south asia chapter 7. geography of south asia a subcontinent a large landmass smaller than a...
TRANSCRIPT
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South Asia
Chapter 7
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Geographyof
South Asia
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A Subcontinent
• A large landmass smaller than a continent
• The region is a peninsula
• Large mountains create a natural border to the north
• Water surrounds the rest of the Peninsula
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The Mountains
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Himalayas
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-Tallest Mountains in the world
-More than 50 mountains over 5 miles high!
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Mt. Everest
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Benefits of Mountains
• Provide natural barrier against invasion
• Block cold northern winds creating a warmer climate
• The source of the regions rivers
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Hindu Kush
Kush means Death
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The Southern Mountains
• Vindhya – create a border b/w northern and southern India, limited interaction b/w cultures
• Ghats (East, West) – ghat means “pass”, prevented Europeans from exploring the entire area
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Western Ghats
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Video ?s
• How much of the worlds population lives in South Asia?
• What country was created to be an independent Muslim state?
• What is the caste system?
• What religions exist in India & South Asia?
• Why have people moved to cities?
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Khyber Pass (Hindu Kush) and Bolan Pass (Hindu Kush)
•Create a path for diffusion
•Traders
•Raiders/Warriors
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The Khyber Pass
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Kashmir Valley
• Whoever controls the Kashmir, controls the headwaters of the Indus River…the source of irrigation water.
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Kashmir
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Northern Plains
Indo-GangeticPlain
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Northern Plains Facts
• Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra Rivers provide many resources to the region– Water– Natural Fertilizers– Irrigation
• Supports a large population
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Ganges River
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Indus River
•Principal River of Pakistan
•Home to 1st civilization in the region
•Indus means river
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Thar Desert•Little Rainfall
•Small population
•Nomadic Lifestyle
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Deccan Plateau
• Covers almost half of South Asia
• Bordered by mountains on three sides– Vindhya – North– Western Ghats – West– Eastern Ghats – East
• Tiny farms dot the landscape
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The Climate of South Asia
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The Monsoons
• Wet Monsoon – warm, moist wind from Indian Ocean brings rain from May – July
• Dry Monsoon – cold, dry wind from the mountains brings mild temperatures and low humidity
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The role of monsoons
• Key to planting season for farmers
• The monsoon needs to arrive as planned or the farm season fails
• Too much rain = failed farming season
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Monsoons, Floods, Destruction
• The population density is high surrounding the Ganges Delta
• Fertile Soil attracts millions of people
• 1991 Cyclone in Bangladesh– 140,000 died– Winds 150 mph– Waves 20 ft
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Rainfall
• Both deserts (north west & central) and rainforests (north east) exist
• The mountains affect rainfall greatly
• Cherapunji, India – 425 inches of rain a year; NYC – 45 inches of rain a year
• Rain shadow – one side of a mountain is fertile; the other side is dry/arid
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Temperature & Resources
• Tropical climate = warm temps year round
• Cold in higher elevations
• Water is scarce; irrigation is needed
• Iron ore, coal, copper, oil
• Nuclear Power
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Early South Asia
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Indus Civilization• How was the development of the Indus
Valley civilization similar to the development of other early civilizations?
• When did this civilization exist?• Describe the early cities• Describe the early farms• What reasons are proposed for the fall of
the civilization?
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Aryan Culture
• When did the Aryan culture flourish?
• Describe the religious beliefs of the Aryans
• What was Aryan village life like?• What was the social structure in
Aryan society?
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What are the characteristics
of early civilizations?
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CitiesComplex Govt.Complex ReligionHighly SpecializedComplex Social ClassesRecord Keeping
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2500-1500BC: a civilization grew
in the Indus River Valley
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•The Indus Valley Civilization stretched from the Khyber Pass to the Arabian Sea.
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Achievements of the Indus Valley Civilization
• Planned cities – Harrapa & Mohenjo-Daro
• Organized Governments – building codes & laws
• Farming Technology – first to grow cotton & domesticate chickens
• Trade – with Middle Eastern Cities goods & ideas
• Language - pictographs
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Mohenjo - Daro
Early civ. In Pakistan
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Harappa
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Terracotta scale showing graduations
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By 1500BC the Indus River
Valley Civilization was in decline.
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Decline of the Indus River Civilization
• No definitive answers exist, possible reasons are:–Climate change; not enough water–Soil quality diminished after
centuries of farming–Flooding–Possible invasions
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1500 BC: The Aryans invaded through the Khyber Pass.
•Nomadic people from Caucasus Mountains
•The migration took over 100 years
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Achievements of Aryan Culture
• With superior weapons, they conquered the region
• Vedas – records of life; oral religious traditions, hymns, prayers, rituals
• Sanskrit – written language
• Farming, Government
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Aryan culture spread
throughout most of South
Asia
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Aryan Culture
• Centered around Hinduism• People found direction in their lives
from the Vedas – religious traditions–Rig Veda – most important
• Polytheistic people• Sanskrit still exists today
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The Aryan culture developed a caste system probably based on race.Varna - classes
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A caste system is a social class that one is born into and can never
change.
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Four basic castes: 1. Brahman (priests) 2. Kshatriya (Warriors)3. Vaisya (Landowners, merchants, herders) 4. Sudra (peasants)
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Brahman wife
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Kshatriya farmers
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Vaisya shopkeeper
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Sudra peasants
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The caste system became extremely complex based on specialization of
jobs and positions.
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Marriage was only allowed
within the caste.
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The lowest caste doing the
dirtiest jobs were called
untouchables.
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People South Asia Video
• Questions to answer
• What do turbans indicate about the wearer?
• How has Hinduism influenced the caste system?
• What steps has the Indian government taken to eliminate the caste system?
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Where Tigers Live
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Tiger Physical Traits
• 13 feet long; 660 lbs – at its biggest
• 35-40 mph – top speed
• 10 meter – leaping distance
• Endangered species– Hunting– Loss of habitat