sources of water pollution
DESCRIPTION
describe few sources of water pollutionTRANSCRIPT
Sources of Oil and Water Pollution- Environmental
Metals and Metalloids
8.1: Oil pollution 8.2: Water pollution 8.3: Environmental metals and
metalloids 8.4: Lead (Pb) 8.5: Cadmium (Cd) 8.6: Mercury (Hg) 8.7: Nickel (Ni) 8.8: Arsenic (As)
Oil and petroleum are ever-present pollutants in the modern environment
Sources: accidental spills from ships, pipelines, leaks in storage tanks and used oil of private motorists.
In oil pollution, there is oil-in-water and water-in-oil
Oil Pollution
Oil-in-water not only at surface but throughout the body of water as well. It can sink to the bottom
Water-in-oil is a spread on the surface and what is commonly seen lying on the surface of the water.
Oil slicks are the main cause of birds deaths.
Exxon Valdez is the most popular case of oil pollution
Occurs when some substance degrades a body of water to such a degree that water cannot be used for a specific purpose.
Water pollution
Types of water pollutants: Point source- discharge of
pollutants from single point (factories, industrial outfall, power plants)
Non-point source- sources of pollution that are scattered/diffuse (e.g. rainfall, fertilizer runoffs, soil erosion, surface runoff, farm field)
Disease causing agents (pathogens)- bacteria, viruses, protozoa Among the major waterborne diseases
are cholera, typhoid, polio
Oxygen demanding waste- organic wastes decomposed by aerobic bacteria. Oxygen (dissolved oxygen) levels in water decline with activity. Low levels of oxygen causes death to fish, plants and other organisms.
Major pollutants in water
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)-measure the amount of oxygen consumed in water by aerobic decomposers.
Heavy metals- Dangerous pollutants and often are deposited in sediment in the bottom of streams and may be incorporated in plants, food crops and animals (persistent pollutant)
Environmental metals are often known as heavy metal which are environmental concern.
There are three types of environmental metals
a. Metals that are suspected carcinogen
b. Metals that move readily in the soil
c. Metals that move through food chain
Environmental metal and metalloid
Carcinogen are the agent that can cause cancer in human
Cancer is usually cause by the genetic substances changed by mutagen. Carcinogen is one example of mutagen.
a. Metals that are suspected
carcinogen
This type of environmental metal enters the soil and water system through soil deposition
Through this deposition, the metals will enter water system and vegetation as well as forest. This will end up being move through food chain.
Metals that move readily in soil
This type of metal is the most concern in environmental as it bring long-term effect to human health and ecosystem.
The metals enters the food chain through water, air and soil pollution and eventually accumulate in organisms tissue e.g. fish, paddy, etc.
c. Metals that move through
food chain
Metalloid is known as an element that having both metal and non-metal properties or semi-metal
Example of metalloids are silicon, arsenic and antimony
Environmental Metalloid
Heavy metal that bring acute health effect to human
Sources of lead are lead pipes, lead join soil contaminated from fallout leaded gasoline, leakage of lead from hazardous-waste sites
Impact of lead consuming: Affect central nervous system
Lead (Pb)
Lead poisoning occur commonly in children, particularly in older house as children may consumed chips of lead contaminated paint.
Toxic effects of lead includes fatigue, sleep disturbance, anemia, colic and neuritis (mild exposure)
Severe exposure- encephalopathy, mental retardation, impaired vision (rosak penglihatan).
This metal can accumulate in tissues of aquatic organism, thus leading in increased concentration of cadmium in food chain.
Cadmium tend to accumulate in kidney and liver.
Sources: industrial, mining
Cadmium (Cd)
Cadmium is also known as a carcinogen as it can cause cancer or tumors in lung, kidney, and prostate (for men)
Cadmium poisoning is more likely to affect battery workers and shelters
The famous case of cadmium poisoning is the itai-itai case in Japan
Itai-itai disease is a combination of severe kidney damage, and painful bone and joint.
Itai-itai also known as painful-painful
This disease has been caused by rice contaminated with high level of cadmium
This is resulting from the soil irrigation with water containing cadmium released from industrial sources.
Itai-itai case in Japan
Mercury is widely used in scientific and electrical apparatus
Most mercury poisoning is caused mainly by eating fishes that are contaminated with mercury.
Sources- industrial waste, mining The most popular case of mercury
poisoning is the Minamata disease in Japan.
Mercury, Hg
In 1950s and 1960s, Minamata Bay in Japan had been contaminated with mercury discharge from wastes of chemical and plastics plant.
These discharge absorbed and accumulate in fish and shellfish. These contaminated organisms are consumed by local population and leads to mercury poisoning.
Minamata disease
There are 107 deaths reported and 800 over cases regarding the Minamata disease.
Pregnant mother which have consumed those contaminated fish and shellfish appeared to be healthy, however their infants developed celebral palsy-like symptom, ane mental deficiency
The symptom of mercury poisoning are:
a. Inflammation of the mouthb. Muscular tremor (shake)c. Physic irritationd. Nephritis syndrome (kidney
related disease)
Exposure to mercury may result in severe damage to the nervous and reproductive systems and may ultimately be fatal
Common symptoms of mercury poisoning are poor coordination and altered sensory perception
Pregnant women and children are especially vulnerable to mercury exposure
The most common cause of mercury poisoning is the consumption of fish contaminated with methymercury.
Extra notes on mercury
Sources of Nickel:a. Combustion of coal and fossil
fuelsb. Steel productionc. Mining and refinery
productiond. Municipal sewage treatment
plant
Health effectsa. Skin allergicb. Lung cancerc. Chronic bronchitisd. Asthma
Nickel (Ni)
Sources: pesticide sprays, combustion of arsenic containing fossil fuels, leaching of mine tailings and smelter runoff.
High level of exposure: abnormal skin pigmentation, hyperkeratosis, nasal congestion, abdominal pain.
Arsenic (As)
Low level of exposure: cancers of skin, lung and lymph gland.