Highlights of Agroforestry R4D in

Southern Africa

Festus Akinnifesi, PhD

Regional Coordinator,

Southern Africa Programme

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

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ZAMBIA

ZIMBABWEMOZAMBIQUE

MALAWI

HARARE

Zomba

LILONGWE

LUSAKA

Chipata

MAPUTO

Beira

Quelimane

BlantyreTete

25°0'0"E

25°0'0"E

30°0'0"E

30°0'0"E

35°0'0"E

35°0'0"E

40°0'0"E

40°0'0"E

25°0'0"S 25°0'0"S

20°0'0"S 20°0'0"S

15°0'0"S 15°0'0"S

10°0'0"S 10°0'0"S

0 100 200 300 40050

Kilometers

4

Legend

PSUA

Major City

Southern Africa Region

World Agroforestry Centre

Regional Characteristics

Regional Problems:Biophysical Socio-economic

1. Natural resource degradation:

Soil fertility decline

Deforestation

Uncontrolled fires:loss of biodiversity

2. Climatic problems: Unimodal and erratic rainfall; frequent droughts and floods

1. Poverty & food insecurity

2. Uncoordinated policies: less

attention to sustainability

3. Inadequate human resource

capacity

4. Lack of environmental

awareness

5. Undeveloped markets

6. Health (HIV/AIDS. Malaria)

Country Presence and Main Partners1. Malawi: Ministry of Agriculture & Food Security (LRCD, DAES, DARS; Dept Animal

Husbandry & Livestock Health (DAHLH); Bunda College, Chancellor College;

Mzuzu University; NGOs: Total Land Care, Concern WW, Concern Universal, CRS,

CBOs (Mapanga CBO); NASFAM (National Association of Small Scale Farmers in

Malawi);

2. Mozambique: IIAM, Extension, Ministry of Agriculture & Economic Activities,

Eduardo Mondlane.

3. Zambia: Ministry of Agriculture, University of Zambia, CFU,

4. Zimbabwe: Ministry of Agriculture & Extension Services, DR&SS, Department of

Forestry, Care International, CIMMYT, World Vision International, Adventist

Development & Relief Agency (ADRA), SEEDCO River of Life; Southern Alliance

for Indigenous Resources, Harare, Zimbabwe; University of Zimbabwe, Harare.

5. Regional/International

Katholieke Universiteit, University of California, Michigan State University, USA;

Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, UK; Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew, UK; Stellenbosch University, University of Pretoria, South Africa; University

College of Dublin (UCD);

Mapping of Partnership Model, AFSP, Malawi

DAES

MZUNI

DARSFD

NASFAMCWW

DAHLD

UNIMA

ICRAF

LRCDSSLPP

Land ‘o’ Lakes

OSED

SHA

FAIR

COOPI

Irish Aid

MDFA, CREMPA SHMPA

Livingstoniasynod DP

CU

IDEAA

FUM

CRS

CADECOM

DCP

ICRISAT

National Networks: Distribution of Partners in AFSP sites

within Districts and EPAs

Potential

scaling up

EPAs

PARTNERS

•DARS

•DAES

•LRCD

•FD

•DAHL

•NASFAM

•UNIMA

•MZUNI

•NGOS

•CBOS

Human Resources

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8

Scientific

Non Scientific

The ICRAF SA regional programme operates in five countries--Malawi,

Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

The core staff for the SA region are based in Lilongwe.

There are a total of 20 scientific to 10 non-scientific F/T staff.

Strategic Priority 1:

Livelihood strategy

Strategic Priority 2:

Environment strategy

Food and Nutrition

Security

Poverty

Reduction &

wealth creation

Climate change

Mitigation &

adaptation

•Fertiliser tree system

•Fodder system

•Tree crop system

•Woodlot system

•Smallholder timber system

•Economic & policy shocks

•Water management

•Carbon trading

•Bio-fuels R&D

•Integrated Pest Mgt

•Biodiversity conservation

•Ecosystem rehabilitation

•Natural resources

management (NRM)

Global Research Priorities (GRP)/ CRPs

Mitigating

Natural Resource

degradation

1. Supporting and improving

existing farming systems

2. Diversifying farm

enterprises mix

3. Boosting resilience to

shocks/risks/change4. Managing Biodiversity

•Diversifying options

•Tree products

•Enterprise development

•Economics of prodn

•Linking farmers to mkts

Fu

nd

am

en

tal

Ob

jec

tive

s

Str

ate

gic

Ob

jec

tive

sICRAF-SA Goal:

Generate agroforestry knowledge

and foster its use and impact on

livelihoods of smallholder farmers and

the environment

Institutions

Tree Genetic

Resources

& Domestication

Multifunctional

landscapes

Farm Scale

Diversification &

Intensification

Tree products &

Markets

Climate change

Mitigation &

adaptation

Rehabilitation

of degraded

lands

MDG 1 MDG 7

Positioning

Diagnostic &

Design

Best bet

technologies

?

