Source Concept and Its Utilization for the Analysis of ... · PDF fileSource Concept and Its Utilization for the Analysis of Electrically Small Antennas Miloslav Capek Department of
68
Source Concept and Its Utilization for the Analysis of Electrically Small Antennas Miloslav ˇ Capek Department of Electromagnetic Field Faculty of Electrical Engineering Czech Technical University in Prague Czech Republic [email protected]Habilitation – Public Lecture Prague April 12, 2017 ˇ Capek, M., Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 1 / 23
Source Concept and Its Utilization for the Analysisof Electrically Small Antennas
Miloslav Capek
Department of Electromagnetic FieldFaculty of Electrical Engineering
Czech Technical University in PragueCzech Republic
miloslavcapekfelcvutcz
Habilitation ndash Public LecturePrague
April 12 2017
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 1 23
1 Why Are We Here Today2 Source Concept3 Mastering Sources4 From Current to Antenna Optimization5 Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)6 Afterword
This talk concerns
I time-harmonic quantities ie A (r t) = Re A (r) exp (jωt)I surface regions
I and electric currents J in vacuum
Document available at capekelmagorgTo see the graphics in motion open this document in Adobe Reader
Electrically small antenna inside acircumscribing sphere of a radius a
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 2 23
Why Are We Here Today
Ubiquity of Wireless Communication Devices
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 20210
10
20
30
40
50
711
17
24
35
49
year
mob
ile
dat
atr
affic
per
mon
th[E
B]
yotta Y 1024
zetta Z 1021
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
CISCO predictions for mobile data traffic1
CISCO reported1
I 429million mobile devices wereadded in 2016
I by 2021 there will be nearly 12billion mobile-connected devices
I by 2021 the average mobileconnection will surpass 204Mbps
We are rapidly approaching
I the era of IoT and 5G
I a world that demands on smallersize higher rates more devicesoperations in complex environments
1CISCO (Feb 9 2017) Cisco visual networking index ID 1454457600805266 (visited on 02122017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 3 23
Why Are We Here Today
Ubiquity of Wireless Communication Devices
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 20210
10
20
30
40
50
711
17
24
35
49
year
mob
ile
dat
atr
affic
per
mon
th[E
B]
yotta Y 1024
zetta Z 1021
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
CISCO predictions for mobile data traffic1
CISCO reported1
I 429million mobile devices wereadded in 2016
I by 2021 there will be nearly 12billion mobile-connected devices
I by 2021 the average mobileconnection will surpass 204Mbps
We are rapidly approaching
I the era of IoT and 5G
I a world that demands on smallersize higher rates more devicesoperations in complex environments
1CISCO (Feb 9 2017) Cisco visual networking index ID 1454457600805266 (visited on 02122017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 3 23
Why Are We Here Today
Ubiquity of Wireless Communication Devices
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 20210
10
20
30
40
50
711
17
24
35
49
year
mob
ile
dat
atr
affic
per
mon
th[E
B]
yotta Y 1024
zetta Z 1021
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
CISCO predictions for mobile data traffic1
CISCO reported1
I 429million mobile devices wereadded in 2016
I by 2021 there will be nearly 12billion mobile-connected devices
I by 2021 the average mobileconnection will surpass 204Mbps
We are rapidly approaching
I the era of IoT and 5G
I a world that demands on smallersize higher rates more devicesoperations in complex environments
1CISCO (Feb 9 2017) Cisco visual networking index ID 1454457600805266 (visited on 02122017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 3 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω
I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton0)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton1)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
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023
024
025
026
027
028
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030
031
032
033
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035
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040
041
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070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
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541
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551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
1 Why Are We Here Today2 Source Concept3 Mastering Sources4 From Current to Antenna Optimization5 Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)6 Afterword
This talk concerns
I time-harmonic quantities ie A (r t) = Re A (r) exp (jωt)I surface regions
I and electric currents J in vacuum
Document available at capekelmagorgTo see the graphics in motion open this document in Adobe Reader
Electrically small antenna inside acircumscribing sphere of a radius a
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 2 23
Why Are We Here Today
Ubiquity of Wireless Communication Devices
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 20210
10
20
30
40
50
711
17
24
35
49
year
mob
ile
dat
atr
affic
per
mon
th[E
B]
yotta Y 1024
zetta Z 1021
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
CISCO predictions for mobile data traffic1
CISCO reported1
I 429million mobile devices wereadded in 2016
I by 2021 there will be nearly 12billion mobile-connected devices
I by 2021 the average mobileconnection will surpass 204Mbps
We are rapidly approaching
I the era of IoT and 5G
I a world that demands on smallersize higher rates more devicesoperations in complex environments
1CISCO (Feb 9 2017) Cisco visual networking index ID 1454457600805266 (visited on 02122017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 3 23
Why Are We Here Today
Ubiquity of Wireless Communication Devices
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 20210
10
20
30
40
50
711
17
24
35
49
year
mob
ile
dat
atr
affic
per
mon
th[E
B]
yotta Y 1024
zetta Z 1021
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
CISCO predictions for mobile data traffic1
CISCO reported1
I 429million mobile devices wereadded in 2016
I by 2021 there will be nearly 12billion mobile-connected devices
I by 2021 the average mobileconnection will surpass 204Mbps
We are rapidly approaching
I the era of IoT and 5G
I a world that demands on smallersize higher rates more devicesoperations in complex environments
1CISCO (Feb 9 2017) Cisco visual networking index ID 1454457600805266 (visited on 02122017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 3 23
Why Are We Here Today
Ubiquity of Wireless Communication Devices
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 20210
10
20
30
40
50
711
17
24
35
49
year
mob
ile
dat
atr
affic
per
mon
th[E
B]
yotta Y 1024
zetta Z 1021
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
CISCO predictions for mobile data traffic1
CISCO reported1
I 429million mobile devices wereadded in 2016
I by 2021 there will be nearly 12billion mobile-connected devices
I by 2021 the average mobileconnection will surpass 204Mbps
We are rapidly approaching
I the era of IoT and 5G
I a world that demands on smallersize higher rates more devicesoperations in complex environments
1CISCO (Feb 9 2017) Cisco visual networking index ID 1454457600805266 (visited on 02122017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 3 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω
I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton0)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton1)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Ubiquity of Wireless Communication Devices
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 20210
10
20
30
40
50
711
17
24
35
49
year
mob
ile
dat
atr
affic
per
mon
th[E
B]
yotta Y 1024
zetta Z 1021
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
CISCO predictions for mobile data traffic1
CISCO reported1
I 429million mobile devices wereadded in 2016
I by 2021 there will be nearly 12billion mobile-connected devices
I by 2021 the average mobileconnection will surpass 204Mbps
We are rapidly approaching
