SS8H6:Analyze the impact of the Civil War and

Reconstruction on Georgia. c. Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states, emphasizing:

• Freedmen’s Bureau• Sharecropping • Tenant farming• Reconstruction plans• 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the constitution• Henry McNeal Turner and black legislators• Ku Klux Klan

Civil War was by far the deadliest in American history

(still is today)

• Had to sell land to get cash.• Needed cash to pay taxes and buy equipment, livestock, seed, fertilizer,

and labor to rebuild.• Sold land for a fraction of the cost.• More small farms.• Blacks and whites became landowners.

• Shortage of workers.• Many white males had been killed or disabled during war.• After the war, many moved.• Loss of large pool of slave labor.• New work arrangement needed to be

made between blacks and whites.

• Money that had been tied up in slaves was lost.• Remaining capital in the form of Confederate money and bonds was worthless.• Very few farmers had money.• The only way they could get money

was to borrow it, but many Georgia banks had collapsed.

The Georgia in which the War-Weary Confederate Soldiers Returned Was Not as They

Had Left It...

What the men came home to in Georgia at the end of the war:

• farms were in ruins• homes, railways, bridges,roads were

destroyed or in need of repair• not enough food• banks were closed – Confederate money

was worthless• the state owed $20,000,000 in war debt• 25,000 Georgians had died of wounds or

disease – many more were crippled and could not work

sharecropping

An agricultural system common after the Civil War where landless farmers worked the land of a landowner who also supplied a house, farming tools, and animals, seed, and fertilizer in return for a share of the harvest

Sharecropping Tenant Farming

Landowner provides a house, land, equipment, animals, fertilizer and seeds.

The landowner issued credit to the worker to buy medicine, food, clothing and other supplies.

The landowner gets a share of the crop and crops to pay any debt owed.

Sharecroppers rarely had any cash.

Landowner provides house and land.

Landowner gets a set amount of cash or a portion of the crop at the end of the season.

Tenant farmers usually made a small profit.

Tenant Farming vs. Sharecropping

LINCOLN PROPOSED HIS PLAN IN 1863

JOHNSON PROPOSED HIS PLAN AFTER LINCOLN WAS

ASSASSINATED AND HE BECAME PRESIDENT

RADICAL REPUBLICANS IN

CONGRESS PROPOSED THEIR

PLAN

Sometimes called the

“10%Plan”

Lincoln’s Plan

• wanted to rebuild & return south to Union ASAP

• “Reconstruction” would have two parts:1.Southerners would be pardoned after taking an oath of

allegiance;

2.When 10% of voters had taken the oath, the state could rejoin the Union and form a state government.

• Plan was challenged: “Radical Republicans”• Confederate President Jefferson Davis was captured

and imprisoned.

Radical Republicans

*Wanted to punish the Confederate states

* They wanted to make sure the freedmen retained their new rights.

*Passed the Wade-Davis bill: military leaders would govern the Confederate states until they were allowed to return to the Union

• Millions of slaves were freed as a

result of the war• Problems of freedmen:

– Homeless, hungry, Uneducated, – free for the 1st time– no property or goods

• Many former slaves feared

re-enslavement• Most whites had difficulty

treating freeman as free persons

Designed by the Radical Republicans

Signed into Law by Lincoln

An agency that protected the legal rights of freed blacks.

The Freedmen’s Bureau

• Started as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands by U.S. government in Act – 1865

• Its job was to help freed slaves and poor whites with basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter

• The purpose shifted to education

• Set up 4,000 primary schools

– Started industrial schools for jobs training

– Started teacher-training schools

• Missionaries started schools like Atlanta University, Morehouse College, and Clark College

Freedmen’s Bureau As SeenThrough Southern

Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau As SeenThrough Southern

Eyes

Plenty to eat and nothing to

do...

Freedmen’s Bureau SchoolFreedmen’s Bureau School

13th AMENDMENT, 1865Neither Slavery Nor Involuntary Servitude, Except

As A Punishment For Crime Whereof The Party Shall Have Been Duly Convicted, Shall Exist Within The United States, Or Any Place Subject To Their

Jurisdiction.

RADICAL REPUBLICANS PASSED LEGISLATION WITH LINCOLN’S APPROVAL

Makes Slavery Illegal

PRESIDENT LINCOLN ASSASSINATED APRIL 14, 1865

MURDERED BY JOHN WILKES BOOTH, A LOYAL CONFEDERATE SOUTHERNER WHO BELIEVED THAT HE WAS

AVENGING THE SOUTH WHEN HE ASSASSINATED THE PRESIDENT

Lincoln was the first United States president to be assassinated

The nation was in a state of shock

As a native Southerner, President

Johnson showed some traditionally

southern views and did not promote equal right for the freedmen or involve freedmen in

the Reconstruction process.

Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan

• In addition to Lincoln’s requirements, President Johnson added a few more. Southern states had to: – approve (ratify) the 13th Amendment (outlawing

slavery);– nullify their ordinances of secession;– promise not to repay money borrowed during

the war.

Reconstruction Plans(Use your notes, p.300-301, 303-304)

Lincoln Johnson Racial Rep.

How to readmit the seceded states?

- 10% voters had to take oath = new state gov. – elect rep. to congress

- Nullify secession ordinance - Abolish slavery (13th amendment) - Promise not to repay debts

-Wade-Davis Bill-Majority of population take oath-Abolish slavery & equal protection (13th & 14th amendments)

Punish rebels? How?

High Confederate leaders excluded from pardon. Amnesty to all those that take oath of loyalty and pledge to obey all federal laws

-Pardons granted to those taking oath-No pardons to high Confederate leaders and persons that owned property valued more than $20,000

No confederate official could participate in the new government

Assist freed Slaves? None None Concern

Strengths Very lenient pardons; secession ordinance

Protection of former slaves

Weaknesses Lack of protection for freedmen

Lenient towards the South

Revengeful; national banking system, liberal land policies, Fed. Aid for RR.

President Johnson

appointed James Johnson as Georgia’s

provisional Governor.

• Governor Johnson held a Constitutional Convention.

1) Repealed the ordinance of secession

2) Voted to abolish slavery

3) Wrote a new constitution

• Elections were held in November 1865 for a new legislature.

• The General Assembly voted to extend rights to freedmen.

BECAUSE OF JOHNSON’S SOFT APPROACH TO RECONSTRUCTION, SOUTHERN STATES PASSED LAWS DESIGNED TO UNDERMINE

AFRICAN AMERICAN’S RIGHTS.

MANY FORMER CONFEDERATE OFFICIALS WERE ELECTED TO STATE GOVERNMENT

POSITIONS AND PASSED A SERIES OF LAWS KNOWN AS THE BLACK CODES.

Black Codes• Black Codes were laws passed to keep

freedmen from having the same rights as whites.

– Didn’t allow blacks: the same jobs as whites, the right to vote, the right to marry a white person, jury service, or the right to testify.

– Blacks could be: whipped as punishment, forced to work from sunrise to sunset six days per week, or put in jail if they didn’t have a job.

Congressional Reconstruction• Congress required southern states to ratify

the 14th Amendment.

• Georgia and most of the other southern states refused.

• Congress abolished these states’ governments and put them under military rule.

Granted citizenship to freedmen and required “equal protection under the

law.” All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the

United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within

its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

14th Amendment14th Amendment

33

MAP OF 5 MILITARY DISTRICTS

Georgia was ruled by General John Pope.

Pope was required to register all male voters –

black and white. These voters would elect new representatives to

form a new state government.

Constitutional Convention of 1867• Georgia male voters elected delegates to the

convention to create a new state constitution.

• Delegates = carpetbaggers, scalawags, and blacks.

• Accomplishments of the Convention:

– A new constitution ensuring civil rights for all citizens;

– Free public education for all children;

– Women were allowed to control their own property.

• Georgia had satisfied Congress, so General Pope and his troops left the state.

Constitutional Convention of 1867• Georgia male voters elected delegates to the

convention to create a new state constitution.

African Americans in Politics• The election of 1867 was the first time African

Americans had voted.

• 1868 – 29 African Americans elected into the GA House and 3 into the GA General Assembly

• Rev. Henry McNeal Turner was one of the first black men elected in Georgia.

• The African Americans elected to the General Assembly were expelled in Sept. 1868.

• It was argued by whites that civil rights laws gave blacks the right to vote but not to be elected.

Ku Klux Klan• Secret organization started as a social club for

soldiers returning from war (1866)– (Tenn & Indiana)– Wanted to restore the Democratic Party’s control in the

state.– Members hid behind robes & masks and terrorized blacks

to keep them from voting.

• Disbanded in 1869

• Force Act in 1870 and the Ku Klux Act in 1871

– suspend the writ of habeas corpus, suppress disturbances by force, and impose heavy penalties upon terrorist organizations such as the Klan.

KKK

• As a result, Congress passed “The Georgia Act” and sent troops back to Georgia.

• The act required Georgia to pass the 15th

Amendment giving all males the right to vote.

SS8H7• The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes

that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918.

• a. Evaluate the impact the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, International Cotton Exposition, Tom Watson and the

• Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank Case, and the county unit system had on

• Georgia during this period.

