sosc 1000 course kit reading...
TRANSCRIPT
SOSC 1000 Course kit reading summary/notes
Mark Sagoff: At the Shrine of Our lady of Fatima or why political questions are not all economicFinding the equilibrium between consumer and being a citizen has been that question that is questioned. Being a faithful consumer can you actually go through what you want at the moment and relieve your goals for the future. People are indecisive and contradicting to their words and actions. However, in the end is what we vote, choose, or choices that’s best for the total economy or is it to just please ourselves.
Shusky: social Science between natural science and the humanities 1Adam smithAuguste comte: was to discover an ethical system for strengthening family lifeScientist must consider when doing experiments of what’s considered good or bad in the eyes of the citizen. As each person’s perspective will differ and each results will be different. Creating a hypothesis, conducting experiments, and finalizing the hypotheses with a conclusion, a rewording of the hypothesis. However, without testing you would not be able to find other connections, such as finding the relationship between volume, pressure and heat for a chemist.
Chapter 1: The nature of social scienceFactory workers reaching quota, however incentives were given if over productions were made. The workers don’t utilize this chance to make more money instead, uses it to cover up slow days or processing problem. To look further into it, the observers who are trying to increase the production asks the workers individually, nonetheless finding not a straight answers, but more confusion to the situation. We are asked how would we overcome this situation? Many scientist would disagree on changing the factor. Scientist could not “answer fully questions about what is fair or unfair, good or bad.
Ethics and objectivity in social scienceTwo different levels of analysis:
- direct analysiso amoral
o Objective
o Careful recorder
o Describing the subject in much detail as possible
Sociograms:- Charts based on the results of interview sin which people are asked whom they like most in a group or
whom they dislike mosto Complex ones would have more options
The economic perspectiveUtility: The benefit of having an item/objectDiminishing returns: law of diminishing returns act on consumersMarginal utility: how much a additional item/object compared to utility you receive from it
The Psychological PerspectivePersonality: actions that reflects the personThe genetic basis
- Biological determinismo The idea that some races are superior to others in such areas as academic perfoemce
- Biosocial formation
- Conditioningo Classical conditioning
Reported by Ivan Pavlov
A stimulus produces a response (substitution)
Teaching a new trick to a dog (EX)o Operant conditioning
B.F Skinner
Rewards for completing an action
Adjustment Processes- Rationalization
o Attitude
From Aesop’s Fable o Providing a reason to failure to get what they want
o Getting over projected amount
- Projectiono Pushing own personalities
o Greed
- Identificationo Following your inspiration
- All of these methods are ways to cope
The Perspective of sociology and political science- Status
o Complex set of norms to describe a society
o Can be determined to be a position
- Informal organizationo Interaction of people working within a framework of formal rules and policies
o Sentiments
Ex. Proper amount of production- The concept of function
o Functional relations
Mutual relations among the parts of a social; system
The Anthropological perspective- Culture and norms
o Culture
Contains all actions, including technological advancement and material goods
More complex explanation would be a person’s perspectiveo Norms
Rules
Proper status behavior
Ex. Wording if the pronunciation was mixed
Ex. Cross dressing- Idea; versus Real Culture
o Understanding the similarity of status and norm would help
o Form
o Meaning
- The concept of functiono ?
Chapter 2: The History of social Science- The structure of scientific revolutions
o Paradigm
A general theoretical framework that guides research in a science
Shifts resultso Advancement in science will change the perspective of how scientist look at things
o Daniel fusfeld
Theories are accepted if they are useful- The origins of social science
o Intellectual
People were to think for themselveso Internal conflict
Strife between protestants and catholicso Thomas Hobbes
Human condition studies
Social contract where it limits freedom
Angered the king of the timeo John Locke
Attacked the general acceptance belief that innate ideas governed much of human behavior
• Contained on who’s the king
• Individual rights
• Private property
o Mercantilism and Colonialism
Mercantilism
• Foreign trade and became useful doctrine in the colonial era
Colonialism
• ?