I the era of IoT and 5G
I a world that demands on smallersize higher rates more devicesoperations in complex environments
1CISCO (Feb 9 2017) Cisco visual networking index ID 1454457600805266 (visited on 02122017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 3 23
Why Are We Here Today
Ubiquity of Wireless Communication Devices
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 20210
10
20
30
40
50
711
17
24
35
49
year
mob
ile
dat
atr
affic
per
mon
th[E
B]
yotta Y 1024
zetta Z 1021
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
CISCO predictions for mobile data traffic1
CISCO reported1
I 429million mobile devices wereadded in 2016
I by 2021 there will be nearly 12billion mobile-connected devices
I by 2021 the average mobileconnection will surpass 204Mbps
We are rapidly approaching
I the era of IoT and 5G
I a world that demands on smallersize higher rates more devicesoperations in complex environments
1CISCO (Feb 9 2017) Cisco visual networking index ID 1454457600805266 (visited on 02122017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 3 23
Why Are We Here Today
Ubiquity of Wireless Communication Devices
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 20210
10
20
30
40
50
711
17
24
35
49
year
mob
ile
dat
atr
affic
per
mon
th[E
B]
yotta Y 1024
zetta Z 1021
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
CISCO predictions for mobile data traffic1
CISCO reported1
I 429million mobile devices wereadded in 2016
I by 2021 there will be nearly 12billion mobile-connected devices
I by 2021 the average mobileconnection will surpass 204Mbps
We are rapidly approaching
I the era of IoT and 5G
I a world that demands on smallersize higher rates more devicesoperations in complex environments
1CISCO (Feb 9 2017) Cisco visual networking index ID 1454457600805266 (visited on 02122017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 3 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω
I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton0)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton1)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
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023
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071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
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523
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525
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527
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530
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552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
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632
633
634
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650
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652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Ubiquity of Wireless Communication Devices
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 20210
10
20
30
40
50
711
17
24
35
49
year
mob
ile
dat
atr
affic
per
mon
th[E
B]
yotta Y 1024
zetta Z 1021
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
CISCO predictions for mobile data traffic1
CISCO reported1
I 429million mobile devices wereadded in 2016
I by 2021 there will be nearly 12billion mobile-connected devices
I by 2021 the average mobileconnection will surpass 204Mbps
We are rapidly approaching
I the era of IoT and 5G
I a world that demands on smallersize higher rates more devicesoperations in complex environments
1CISCO (Feb 9 2017) Cisco visual networking index ID 1454457600805266 (visited on 02122017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 3 23
Why Are We Here Today
Ubiquity of Wireless Communication Devices
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 20210
10
20
30
40
50
711
17
24
35
49
year
mob
ile
dat
atr
affic
per
mon
th[E
B]
yotta Y 1024
zetta Z 1021
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
CISCO predictions for mobile data traffic1
CISCO reported1
I 429million mobile devices wereadded in 2016
I by 2021 there will be nearly 12billion mobile-connected devices
I by 2021 the average mobileconnection will surpass 204Mbps
We are rapidly approaching
I the era of IoT and 5G
I a world that demands on smallersize higher rates more devicesoperations in complex environments
1CISCO (Feb 9 2017) Cisco visual networking index ID 1454457600805266 (visited on 02122017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 3 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω
I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton0)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton1)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
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057
058
059
060
061
062
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064
065
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067
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069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
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537
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539
540
541
542
543
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551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Ubiquity of Wireless Communication Devices
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 20210
10
20
30
40
50
711
17
24
35
49
year
mob
ile
dat
atr
affic
per
mon
th[E
B]
yotta Y 1024
zetta Z 1021
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
CISCO predictions for mobile data traffic1
CISCO reported1
I 429million mobile devices wereadded in 2016
I by 2021 there will be nearly 12billion mobile-connected devices
I by 2021 the average mobileconnection will surpass 204Mbps
We are rapidly approaching
I the era of IoT and 5G
I a world that demands on smallersize higher rates more devicesoperations in complex environments
1CISCO (Feb 9 2017) Cisco visual networking index ID 1454457600805266 (visited on 02122017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 3 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω
I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton0)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton1)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω
I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton0)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton1)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
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071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
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523
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553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω
I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton0)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton1)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω
I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton0)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton1)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω
I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton0)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton1)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
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540
541
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548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
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635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
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645
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647
648
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651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
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734
735
736
737
738
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744
745
746
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749
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772
773
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776
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778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Antennas ndash The Inevitable Components
The antenna predominates the overall performance of the communication system
I existence of fundamental bounds2
DirectivityD
Efficiencyη
BandwidthFBW