• b. Analyze how rights were denied to African-Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement,

• and racial violence.

• c. Explain the roles of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope, and Alonzo Herndon.

Economic Reconstruction• Without slaves, landowners needed laborers to

work their large farms.

• Two systems emerged: tenant farming and sharecropping.

• Cotton was Georgia’s most important crop.

• Continuous growing of tobacco and cotton ruined the soil on many farms.

• Railroads expanded across the state.

• Savannah and Brunswick became important shipping ports.

• Atlanta began its growth into an important business center.

The End of Reconstruction

• January 1870 – (By order of the GA Supreme Court )General Assembly reseated all African American representatives expelled in 1868,

• Approved the 14th and 15th amendments

• July 1870 – Georgia was readmitted to the Union

• December 1870 – Democrats regained control of both houses of General Assembly.

The Bourbon Triumvirate Powerful Democratic leaders

• John B. Gordon •Son of a minister

•Upson Co

•Newspaper

•Coal mine

•War vet (Civil War)

•Author

•US Senator

•RR

•Gov (2 terms)

•Gordon College

The Bourbon Triumvirate Powerful Democratic leaders

• Alfred H. Colquitt• Walton Co• War vet (Civil War)• GA Secession convention• Gov.(2 terms) – (Scandal)• US Senate

The Bourbon Triumvirate Powerful Democratic leaders

• Joseph Brown• Oldest member• SC/North GA (union)• lawyer – judge• Gov (4 terms)• Chief Justice• RR• Senator• UGA trustee• Pres. Atlanta BOE

The Bourbon Triumvirate

• Their goals were:

– expand Georgia’s economy and ties with industries in the North;

– maintain the tradition of white supremacy.

Contributions: lowered taxes, reduced debt, expanded industry

Decline of the Bourbon Triumvirate

• “Independent Democrats” criticized the Bourbons for not attending to the needs of the poor or improve education and working conditions in factories.

• Leaders William and Rebecca Felton worked to improve conditions for poor Georgians using newspapers to highlight problems in the state.

• The convict lease system “rented” prisoners to companies to use as workers. It took many years for the poor conditions the prisoners endured to be brought to light and changed.

Rebecca Latimer Felton

Attacked the Bourbons and eventually ended their influence.

She also fought for women’s right, temperance, the treatment of convicts, as well as, becoming a writer for the Atlanta Journal.

The Feltons were members of Populist Party. Populist is someone who supports the rights and interests of ordinary people.

She was the 1st women in the Senate.

Henry Grady

• Used his writing and speaking skills to lead a new movement that would bring BIG changes to GA. – Many of his articles and speeches stated that the South

could compete economically with the North.– Most famous speech was given in New York City and called

The New South.

• Editor of the Atlanta Constitution• Wanted to improve race relations, improve farming

techniques, develop and depend more on industries.• Worked with Antebellum politician Benjamin Hill

Henry Grady’s Legacy

Georgia

Institute of

Technology

Grady County, Georgia

Cotton Expositions

Unity between the North and the South

Northern

investment in

Southern

industry

Supported anti-

liquor laws, the

construction of

libraries, and

more care for

Confederate

veteransGrady Hospital

The New South• His 1886 speech had three main

points:– The U.S. was no longer two

separate nations -- Southerners had erased the Mason-Dixon Line

– The Southern economy had changed -- industrialization had replaced plantation agriculture

– Race relations had changed -- blacks were now partners in the "New South"

I attended a funeral in a Georgia county… They buried him in the midst of a marble quarry; they cut through solid marble to make his grave; yet the little tombstone they put above him was from Vermont. They buried him in the midst of a pine forest, but his pine coffin was imported from Cincinnati. They buried him within touch of an iron mine, but the nails in his coffin and the iron in the shovel that dug his grave were from Pittsburgh … Georgia furnished only the corpse and a hold in the ground.

International Cotton Exposition

• 1881, 1887, and 1895 • It was a way for cities to display the latest in

technological marvels.• Henry Grady was a great promoter of such events.

Augusta Cotton Exchange 32 8th StreetOnce the second largest cotton exchange in the world, the 1866 building was the site of the business activity of cotton farmers, brokers and buyers.

Circa 1920

Savannah Cotton Exchange

Arts of the New South

Joel Chandler Harris– From Eatonton, Putnam County– Humorist writer– Uncle Remus: His Songs and Saying– 25 years with the Atlanta Constitution

Sidney Lanier

• Born in Macon, but moved around a lot after the War

• Poet (wrote about Reconstruction days and the Georgia Coast)

• Fought in Confederate Army in 1861. • POW at Pt. Lookout, Maryland and caught TB.• They released him and he traveled around while

writing.