1st

Generation

(Biophysical

suitability)

2nd

Generation

(On farm types

2&3;adoption

issues)

Pilot scaling up

•Extension

•Capacity

•Policy &

institutions

•Germplasm

•Partnership

•Massive

scaling up

Fertilizer

trees•Evergreen

Agriculture

Groan zone

Fertilizer tree evolution in SA

1987-90 1989-90 1990-95 1996-2000s 2001-20052007-date

Meta

decision

1. Knowledge

Key publications in the region include:

Soil C-sequestration;

Drought mitigation by Fertilizer trees

Trees with biopesticide properties used by farmers assessed;

Fertilizer trees synthesis,

Evergreen Agriculture,

Homegardens biodiversity,

mango meta-analysis;

Seed supply chain;

Farming insects;

Nursery research on irrigation

>25 publications: collective intelligence, synergies.

2.Models and Strategies1. Developed methodology for C-estimation in Faidherbia (Allometric

methods);

2. Developed and apply rain shelter method of quantifying effect of

drought on crops;

3. Modelled long-term climatic changes in fetilizer trees systems:

Results: farmers suffer nearly equally from drought and flooding.

4. Testing CATS Banks Model for germplasm supply;

5. Methodology developed for designing PES projects: what mechanism to use

to allocate contracts, who to pay and how much?

Results: higher compliance and tree survival under the auction bid

mechanism.

Drought Experiment

3. Quality Germplasm

COMMUNITY AGROFORESTRY TREE

SEED BANKS (CATS-BANKS)

AGROFORESTRY SEED FINANCING FACILITY (AFSF)

FARMERS

AGRI-INPUT DEALERS

Fin

an

ce

Seed loans

Seed supply

See

d p

urc

has

e

Tra

inin

g

Seed voucher

Seed purchase

Sta

rter

seed

lo

an

Rep

ay s

eed

lo

an

“se

ed

in

tere

st”

vou

ch

ers

fo

r se

ed

su

pp

lySeed voucher

Reimbursement for „CATS seed vouchers

Reim

bu

rsem

en

t fo

r se

ed

co

up

on

s

4. Capacity

Training approaches

1: Extension front-line staff

2: Grass-root organizations (Producer Associations, NGOs & CBOs)

3. Farmer groups/clubs

4. Lead farmers

Scaling up

33,723 farmers trained through partners

18 tons of tree germplasm distributed through partners

Capacity

1 Female Postdoc;

4 PhD Students trained (3 Female)

Outcome and Impact Progress

1. Adoption of agroforestry by small-holder farmers increased;

2. The ASWAp has formally mainstreamed Fertilizer Trees technologies in

the input subsidies in Malawi. A change of attitude!

3. Increased demand in tree seed prices hikes and is linked increased

promotion/support for agroforestry in the region;

4. Increased interests increased on the use of agroforestry knowledge for

climate adaptation strategies;

5. Policy affecting agroforestry reviewed by stakeholders: Policy options

identified.

New Opportunities & Challenges1. New opportunities

Evergreen Agriculture: attractive to donors

COMESA Climate change initiative

2. Grants, Ideas, Partners,

World Bank is interested in funding a joint project on C-markets;

IFAD proposal

Irish Aid next phase

SLM: GEF/UNDP

3. Constraints emerging

Funding is a constraint in the region, especially in 2011, as key projects

are at transition phase (Malawi, Zimbabwe). Process of moving to a

second phase may create delays.

Projects 2010-date

AFSP-food security

EA-Evergreen pilot project

CAT Bank—Community Agroforestry Tree Seeds

NASFAM/AGRA Project

EA (EA/SA)—joint with EA

DFID—PRP II

EU—research project on biopesticide

Looking Ahead

R4D on Fertilizer trees and Evergreen Agriculture

will continue to be important in the region;

Increasing global interest in Climate Change seems

to be raising the profile of agroforestry in the region;

There is increasing prospects of bilateral funding

opportunities in the region;

High prospects for engaging with CRPs 1& 6.