Electricalsize
ka lt 12
Trade-off between crucial parameters of anelectrically small antenna and its electrical size
I IoT RFID 5G etc electrically smallantennas (ESAs)
I ESAs encumbered with mutuallyconflicting parameters
Antenna design
I tries to find the optimal combination ofshape materials and feeding from a setof an infinite number of candidates
2J L Volakis C Chen and K Fujimoto Small Antennas Miniaturization Techniques amp Applications McGraw-Hill 2010
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 4 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω
I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton0)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton1)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω
I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton0)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton1)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
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072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
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553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
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628
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630
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652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
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772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω
I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton0)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton1)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton0)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton1)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
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01
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03
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anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
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114
anm1
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anm2
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314
anm3
40
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410
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anm4
fdrm3
50
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510
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anm5
60
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610
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anm6
70
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710
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anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton0)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton1)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
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024
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076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
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534
535
536
537
538
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540
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542
543
544
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546
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549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton1)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
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539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
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551
552
553
554
555
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558
559
560
561
562
563
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571
anm5
60
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69
610
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anm6
70
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79
710
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790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Antenna Analysis times Synthesis
Ω1
Folded loop(handsets)
Ω2
E-shaped patch(GPS WLAN)
Ω3
ldquoMag monopolesrdquo(PGB HIS)
Ω4
Meandered dipole(RFID)
Ω5
MonopolesPIFAs(LTE)
sim
Ω I
X X
X
Antenna analysis Antenna synthesis
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 5 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton2)ocgs[i]state=false
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
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035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
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055
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057
058
059
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064
065
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070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
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532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
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072
073
074
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077
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079
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085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
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24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
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53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
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553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
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626
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652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
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772
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776
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779
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781
782
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785
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788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
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017
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088
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090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
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24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
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552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
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624
625
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627
628
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630
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632
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652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
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728
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730
731
732
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770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Why Are We Here Today
Previous Approaches ndash Historical Overview
Former approaches to antenna design made use of
I circuit quantities3 (Vin Zin Γ ) rarr equivalent circuits
I field quantities4 (E H)
However
I any antenna parameter p can be inferred directly from acurrent as well ie
p = 〈J L (J)〉 J = J (r) r isin Ω
〈f L (g)〉 =intΩ
flowast (r) middot L (g (r)) dV
ε0amicro0a Z0
Equivalent circuit for TM1q
spherical mode
E
R3
TM10 mode y-z cut
3L J Chu ldquoPhysical limitations of omni-directional antennasrdquo J Appl Phys 19 no pp 1163ndash1175 1948 doi10106311715038
4R E Collin and S Rothschild ldquoEvaluation of antenna Qrdquo IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 12 no pp 23ndash27 1964doi 101109TAP19641138151
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 6 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
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549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
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018
019
020
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079
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083
084
085
086
