southeast asia. burma thailand laos cambodia vietnam malaysia indonesiaindonesia philippine east...
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Burma
Thailand
Laos
CambodiaVietnam
Malaysia
I n d o n e s i a
Philippine
East Timor
Singapore
Brunei
Mainland Southeast Asia
Insular Southeast Asia
IntroductionIntroduction
Heavily influenced by external forces Heavily influenced by external forces cultural cultural diversitydiversity
• Buddhism, Chinese immigrants, IslamBuddhism, Chinese immigrants, Islam
• European colonialismEuropean colonialism
Battleground for global ideologies after WWIIBattleground for global ideologies after WWII• Vietnam warVietnam war
Strongly felt globalizationStrongly felt globalization• Promises: economic growth in the 1980sPromises: economic growth in the 1980s
• Perils: financial crisis in the late 1990sPerils: financial crisis in the late 1990s
MainlandMainland: : deltadelta landscape landscape large river systems large river systems
InsularInsular: : volcanicvolcanic eruption eruption located in 4 plate located in 4 plate boundaries boundaries
Mainland Southeast Asia Mainland Southeast Asia
Rugged uplands interspersed with river lowlands (delta)
Mekong Mekong R.R.
Red R.Red R.
Irrawaddy R.Irrawaddy R.
Chayo PhrayaChayo Phraya
Insular Southeast AsiaInsular Southeast Asia
BorneoBorneo
SumatraSumatra
JavaJava
Celebes (SCelebes (Sulawesi)ulawesi)
New GuineaNew Guinea
Sunda ShelfSunda Shelf
Mountain spine created by a tectonic force Large expanse of shallow ocean
Mainland monsoon Insular monsoon, typhoon, equatorial effect
Monsoon: distinct dry and rainy season changing wind direction Typhoon: heavy rainfall to the northeastern reaches of Insular Asia Equatorial effect: little seasonality, year-round precipitation
Difference in animal and plant life between western and eastern islands
• Western Asian origin• Eastern Australian origin
12,000 years ago, the sea level was lower (last global ice age)
Wallace’s LineWallace’s Line
Pre-colonial period• Agricultural settlement
Colonial period• Plantation, shipbuilding
Post-colonial period• Commercial logging by
international firms
1990s• Logging ban
Deforestation of Southeast AsiaDeforestation of Southeast Asia
Settlement patternsSettlement patterns
Unlike East Asia and South Asia, Southeast Asia has historically supported low population density
Why? (1) Infertile soil (2) Rugged mountains
Population is concentrated in deltas or volcanic islands due to its fertile soil
Upland swidden systemUpland swidden system
Shifting cultivation (“slash-and-burn”)
Threatened by growing population and commercial logging
Switched to a cash crop like opium (eg. Burma)
Farming patterns (1):
Plantation agriculturePlantation agriculture
Specialty crops for exports during European colonization
Usually practiced in the coastal lowlands for shipping
Still widespread, but lesser dependence on plantation has been attempted
Farming patterns (2):
Lowland rice cultivationLowland rice cultivation
Lowland basins of mainland
Focused on three delta areas
• Irrawaddy (Burma)• Chao Praya (Thailand)• Mekong (Vietnam, Ca
mbodia)
Farming patterns (3):
High birthrate: Laos, Cambodia low level of economic development
Low birthrate: Singapore, Thailandhigh level of economic development, family planning
Still relatively rural despite recent industrialization
Indonesian transmigrationIndonesian transmigration
Relocating its population from densely populated area (Java) to outer islands
Pros: balanced population distribution pattern Cons: environmental degradation, ethnic conflicts
Population policy:
Urban settlementUrban settlement
BankokBankok
ManilaManila
Kuala LumpurKuala Lumpur
SingaporeSingapore
Overurbanization?
