Obat.h:Zl uE.AoM.and

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