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088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
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522
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552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
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628
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630
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635
636
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652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
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726
727
728
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730
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761
762
763
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765
766
767
768
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770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
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048
049
050
051
052
053
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055
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057
058
059
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065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
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550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
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745
746
747
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749
750
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753
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755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Source Concept
Sorcery with Sources
p = 〈J L (J)〉 rarr IHLI (1)
Observations
I only the properties of the operators L are important
I all physics is imprinted in their structure
I as compared to fields the support Ω of current J is spatially limited
I can be represented in many ways eg L = [〈ψmL (ψn)〉]
Example Consider region Ω being made of PEC then the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) reads5
Z (J) = ntimes ntimesEs (J) (2)
Let us represent it in a basis ψn (r) n isin 1 N ie J asympsumn Inψn as Z = [Zmn] in which
Zmn = 〈ψmZ (ψn)〉 =jZ0
4π
intΩ
intΩprime
(kψlowastm middot ψn minus
1
knabla middot ψlowastmnablaprime middot ψn
)eminusjk|rminusrprime|
|r minus rprime|dΩprime dΩ (3)
5R F Harrington Field Computation by Moment Methods Wiley ndash IEEE Press 1993
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 7 23
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
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023
024
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072
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074
075
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078
079
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081
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083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
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522
523
524
525
526
527
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532
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551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Source Concept
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 8 23
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
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023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
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035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
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046
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049
050
051
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053
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058
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064
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070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
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539
540
541
542
543
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549
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551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Source Concept
Operators to Rule Them All
Source Concept(J M)
Integral andvariationalmethods
Modal de-compositions
Perspectivetopol-
ogy andgeometry
HPCalgorithmefficiency
Heuristicor convex
optimization
Sketch of main fields of the source concept
Complex power Pr + 2jωWA rarr1
2IHZI
Stored energy Wsto rarr1
4IHXprimeI
Electric energy We rarr1
4ωIHXeI
Magnetic energy Wm rarr1
4ωIHXmI
Far-field Fι (r)rarr Fι (r)I
Near-field E (r)rarr Ne (r)IH (r)rarr Nm (r)I
Directivity Dι (r)rarr IHUι (r)I
IHRI
Ohmic losses PL rarr1
2IHΣI
El and mag moment prarr PI mrarrMI
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 9 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
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553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
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635
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638
639
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641
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652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
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741
742
743
744
745
746
747
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749
750
751
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753
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759
760
761
762
763
764
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769
770
771
772
773
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776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Mastering Sources
Modal Decomposition Characteristic Modes
First two modes on PEC plate
Diagonalization of crucial operator Z = R + jX as6
XIm = λmRIm (4)
I a useful set of entire-domain basis functions
I =summ
αmIm (5)
I only a few modes needed to represent ESAs
(1 + jλm) δmn =1
2IHmZIn (6)
I many theoretical and practical problems solved7
6R F Harrington and J R Mautz ldquoTheory of characteristic modes for conducting bodiesrdquo IEEE Trans AntennasPropag 19 no pp 622ndash628 1971 doi 101109TAP19711139999
7M Capek P Hazdra P Hamouz et al ldquoA method for tracking characteristic numbers and vectorsrdquo ProgElectromagn Res B 33 no pp 115ndash134 2011 doi 102528PIERB11060209
M Capek P Hazdra M Masek et al ldquoAnalytical representation of characteristic modes decompositionrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 65 no pp 713ndash720 2 2017 doi 101109TAP20162632725
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 10 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
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017
018
019
020
021
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024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
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033
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076
077
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079
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082
083
084
085
086
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088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
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527
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541
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552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
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624
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626
627
628
629
630
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632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
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646
647
648
649
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652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
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749
750
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753
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761
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763
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765
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767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