“And now from the Vast of the Lord will the waters of sleep Roll in on the souls of men, But who will reveal to our waking ken The forms that swim and the shapes that creep                         Under the waters of sleep? And I would I could know what swimmeth below when the tide comes in On the length and the breadth of the marvellous marshes of Glynn.”

Sidney Lanier

• Charles Henry Smith ( pen name Bill Arp)

– Lawrenceville, Rome, and Crawfordville

– Newspaper correspondent, Confederate soldier, state Senator, and farmer

– At death he had published over

1,250 articles in the Atlanta Constitution nown as known as “The Bill Arp Letters.” These

satirical letters made fun of politics,

politicians, and businessmen.

Arts of the New South, Continued

Education in the New South Era• Funding to provide elementary education for all

children in Georgia grew slowly from 1868-1895.

• Teachers were paid a little more than farm hands and had little or no training.

• Normal schools were started to train more teachers.

• The “school year” was only three months long which allowed children to work on farms or in factories.

The state constitution of 1877 did not allow for school beyond 8th grade and segregated black and white students.

The Junior Class of TexasNormal School for Negros

1879

Normal school in Georgia Around 1890

Agriculture in the New South Era

• Crop prices declined through the 1870s.

• The Grange and the Farmers’ Alliance started out as social groups but began to reorganize to put pressure on lawmakers to find ways to help farmers.

• Georgia created the first state to have a Department of Agriculture.

• Co-ops allowed farmers to work together to buy goods and equipment at a lower cost.

Tom Watson and the Populists

• Populist party: People’s party (members of labor organizations joined w/ the Farmer’s Alliance)

• Tom Watson: Advocate for Populist party (elected to GA legislature, congress)

• Futuristic reforms: 8 hr. workday, graduated income tax, restrictions on immigration, and government ownership of railroads, telephone, and telegraph services

Racial Tension in Atlanta

• Lingering tensions from Reconstruction

• Job competition

• Increased population (89,872 from 1890 to

1900)

• Increasing desire of African Americans

to secure their civil rights. (voting)

1906 Atlanta Riot

• 1906 Atlanta Riot: one of the worst race riots in U.S. history (10, 000 rioted)

• Tom Watson and Hoke Smith: spread racial fears

Atlanta Newspapers: printed several stories about African American violence against whites

Riot lasted 2 days, martial law was declared (25-40 blacks, 2 whites killed)

Alonzo Herndon (1858-1927)

• Slave, Sharecropper

• African American barber & entrepreneur

• Barber shop was attacked during the Atlanta Race Riot of 1906

• Founder of Atlanta Life Insurance Company

• Atlanta’s wealthiest black citizen

Booker T. Washington

• President of Tuskegee Institute (AL)• Eloquent speaker-famous for Atlanta

Compromise speech at the International Cotton Exposition

• Promoted black self-improvement • Author of Up From Slavery

A lithograph of Booker T Washington and President Theodore Roosevelt at the White House in 1901.

W.E.B. DuBois

• Atlanta University professor: promoted social and political integration.

• Worked with the NAACP: National Assoc. for the Advancement of Colored People

• Authored The Souls of Black Folks• Died in Ghana, African after renouncing his US citizenship

Washington v DuBois African Americans would

achieve social equality only through economic independence which would result from technical and vocational training.

" The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory is worth infinitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera house.“

"In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress."

• African Americans deserved social and political integration, which could be achieved by educating the “Talented Tenth” or the upper 10% of the African American population to serve as leaders for the nation.

• “Manly self-respect is worth more than land and houses.”

John and Lugenia Burns Hope and sons

John Hope• (Augusta); 8th grade education Worcester Academy

(Mass); Brown University; Teacher – Roger Williams University (Nashville); Morehouse College (1st black president); Atlanta University (president); NAACP (Advisory board)

• Married Lugenia Burns in 1897; the couple had two sons

• Worked to improve the living conditions of black people in Atlanta

• During World War I, as special secretary for the YMCA in France, he devoted himself to the welfare of black soldiers there.

• Died: Feb. 20, 1936.

Lugenia Burns Hope• (St. Louis, Missouri); Worked with a number of charitable

organizations in youth; Chicago Art Institute; Chicago School of Design; Chicago Business College

• Organized community services and worked for civil rights. (30 yrs)– Neighborhood Union; YWCA;s War Work Councils,

Hostess Houses; National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs, NAACP

• "Ignorance is ignorance wherever found, yet the most ignorant white woman may enjoy every privilege that America offers. Now . . . the ignorant Negro woman should also enjoy them."

• Died: August 14, 1947