sources of air pollutants. course communication l e490/e3c62.htm e490/e3c62.htm l timetable:...
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SOURCESSOURCESOFOF
AIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTANTS
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COURSE COMMUNICATIONCOURSE COMMUNICATION
http://www.uea.ac.uk/~e490/e3c62.htm Timetable: http://www.uea.ac.uk/~e490/e3c62/
e3c62tt.htm Email: [email protected] Open office
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ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
Non graded problem sheet literary seminar presentation for Journalistic essay 16th March(?)
Journalistic essay – New Scientist style Introduced 30 Jan and due March ??
Exam
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FUELS as HYDROCARBONSFUELS as HYDROCARBONS
Hydrogen and other fuels
Fate of carbon and hydrogen in combustion
Effect of oxygen limitation
Smoke
PAH
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PAHPAH
Condensation in flames
Optimum temperatures in wood burning relatively low
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GHOST MONEYGHOST MONEY
“Ghost month” = “smoke month”
90,700 tonne of money are burned
burning paper money releases benzene or furfural?
~27 kg BaP (if furnaces) cf UK 11000 kg/annum
http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/07/26/2003418575http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/07/26/2003418575
July 2008: EPA sealed a Land July 2008: EPA sealed a Land God Temple’s (God Temple’s ( 土地公廟土地公廟 ) ) furnace in Bade Village (furnace in Bade Village ( 八德八德 ) ) Lungtan Township (Lungtan Township ( 龍潭龍潭 ), ),
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NITROGEN NITROGEN and AIRand AIR
Zeldovic cycle N+ O2
Prompt nitrogen CH + N2 HCN + N
HCN CN NO Oxygen balance
different for CO and NO
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AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONSAUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONSBalancing carbon and nitrogenBalancing carbon and nitrogen
CO + O2 CO2 N2 + O2 N O
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NONO22
Satellite images show strong association with cities – especially motor vehicles
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SULFUR EMISSIONSSULFUR EMISSIONS
Sulfur as an impurity in fuel High sulfur coals Higher in fuel oils- low in petrol
Globally emissions from ships are an increasing source sulfur
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CHLORINE CHEMISTRYCHLORINE CHEMISTRY
Coal and wood can have high chlorine concentrations. Emissions as HCl (or CH3Cl)
HCl HNO3
H2SO4
10 hours25 hours
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DAMAGE TO CARSDAMAGE TO CARS
Paintwork exposed to simulated raindrops
SALT RAIN
SALT RAINWITH RUST
ACID RAIN WITH RUST
ACID RAIN pH 3.7
salts accumulate on rust particles
DISCOLOURATION
1 mm
Mark Guishard
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NITRO/CHLORO/SULFUR PAHNITRO/CHLORO/SULFUR PAH
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METALS IN PARTICLES –METALS IN PARTICLES – IMPURITIES IN FUELSIMPURITIES IN FUELS
Vanadium Nickel
…so we get V2O5, V2O4, V2O3 and even 2NiO.V2O5
Porphyrins combine readily with metals
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ADDITIVESADDITIVES
Boron Chlorine – lowers
PAH? Tetra ethyl lead
The C-Pb bond is quite weak, so fragments producing lead and C2H5 radicals which can help terminate the combustion process by radical reactions.
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METHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL METHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL MANGANESETRICARBONYLMANGANESETRICARBONYL (MMT) (MMT)
Approved by US-EPA at 1ounce per gallon of gasoline for street-vehicles
Fears of links between manganese and brain damage
Battle between Ethyl Corp and EPAs
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Even after coal - still an urban problem Diesel – unburnt carbon Less that 10 or even 2.5 m
FINE PARTICULATE MATTERFINE PARTICULATE MATTER
Phillip Tan
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BRICKMAKINGBRICKMAKING
K2Al4(Si6Al2O20)(OH)4 + SiO2
2KAlSi3O8 + 2Al2SiO5 + 2H2O
K2Al4(Si6Al2O20)(OH)2F2 + SiO2
2KAlSi3O8 + 2Al2SiO5 + 2HF
muscovite
silica
sillimanitemicrocline
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INCINERATORSINCINERATORS
Metals – mercury! SO2 from fuel NO HCl from PVC etc Dioxin… how to make
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SUDBURYSUDBURY
Ni2S3 + 4O2 2NiO + 3SO2
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CELEBRATING POLLUTIONCELEBRATING POLLUTION
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DEMOLITIONDEMOLITION
Building dusts – lots of trace contaminants
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AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
Dispersive sources
Ploughing
Pesticides
Pollen dispersal
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DISPERSIVE PROCESSESDISPERSIVE PROCESSES
ORGANICS ORGANICACIDS
NEUTRALIZATIONHNO3
H2SO4
DUST EMISSION
Mining, agriculture, construction, roads
OXIDATION
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VEHICLE WEARVEHICLE WEAR
Wear: Cu, Zn, Cd, Sb, Ba, Pb
Brakes Cu, Ba, Sb
Diesels Ba, Sb
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ASIA - MOTORCYCLESASIA - MOTORCYCLES
Traditionally 2-stroke engines lots of organic matter and particles – with organic material
Electric power Air power
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EUROPEAN EUROPEAN CONTROLSCONTROLS
Ever tightening regulations as part of a recognition of the role of motor vehicles
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CARBON FOOTPRINT ALSOCARBON FOOTPRINT ALSO