IFS fractal discretized to 366 triangles (491 basis functions)
P+n
Pminusn
ρ+nρminusn
A+n
Aminusn
lnT+n
Tminusn
O
r
y
z
xψn (r) =
ln
2Aplusmnnρplusmnn
Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions ψn (r)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
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011
012
013
014
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077
078
079
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082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
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26
27
28
29
210
211
212
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214
anm2
30
31
32
33
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35
36
37
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39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
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46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
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53
54
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56
57
58
59
510
511
512
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515
516
517
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554
555
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560
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564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
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628
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635
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652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
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727
728
729
730
731
732
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734
735
736
737
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749
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761
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763
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770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Mastering Sources
Characteristic Modes Provide Physical InsightExample Characteristic Modes of a PEC Plate (ka = 05)
I CMs are given only by PEC shape Ω and frequency ω (no excitation)
I eigenvalues λn indicate resonance or capacitiveinductive behavior
I CMs are orthonormal with respect to their far-fields
Current density of first characteristic mode λ1 = minus877Radiation pattern for first characteristic mode ()
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 11 23
var ocgs=hostgetOCGs(hostpageNum)for(var i=0iltocgslengthi++)if(ocgs[i]name==MediaPlayButton3)ocgs[i]state=false
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
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030
031
032
033
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037
038
039
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072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
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082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
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526
527
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529
530
531
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552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
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745
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747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
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023
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025
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027
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030
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075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
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520
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549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
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626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
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638
639
640
641
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652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
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757
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761
762
763
764
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770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
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023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
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077
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082
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086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
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527
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529
530
531
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553
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555
556
557
558
559
560
561
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563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
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632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
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646
647
648
649
650
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652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
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740
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747
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749
750
751
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757
758
759
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761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Mastering Sources
Optimal Currents ndash What Are TheyCase Study Minimization of Quality Factor Q
Antenna predefines capacity of a channel bandwidth of a system
I An extremely important parameter of any electrically small radiator
Antenna quality factor Q
I inversely proportional to bandwidth8
Q (I) =2ωmax WmWe
Prrarr max
IHXmI IHXeI
IHRI
(7)
Current Jopt minimizing quality factor Q of a given shape Ω
Q (Jopt) = minJQ (J) (8)
I optimal current Jopt constitutes the fundamental bounds on quality factor Q
8M Capek L Jelinek and P Hazdra ldquoOn the functional relation between quality factor and fractional bandwidthrdquoIEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63 no pp 2787ndash2790 2015 doi 101109TAP20152414472
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 12 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
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017
018
019
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075
076
077
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081
082
083
084
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088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
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527
528
529
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564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
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615
616
617
618
619
620
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628
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630
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635
636
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638
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653
654
655
656
657
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659
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661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
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788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor QTake a pen and try to draw a current possessing minimum quality factor Q
PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 05 (Lλ asymp 0142)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
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018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
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055
056
057
058
059
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064
065
066
067
068
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070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