o Jean Jacques Rousseau
Source of wealth
• Production vs. natural products
Criticized the social order
Social greed- Political, Economic, and sociological thought, 1750 – 1850
o Adam Smith
Individual interest was best for the economy
Increasing utility through our own action
Free competitions
Tradeso Thomas Malthus
The economy had a relation to the population size as it grew geometricallyo Comte and de Tocqueville
Alexis de Tocqueville
• A political scientist
• Saw democracy was avoidable
Auguste comte
• Created the word sociology
• Saw democracy as non avoidable
• Positivism
o Where intellectual thought relied on science
Social statics
• Forces that gold society together
Social dynamics
• Causes of change
o Karl Marx
Against capitalism
Value of goods and services is determined by the amount of labour required for their production
Emergence of classless society- Social Science at the end of the nineteenth century
o Thorstein Veblen
Continued the work of marx, capitalism on society
Society became more materialistic
Relation between technology and social changeo Max Webber
Protestantismo Emile Durkheim
Anomie
• Shows a high suicide rate in society
o Tylor and Morgan
Edward taylor
• Culture = province of anthropology
• Evolution of religion
• Cultural relativisim
o Evaluates the practice of other societies only within their own cultural
setting
Lewis morgan
• Relationship between marriage and kinsip
• Evolution of human society
o Relation between cultural ideas of property and forms of government
Defined cross-cultural comparisono Wilhelm Wundt
Made psychology- Social Science in the twentieth century
o Developments in psychology
Sigmund freud
• Cured hysteria and other symptoms of neurosis
• Studied dreams to create solutions to problems
• Unconscious theories
Development of dependency to independent
Humanism of shared work
Psychoanalysis
B.F Skinner
• Theory is based on laboratory animals
• Formation of communes relying on positive reinforcement
• Between the two poles of introspection and experimentation
John Dewey
• Knowledge = human survival
o Developments in Sociology and Anthropology
Unitary complexity
Institutions
• Patterned way of performing some general activity within a society
Institutionalization
• Where society is integrated
A. R. Radcliffe-browno Developments in political science and economics
Political behavior
Ki
A View from Above
In the Beni- Beni Bolivian province- William Denevan : the Pristine muth
o The belief that the Americas in 1491 were an almost untouched, even edenic land
People thought of the land in many ways with clear or little evidence. However the arguments that still occur are is it actually true or it just for personal interest. Human alter the nature to make it preserve it for a longer period but would that be true? With organization and corporations trying to take over the land for their own benefits, what would actually be the result of Beni?
Holmberg’s MistakeThe mistake that Holmberg’s made was that he only looked through on perspective of the Beni civilization. He did not investigate into the history of the people or how the land came to be. He believed that the people and the land lived coexisting with each other. Later on, more scientist’s came and figured the land isn’t shaped through natural nature but of human made. Also the civilization that Holmberg’s lived with were refugees of a war occurring to catch the Siriono. Without clear evidence on his claim, he published a book without further facts.
Empty of Mankind and its works- Agency
o Not actors in their own right
o Passive recipients of whatever windfalls or disasters happenstance
- Las Casaso Anti Spanish view
In the past, the Indians were claimed to be barbaric, only thinking of war and expansion of their crop lands. The Europeans thought the civilization as a unchanging process and deemed them unfit or under civilized society. However, through the technological advancement, clearer understanding of human society and human psychology, they started to look back on why certain things occurred.
The Other Neolithic Revolutions- Neolithic revolution
o Invention of:
Farming- Olmec
o The first technological complex culture in the hemisphere
o Invention of zero
The connection of the civilization is hard to explain. Who is the rightful owner of a certain land and what your background would be cannot be determined. People that lived on new America could be people from Australia or Europe that crossed over the iced that occurred during the ice age. However, that isn’t that significant discovery. The significant discovery was the number zero, it helped with mathematics, technological advancement, and science. However it was found in the Olmec society, how was it that the Mayan’s and other Mesoamerican’s also be using zero?
A Guided Tour- Epigraphers
o Scholar of ancient writing
- Kaano Kingdom of the snakes
Why did civilizations in certain areas die out? Most would consider the fact that ice age or droughts, a source of food for the society died off which created the land to be uninhabitable. Many cities near the Mesoamerica have had the same issue.
Ideology and Social Organization- Social critic
o Points out the inconsistencies, the lack of congruence between empirical evidence and
ideological statements- Social organization
o Discrepancies between it and their observations of social reality
- Social analysto Understand why people believe what they believe
- Adoption of a counter-ideologyo Placing of faith in an alternative version of society
Answers given to a questions can be looked into different perspective. Growing up, you experience different answers and learn different things in a certain perspective as you would not think of questioning their answer. You would learn it in that persons perspective.
1- Acceptance- Rejections- Liberalism- Socialism- Liberal democracy
o Equality
o Individualism
o Material prosperity
o Personal freedom
Counter ideology, creating choices for yourself to believe and to resolve situation. Such example is how you would run a country. China being communist and Canada being democracy, there are no incorrect answer but a different view of how the country wants to proceed in the world.