• Yes
• No
Meeting ground for cultural diffusion from• South Asia – Hinduism, Buddhism, writing
system
• China – Immigration of southern Chinese
• Middle East – Islam, writing system
• Europe – Christianity
External cultural influencesExternal cultural influences
0 A.D. 20c13c12c 19c
Bali Indonesia Malaysia
Mainland Philippines Tribal areas
Chinese communities
HinduismIslam
Theravada Buddhism Chinese immigration
Christianity
Religion in Southeast AsiaReligion in Southeast Asia
Buddhism mainland
Islam insular
Catholic Philippines
Animism & Christianity in the uplandsAnimism & Christianity in the uplands
Hindu Bali
Chinese in Southeast AsiaChinese in Southeast Asia
Chinese communities all over Southeast Asia Disproportionate prosperity of the local Chinese
community
Language in Southeast AsiaLanguage in Southeast Asia
BurmanBurmanTaiTai
Mon-KhmerMon-Khmer
AustronesianAustronesianPapuanPapuan
National language in Southeast AsiaNational language in Southeast Asia
BurmeseBurmese
ThaiThai
LaoLao
VietnameseVietnameseKhmerKhmer
MalayMalay
IndonesianIndonesian
Filipino Filipino EnglishEnglish
National language is limited to the core area of densely populated National language is limited to the core area of densely populated lowlands in mainland (Burma, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia)lowlands in mainland (Burma, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia)
Use of English in Southeast AsiaUse of English in Southeast Asia
Widely spoken in the former British or U.S. colonies
• Philippine, Malaysia, Singapore, Burma
Ambivalent attitude towards the use of English
• Encouraged by pro-globalizers• Discouraged by nationalists• Emergence of hybrid tongue
Pre-colonial era• Mainland: form political states• Insular: lack political states
Colonial era• Insular (16c~): Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch• Mainland (19c~): British, French
After independence• The former French Indochina became
battleground for ideological rivalries
Colonial Southeast AsiaColonial Southeast Asia
PortuguesePortuguese
SpanishSpanish
DutchDutch
BritishBritish FrenchFrench
Insular Southeast Asia inherited territory from former colonial powers
U.S.U.S.
Ideological rivalries in the former Ideological rivalries in the former French IndochinaFrench Indochina
Battle against the French (1945 ~ 1954)• Backed by pro-communist group
Vietnam War (1954 ~ 1975)• Military conflict between communist forces of
North Vietnam and non-communist forces of South Vietnam
Communist regimes (1975 ~)• Installed in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos• Persistent political instability
Conflicts in IndonesiaConflicts in Indonesia
Transmigration triggers ethnic conflicts• Javanese (Islam) immigrants indigenous people
Ethnically/culturally distinct regions have called for autonomy or independence
Geopolitical tensions (1):
Irian JayaIrian Jaya
E.TimorE.Timor
Became the 11Became the 11thth sovereign states sovereign states in Southeast Asiain Southeast Asia
Regional tensions in the PhilippinesRegional tensions in the Philippines
Muslim separatists in the southwest Communist-oriented nationwide rebellion Rebellion of tribal groups in northern Luzon
Geopolitical tensions (2):
Ethnic conflict in BurmaEthnic conflict in BurmaGeopolitical tensions (3):
Ethnic minorities Ethnic minorities Military regime dominated by the Burmans Military regime dominated by the Burmans Insurgencies are often financed by drug trade (“Golden Triangle”)Insurgencies are often financed by drug trade (“Golden Triangle”)
Dispute over the Spratly IslandsDispute over the Spratly Islands
ChinaChina TaiwanTaiwan
PhilippinesPhilippinesVietnamVietnam
MalaysiaMalaysia
Spratly islandsSpratly islands
Geopolitical tensions (4):
ASEANASEAN(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
Originally intended as a bulwark against the spread of Communism
With the end of Cold War, communist states are admitted
Political cooperation• Prevent external influences in the region• Promote regional stability
Economic cooperation
Regional cooperation:
Economic and Social DevelopmentEconomic and Social DevelopmentThe Roller-Coaster Ride of Tiger Economies
Recent economic development• Leaders: Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia
• Laggards: Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia
Economic crisis in the late 1990s• Hit most of Southeast Asian countries
• Marked dependence on foreign investment
Singapore: Regional hub Brunei: oil reserves Malaysia, Thailand: globalized economic development Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Burma: civil war
The Philippine DeclineThe Philippine Decline
Pronounced decline in living standards over the last several decades
Causes• Crony capitalism• Kleptocracy
Consequences• Exodus of labor• Uneven distribution of wealth
The Regional Hub: SingaporeThe Regional Hub: Singapore
The region’s greatest development success
Transformed from entropôt port city to high-tech industrial city
Communications and financial hub of Southeast Asia
Authoritarian capitalism• Brought fast growth, but • Limited civil liberties
The Malaysian BoomThe Malaysian Boom
The region’s second greatest development success
Development was initially concentrated in natural resource extraction, but recent growth is powered by high-tech sectors
Disparities of wealth• Geographical: west > east
• Ethnic: Chinese > non-Chinese
Thailand: An Emerging Tiger?Thailand: An Emerging Tiger?
Japanese companies was leading players in the earlier Thai boom
• Attracted by its low-waged, and well-educated population under political stability
Rapid growth under democratic government
Relatively receptive to globalization• Sex industry
Persistent Poverty in Vietnam, Persistent Poverty in Vietnam, Laos, and CambodiaLaos, and Cambodia
Attributed to• Continual warfare or fightings (1941~1990s)• Socialist economic system (1975 ~ 1990s)• The fall of the Soviet Union (1991)• Embargo imposed by U.S. (1975 ~ 1994)
Recent economic reforms in Vietnam• Embrace market while retaining the political form
s of a communist state