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632
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635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
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647
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649
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652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
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727
728
729
730
731
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772
773
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775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Mastering Sources
Quiz Optimal Current for Minimal Quality Factor Q here is the correct answer
Optimal current with respect to minimum quality factor Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 13 23
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
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741
742
743
744
745
746
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749
750
751
752
753
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758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
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768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Mastering Sources
Modal Composition of the Optimal Current Jopt
Dominant (dipole-like) characteristic mode J1
+
First inductive (loop-like) mode J2 α2 = 04553
I composition of characteristic modes offers additional insight9
I superposition of two characteristic modes10 as Q (Jopt) asymp Q (J1 + α2J2)
9M Capek and L Jelinek ldquoOptimal composition of modal currents for minimal quality factor Qrdquo IEEE TransAntennas Propag 64 no pp 5230ndash5242 2016 doi 101109TAP20162617779
10M Capek P Hazdra and J Eichler ldquoA method for the evaluation of radiation Q based on modal approachrdquo IEEETrans Antennas Propag 60 no pp 4556ndash4567 2012 doi 101109TAP20122207329
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 14 23
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
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049
050
051
052
053
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059
060
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064
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070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
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522
523
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525
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527
528
529
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531
532
533
534
535
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540
541
542
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552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Mastering Sources
Formulation as Dual Problem ndash Convex Optimization
0 02 04 06 08 10
100
200
ν
qualityfactorsQ
Qν
max Qmν Qeν
Q (Iopt)
ka = 03
L L2
Minimization of quality factor Q primal (orange) and dual(blue) problems Dots represent steps of bisection algorithm
A convex combination
Qν =IH ((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I
IHRI
solves the dual problem
minIQ (I) rarr max
νminIQν
with
((1minus ν) Xm + νXe) I = QνRI
I zero dual gap
9M Capek M Gustafsson and K Schab ldquoMinimization of antenna quality factorrdquo no 2017 [Online] Availablehttpsarxivorgabs161207676
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 15 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
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023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
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055
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057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
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551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a
10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Mastering Sources
Natural Basis for Minimum Quality Factor Q
I From an individual radiator to the design of broadband MIMO systems
Spherical shell of radius a 10minus1 100
101
103
105
107
dipoles(6times)
quadrupoles(10times)
octupoles(14times)
hexadecapoles(18times)
ka
Qn
multipoles (asymptotes)
Qn modes
Modes with orthogonal far-fields and minimum quality factors Q
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 16 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
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055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modified
bull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
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020
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023
024
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030
031
032
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071
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073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
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552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modifiedbull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
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061
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071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
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25
26
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29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
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37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
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48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
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510
511
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553
554
555
556
557
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559
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561
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563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
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65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
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625
626
627
628
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630
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638
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644
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646
647
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652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
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727
728
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762
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772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Feeding Synthesis
I Optimal currents are not compatible with realistic feedingbull Check that Vopt = ZIopt is a dense vector full of non-zero entries
I Structure needs to be modifiedbull currents sub-optimal to Ioptbull heuristic optimization needed
Complexity of structural optimization for a given voltage gap (red line) and N unknowns
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 17 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
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055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
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529
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531
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533
534
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540
541
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543
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551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Computational time 12116 s
Result of heuristic structural optimization using MOGANSGAII from AToM-FOPS
Computational time 1155 s
Result of a deterministic in-house algorithm removingldquothe worstrdquo edge in each iteration
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
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035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
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046
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048
049
050
051
052
053