2- Ideology
o Shared ideas
o Perception
o Values
o Beliefs
- Dominant ideologyo Set of ideas
o Perception
o Values
o Beliefs
o Most widely shared and great impact
- Counter Ideologyo Set of ideas
o Perception
o Values
o Beliefs
o Held by substantial minority and noticeable impact
- Theoryo Explicit assumptions
o A reasoning
o Demonstrated
o Evidence
3- Sectarian
o Ideologies are the core of organized group behavior
- Extreme individualisto Society has absolutely no claims on the individual, no rules, government, or constraints
- Extreme collectivisitso Society always has precedence over individuals and the right to demand conformance with
rules for the public good- Extreme elitism
o There should be rulers and the rulers should have compete power
- Extreme egalitarianismo All people should be absolutely equal in condition, not just opportunities
Individualist and Market based IdeologiesIndividualist Anarchism and Libertarianism
- Anarchistso No government and social restrictions on personal liberty
- Libertarianso Accept the necessity of government, but would restrict its functions to the defence of person and
propertyo Firmly believes in pure capitalism
o Everything would be a commodities of sale
Classical and contemporary liberalism- Classical Liberalism
o Absolute free market
- In Canada, both social and conservative makes the society whole- Liberal view
o Equality of opportunity is sufficient and that such equality is largely achieved within the present
social systemo Unconcerned about classes
- Government is suppose to mediate fair and just equalityCollectivist Positions
- Collectivist positionso Argument that the society is an organic whole
- Society is separated into left and righto Egalitarian
Social democratic
Socialist
Syndic-anarchist
Communisto Hierarchically
Conservative
Corporatist
Neo-conservative
FascistSocial Democratic
- Accepts basic value of liberalismo Emphasis on equality
o Classes barriers
Socialist- Displace or enslave labour- Communist
Syndico-Anarchism (or socialistAnarchism)- Anarchism
o Belief in the surpremacy of individuals over society
- 2 brancheso Rights of workers organization to organize production
o Small communities to govern themselves
Communism- Production is socialized and all workers, or their direct representatives , have a say in how the society
is managed.
- Must be destroyed by force, and that a vanguard of advanced thinkers may required to lead a workers revolution
o Hostile to democratic
Traditional Conservatism- Conservatism
o High value to class inequalities
Hierarchy
Paternalisitic relations between capital and labouro Assigned places
Corporatism- Corporatism
o Shares similarities to conservatism,
o Looks into a more economic life compared to conservatism
Neo – Conservatism- Not a ruling class has the obligation to care for its subjects- But there is a ruling class
Fascism- Extreme form of corporation- Force in controlling dissidents- Nazi
Dominant Ideology- Private property rights- Economic drive for profits
4Environmentalist started to get into the political scene. Defending the current nature we have left, many economist think of the land of their own and can do whatever they want. However, it’s harming the overall nature of things. Also religion parties started to enter into the political status.
5- Deprivation
o Opportunities to exceed the common condition
- Difference of social organization and capitalist organization in Canadao Legitimacy of inequality
- Noblesse oblige- Class changes
o Incentives for invention
o Legal protection
o Freedom
o Property rights
- Enclosure acto Pushed rural people off land and obliged them to enter urban employment
o Decrease farmers
o School helped teach them skills and get a higher wage paying job
Equal rights for job opportunity- Wealthy does not have to feed the poor like the old age- Nation state
o Territory larger than a feudal estate which the resident population can effectively defend against
outsider while sustaining their own livelihood- Colonies were land with natural resources to send back to mother country
o Spices and such
o Also for over population
- Bourgeoisieo Industrial and financial leaders of the movement
- New barriers for freedom
6- The industrial society is not a static social organization- The faster the advancement of the society, the more faults we would have to create our own demise- Progress theory. Page 71- Protestantism -> Catholicism
Even though we technologically advanced, we created problems with it such as enslaving ourselves for the demand of the product in order to meet the demand. We always adapt to the new situations, however, after we create a new society the whole cycle revolves again.