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057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
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067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Pixeling with Heuristic OptimizationExample Shape optimization (pixeling) with ad hoc specified feeding placement PEC plate Ltimes L2 ka = 03
Antenna synthesis ndash how far can we go
I At present only the heuristic optimization11
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1811
Resulting sub-optimal current approaching the minimalvalue of quality factor Q
Q (I) Q (Iopt) = 1813
Resulting current given by the in-house deterministicalgorithm
11Y Rahmat-Samii and E Michielssen Eds Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Wiley 1999
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 18 23
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
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023
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027
028
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030
031
032
033
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070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
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523
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552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
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753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Example Pareto Fronts for Excitation of an Array
Multi-criteria optimization of 4 dipoles of length L = λ2 placed side-by-side and fed with the voltage gaps intothe middle Separation distance is d = L4 (blue) d = L8 (green) and d = L16 (red) respectively
Optimization genes for polarity sk amplitude Ak and phase ϕk of the driven voltage are composed of 188 bits
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 19 23
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)ldquoAntenna source conceptrdquo ndash New approach to antenna design
Third-party product developed by CTU-FEE BUT andMECAS ESI sro supported by TACR under program ALFA
I Part of the project FOPS (Fast Optimiz ProcedureS)
I approx 15 people involved 17 MCZK budget 35 years
I look at antennatoolboxcom
Colleaguersquos side-productnot going into ldquoRIVrdquo
I Based on previous implementation12
I heavily utilizes source concept features
I capable of handling data from third party software
I fast-prototyping in Matlab
I for details (and a recipe for gingerbread) see Appendix
12M Capek P Hamouz P Hazdra et al ldquoImplementation of the theory of characteristic modes in Matlabrdquo IEEEAntennas Propag Mag 55 no pp 176ndash189 2013 doi 101109MAP20136529342
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 20 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
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038
039
040
041
042
043
044
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046
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049
050
051
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059
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067
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069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
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549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Afterword
What Next
Summary
I Source concept nowadays recognized as a leading paradigm
bull Techniques and principles introduced by habilitant and his colleagues
I Determination of the optimal currents is well-established
bull New operators derived modal interpretation of the optimality
I AToM package under development
bull Initial code written by habilitant now being transferred into CEM One
Future Work
I All concepts are still half-way to their applicability
bull Excitation placement number of feedersbull Shape modifications
I A good time to come up with great ideas
Can we one day solve the synthesis completely
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 21 23
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
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025
026
027
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029
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031
032
033
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041
042
043
044
045
046
047
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049
050
051
052
053
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055
056
057
058
059
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061
062
063
064
065
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068
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070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
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520
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552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
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625
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627
628
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652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
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736
737
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771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Afterword
Acknowledgment
I to all colleagues actively participating on the research
Left to right Mats Gustafsson (Lund Uni) DorukTayli (Lund Uni) Kurt Schab (NC State Uni)
Lukas Jelınek (CTU) MC (CTU) CasimirEhrenborg (Lund Uni) Guy Vandenbosch (KU
Leuven)
Left to right Filip Kozak (Valeo) Ondrej Kratky
(Siemens) Petr Kadlec (BUT) Vladimır Sedenka
(BUT) MC (CTU) Vıt Losenicky (CTU) PavelHazdra (CTU) Viktor Adler (CTU) Jaroslav
Rymus (MECAS ESI sro) Michal Masek (CTU)
Not in the photos Jan Eichler (CST-MWS) Pavel Hamouz (CMI)
I to all colleagues and friends from Department of Electromagnetic Field
I to family to Eva
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 22 23
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Questions
Questions
For a complete PDF presentation see capekelmagorg
Miloslav Capekmiloslavcapekfelcvutcz
28 03 2017 v100
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Selected Characteristics of Habilitant (valid 28032017 341 PM)Please visit capekelmagorg to get a broader picture
Pedagogy (in requested order and numbering)
1 2 doctoral students (neither defended yet)
bull M Masek (in 2nd year co-supervisor) V Losenicky (in 1st year supervisor)2 5 M Sc students (each thesis received at least one award)3 MTB course (Matlab) visit cwfelcvutczwikicoursesa0b17mtb4 SS1415 1050 WS1516 1028 SS1516 1060 WS1617 ndash
Scientific achievements (in requested order and numbering)
2 H-index WOS 6 (4) Scopus 7 (5) Google Scholar 93 Citations WOS 96 (46) Scopus 133 (63) Google Scholar 3094 Lund University (6+05 months) KU Leuven (2 months 4 visits)5 TACR TA04010457 (PI) GACR 15-10280Y (I)6 AToM functionality implemented in commercial EM simulator (CEM One)7 Werner von Siemens Excellence award 2nd place (2014)8 Delegate of The European Association on Antennas and Propagation (2015-2017)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Part 1prof Ctyroky
Ad 1) Numbering
I Standard LATEX template is used
I Citations done with respect to the IEEE style (IEEEtransty file) iereferences are in deed numbered from [1] Notice however that somecitations are already used in the Preface (before the main body)
Ad 1) Abbreviations and acronyms (see also last but one slide)
I All abbreviations except IP GPS RFID and GUI are introduced at place oftheir first occurrence The above mentioned ones are considered to becommon
Ad 2) Axes in Figure 11a-c
I Figure 11 have been considered as ldquoillustrativerdquo cartoon not scientific graph
Ad 3) Incomplete citation [55]
I Missing number corrected J L Volakis and K Sertel Integral EquationMethods for Electromagnetics Scitech Publishing Inc 2012
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Part 2prof Ctyroky
Ad 4) Usage of λ vs k vs ω vs f in the firstparagraph on p 4
I Nice question to discuss
I λ common in optics f (or ω) common in(antenna) engineering our preference is ka(meant here as a kind of dimensionless frequencysince in vacuum it reads ka = 2πafc0)
I eg in Lund λL highly preferred
Ad 5)
I All CM-related publication in IEEE AP flagshipjournals depicted on right
0 10 20 30 401970
1980
1990
2000
2010
only
IEEE TAPand
IEEE AWPL
212
000101101000021133
69
435
310
7344
117
1610
149
1822
3240
3840
3837
Publications
Year
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Part 3prof Ctyroky
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300010minus2
10minus1
100
101
102
N
t[s
]
QZfit N308
IRAM modes M5 50050 1000100 2000200
GEP solved with QZ and IRAM for a Z matrix of size N timesN warm-up applied 3times repeated and averaged
Ad 6) Publication gap in the 1990s
I The very same questiondiscussed during CM Wokshopin Lund 2016 Consensustheory matured but notapplicable for real-life problems(since the lack of thecomputational resources at thattime)
Ad 7) GEP
I ARPACK13 vs LAPACK
I benchmark in Matlab
13R B Lehoucq D C Sorensen and C Yang ARPACK Usersrsquo Guide SIAM 1998
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Dense MoM Impedance Matrixdoc Karban
Finite Elements rarr sparse matrixMethod of Moments rarr dense matrix
Time-consuming parts
I matrix assemblage prop O(mN2
)
I matrix inversion prop O(N3)
Test on spherical helix antenna same
I discretization (1608 unknowns)
I number of frequency samples (500)
I feeding model (4 voltage gaps) used
Reality check
Simulator14 comp time [s]
FEKO15 13041
Makarov16 861
CEM One 895
AToM17 (1) 805
AToM17 (2) 1581
HW Intel Core i7-4970 CPU4GHz 16 GB RAM
14CST-MWS not tested Mesh cannot be imported as a NASTRAN file15Parallel FEKO has been enabled16S N Makarov Antenna and EM Modeling with Matlab Wiley 200217Implicit Matlab parallelization heavily utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Q1 Results Spherical Helix Antennadoc Karban
0-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1 2 43 5ka [-]
Zin [kW
]
Z Icirc 1608acute1608 nQuad = 1
Xin
Rin aa
100
AToMFEKOCEM One
Results of AToM-MoM (comparison with FEKO and CEM One)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Q2 Optimizationdoc Karban
Leading principle
Do not use Matlab toolboxes for AToM and FOPS development
I Avoid problems with licensing avoid bad practice
Main authors Petr Kadlec (BUT) Martin Marek (BUT)
Unique features
I chains ndash different algorithms can be used simultaneously
bull takes into account the existence of the NFL theorem18
I VND ndash variable number of dimensions
bull use-case signal coverage of a given area is an optimization problem for emittersrsquoposition but also for their count
I full control over all parameters (schemas)
18D H Wolpert and W G Macready ldquoNo free lunch theorems for optimizationrdquo IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1 nopp 67ndash82 1997 doi 1011094235585893
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Multidimensional algorithms accessible both in single- and multi-objective version
I Differential Evolution (DE)
I Self-organizing Migrating Algorithm19 (SOMA)
I Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm20 (NSGAII)
I Variable Number of Dimensions (VND)
19G C Onwubolu and B V Babu New Optimization Techniques in Engineering Springer 200420K Deb Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley 2001
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 AToM Statsdoc Karban
Habilitant wrote first version of AToM and leads development of the package (PI)
022015 032016 0320170
50000
100000
150000
time
num
ber
oflines
lines of code
022015 032016 0320170
1000
2000
3000
time
num
ber
of
m-fi
les
and
m-f
unct
ions
m-filesm-functions
Some statistics of AToM project over time (Matlab+GIT+Jenkinsshell)
directories 155
packages 86
classes 234
m-files 1828
functions 2972
unitTests 1188
lines of code 133322
comments 13381
Stats on 28032017 541 AM
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Lear More About AToM doc Karban
Licensing of AToM and FOPS Toolboxes
I AToM remains property of CTU
I FOPS remains shared property ofCTU and BUT
I antennatoolboxcom
bull white papers news
I questions atinfo[at]antennatoolboxcom
I YouTube channel
I MathWorks pre-product partner
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Why Is Atom Written in Matlabdoc Karban
Pros
I High-definition language
bull excellent for fast-prototypingbull many built-in functions are
embeddedbull implicit amp explicit
parallelization
I New functionality can easily bepublished21
I Maybe others
Cons
I Still not as fast as eg C
bull and to be efficient Matlabneeds very good programmingskill
I Not open-source
I To make standalone applicationis a nightmare
I Maybe others
I What is your opinion
21wwwmathworkscommatlabcentralfileexchange
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Q3 Features of Matlab (gtR2015b)doc Karban
I Run-time Type Analysis (gtMatlab 65)
bull data types in m-file are noticed during the first run
I Just-In-Time-Accelerator
bull parts of code that satisfy certain conditions are precompiledbull runs always (gtMatlab 2016a)
I Profiling via profile
bull JIT however deactivated during the profile measurementbull nearly impossible to do a good job without it
I Surprisingly rich Object-Oriented Programming
I Unit-test framework (gt2014b)
I Source Control Integration
bull GIT SVNbull Jenkins can be utilized
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Acronymsprof Kasal
IP Internet Protocol CM Characteristic Modes
GPS Global Positioning System PIFA Planar Inverted F Antenna
RFID Radio Frequency Identification MLFMA Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm
GUI Graphical User Interface FBW Fractional Bandwidth
PEC Perfect Electric Conductor IBC Impedance Boundary Condition
EFIE Electric Field Integral Equation MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MFIE Magnetic Field Integral Eq RWG Rao-Wilton-Glisson
CFIE Combined Field Integral Eq IFS Iterated Function System
MoM Method of Moments
Acronyms from the thesis in order of their appearance (only the bluish ones are used without explanation)
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
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055
056
057
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059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Table of Symbolsprof Kasal
λ wavelength O computational complexity
k wavenumber vacuum k = 2πλ R3 Euclidean space
a radius of circumscribing sphere Prad radiated power
f frequency Plost ohmic losses
ω angular frequency vacuum ω = 2πf Pd dissipated power Pd = Prad + Ploss
Q quality factor Wsto stored energy
G antenna gain Zin input impedance Zin = Rin + jXin
J M electric magnetic currents S Poynting vector (energy flow)
E H intensity of electric magnetic field F far-field F = limrrarrinfinrejkrE
Z impedance matrix Z = R + jX ηr radiation efficiency
λn characteristic numbers
Symbols from the thesis sorted in order of their appearance
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
Why Are We Here Today
Source Concept
Mastering Sources
From Current to Antenna Optimization
Antenna Toolbox for Matlab (AToM)
Afterword
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
anm0
fdrm0
fdrm1
fdrm2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
112
113
114
anm1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
213
214
anm2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310
311
312
313
314
anm3
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
410
411
412
413
414
anm4
fdrm3
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
anm5
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
anm6
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
anm7
7EndLeft
7StepLeft
7PauseLeft
7PlayLeft
7PlayPauseLeft
7PauseRight
7PlayRight
7PlayPauseRight
7StepRight
7EndRight
7Minus
7Reset
7Plus
Appendices (QampA)
Bonus Recipe for Gingerbreadndash by Michal Masek AToM colleague
First available result of AToM project (andhopefully not the last one)
I Gingerbread
bull 500 g flour (Bohemian smooth)bull 180 g icing sugarbull 125 g Herabull 125 g honeybull 2 eggsbull 1 teaspoon of cooking sodabull 1 teaspoon of cinnamonbull 2 teaspoons of gingerbread spices
I Icing22
bull 200 g icing sugarbull 1 egg whitebull 1 teaspoon of lemon extract
I Rub icing until smooth
22Logo of the AToM project should respect the existing graphical manual
Capek M Habilitation lecture Source Concept and Its Utilization for Analysis of ESAs 23 23