7
One: Mythistory, or truth, myth, history, and historians- Myth are fake- Facts are truth
o However facts can always be revised
o Facts to one historian can be a myth to another
Historians write in a way which depicts a heroic act, which makes it not entirely true
Insights more conflict and alienate the other person/country
Historians should be reporting on a unbias past in order to not create tension between two ……….
o Which created the evidence theory
It is to chronically organize the information into a favorable list such as stars- Patterns
o Theories
- Sharing the trutho Creates a motive to live
o Knowledge
- Religious viewso There are many which creates factions
- Common pasto Looking for the minorities in the land
- Jews historyo Gods power over human affairs
- Greekso All free men equal
o Common obedience to law
- Balance between truth, truths, and myth
o Truth
Human behavior is an unattainable goal, however delectable as an idealo Truths
What historians achieve when they bend their minds as critically and carefully as they can to the task of making their account of public affairs credible as well as intelligible to an audience that shares enough of their particular outlook and assumptions to accept wht they say
o Myth
Constitute truth for some and always will be myth for others
• If you believe it or not
o Creo quia absurdum
- Meeting foreign civilization would help to gather the truth as you isolate the not so important information
Two: The Care and repair of Public Myth- Myth
o Based on faith more then fact
Columbus and Western Civilization- “Who controls the past controls the future. And who controls the present controls the past”
o George Orwell
- Columbuso Wrote letters of how peaceful the natives were
o However only saw them as servants
o Wanted to convert the natives to Christians
o Gave quota of gold to mine or their arms would be hacked off
o Did not have enough gold so they sent slaves
o- Samuel Eliot Morison
o Many fled, died, and committed suicide because of the quota
o Stated Columbus to be the reason of the depopulation of the natives
o Many females were raped
o Genocide
o- Las Casas
o A priest that spoke for the natives
o Sickness became a major issue
o Many illness were brought by the Spaniards
- Chauncey DePewo Saw Columbus day of wealth and prosperity
o Patriotism? Whats that to him
Conquered people- Western Civilization
o Great Idea
- Boston globeo MIT students got together and discussed progression
they thought that we should start thinking about sustainability compared to innovation of progression
- Alam Bloomo Supporter of the Columbus discovery
What is the western civilization? We depict all the statistics that are beneficial to be patriotic to our country but leave out the cold hard cruelty in order to gain the patriotism. Columbus’s discovery would be one of the cases that people would consider either it was a great discovery or a genocide that happened.
The Family as a Corporate GroupThe Solidarity of the family
- Sarakatsani, the blood which children inherit not only represents, but it ‘is’ the physical and moral attributes that form their social personalities
- Blood is intimately related to courage- Courage and physical strength are qualities that men require- Hierarchy in family on page 102 second paragraph- Marriage
o Boy must be noble and women must be a virgin
o Divorce was permitted:
Under Adulteryo Once they have intercourse, the bond will be till death
o A illegitimate child will be send out of the town without mercy, as a thing without honour
- Material goods belonging to it are regarded as a common stock of wealth providing means for the subsistence of its members
- Ultimogenitureo A principle of inheritance whereby the youngest son succeeds to the estate of his ancestor
- Primogenitureo First born or eldest child inherit
- Fratricideo Killing of brother
- A son may not be disinherited- Fortiori - Public behavior
o Page 104, 191, paragraph 2
- Camaraderieo Friendship
- Whether or not honour is lost dependso The manliness of the man
o Sexual shame of the women
- Therefore, in most cases, the absence of passive solidarity in blood vengeance and the removal of the killer to prison and later to voluntary exile prevents the execution of vengeance.
- Unmarried brother are allowed to have vengeance, unless the victim has a son, which he will take the vengeance
Hostility Between Unrelated Families- Affairs of honour
o 1st violation of family honour, which is an outrage on one person
o 2nd act of vengeance
- One family goes up in the world the others must necessarily come down- Retaliation
The Values of Prestige1. The Hierarchy
- Hierarchy of prestigeo Precise knowledge of the genealogy, wealth, moral character, and conduct of each family
- Ostentatious prideo impress or boast
2. Honour- Honour
o Condition of integrity, of being ‘ untouched’ by this kind of attack, insult, or betrayal.
- To be a mano be courageous and fearless
o strong in body and in spirit
o well endowed with testicles
ruthless ability in an form of endeavor- quality required of women
o instinctive revulsion from sexual activity
o attempt in dress, movement, and attitude, to disguise the fact that she possesses the physical
attribute of her sexo virgins
o married women must have thoughts of a virgins
3. The Honourable Man : Positive ideals- Division of labour
o Tasks which are normally performed by on sex are carried out by person of the other sex in an
emergency- Women
o Merciless routine of work and suffering
o Camaraderie and the consciousness of a common fate help them to face ot
o Solidarity of women is often expressed in the frequent discussion among those related by
kinship or marriage of their common subjection to men in sexual activityo Women has the sexual ability to lure men, who cannot refuse
o Must cover from head to toe
o Women of age 16 cannot leave the house because it’s a sign of looking for husband which puts
shame within the familyo Most not show emotion
o Must walk behind the husband
o Most be healthy at all times
- Sexual activityo Produce children
o Cannot be on spiritual days
o Secrecy and without speech
- Family heado Caution
o Moderation
o Self-restraint
4. The Honourable Man: Negative Restrictions5. The Material Elelments in prestigea) Numbers- Mass
o Number of son/brothers
o More sons more honor
- Revengeb) Wealth- Number of vistors mean higher reputationc) Lineaged) Marriages- Honor of both families
o Must think, what’s is benefiting you in the marriage
- Dowry6. The Sanctions of Prestige values
Childhood- Child labour
o Already intense in the past, did not change
o 1780-1830
Intensification of child labour due to industrial revolutiono Children who were scarcely toddlers might be set to work, fetching and carrying
o Were requested in textile companies
o Exploitation of child labour and persisted with brutality
o Limitation of hours would help child labour
Stoppage of the mill machinery could guarantee limitation- Commenced a day for multitudes of children
o Went on for 7-8 hours and the children were sleeping on their feet
- Professor Hutto Did not find anything wrong with child labour
- The Factory Movemento Represented less a growth of middle-class humanitarianism than an affirmation of human rights
by the workers themselves- Blue books
o Reform
Chapter four: The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century- Only bring together an index of unemployment and one of high food prices to be able to chart the
course of sicla disturbanceo People protest when they are hungry
- It is of course true that riots were triggered off by soaring prices, by malpractices among dealers, or by hunger
o Conflict between the countryside and the town was mediated by the price of bread
o 19th century wages
o 18th century prices
Bread was mostly eaten- Paternalist model
o Existed in an eroded body of statute law
o Informed the actions of government in times of emergency until the 1770s
o The poor should have the opportunity to buy grain, flour, or meal first, in small parcels, with duly-
supervised weights and measureso Dealers had many restrictions as there were laws against forestalling, regrading and
engrossing, codified in the reign of Edward VI
o In their normal practice, recognize much of the change, but they referred back to this model
whenever emergency arose- Unlimited, unrestrained freedom of the corn trade” was also the demand of adam smith- The new economy entailed a de-moralizing of the theory of trade and consumption no less far-reaching- Only way in which this self-adjusting economy might break down was through the meddlesome
interference of the state and of popular prejudiceo Setting the post-harvest price, was the expectation of the harvest yield
- Other materials were mixed with flour to make breado Exporting the corn, even when they were in shortage infuriated the people of the land
o Price of flour raised that the poor could barely afford
- Provoking the people to fury by a sudden advance in the price of flour or an evident deterioration in its quality
The Double Bind of Modernity- Individuals will be placed from:
o Interests
o Attitudes
o Distinct social attributes:
Common age
Sex
Occupation
Religion
Urban rural locationo Age
o Education
- Discretionary incomeo Income over the necessities
- Distinction of the life style and cultural tastes (What income class)- Mass consumptions
o Automobile
Small towns got exposed to other towns which created a bigger marketo Motion picture
Freedom of thoughto Sociological innovations (marketing)
What one displays, what on shows, is a sign of achievement
Advertising tells us how we should be living and the roles in the family- Three social inventions
o Revolutions in technology
Producing cheaper productso Development of marketing
Differentiation of products and interestso Spread of installment buying
Less fear of debt (credit card)- Installment selling
o 1st
Installment sales were for the poor
• Sign of financial instability
o 2nd
Debt to higher classes
• Living beyond on’s means
- Savingso Banks advertisement
- Achievementso Shown by products
o Status
The Theory of Mass Society- Ancien regime
o Image of society which has lost its framework of feudal liberty through the destruction of the
autonomous corporations and estates on which it rested, is a cornerstone of the construction- Gemienschaft- Gesellschaft- Disintegrative influence of capitalism and urban life had left man alone and helpless
o To protect himself, he fled into the arms of the all-absorbing totalitarian party
- No society could go on reproducing itself and maintaining even a coerced order if it corresponded to the description given by the critics of “mass society”
1.- Mass society
o New order of society
o Came noisily and ponderously
- Integration of society happens in two ways:o Vertically
Classo Horizontally
Bond within the class- Government in our age are more active to us by legislation and education from childhood2.- Polis
o Common citizenship extending over a vast territory
o Nationality
- Languageo Created cliques
- Civil Dispositiono Acknowledgement of the legitimacy of the authority
3.- Competition and conflicts of corporate bodies resting on diverse class, ethnic, professional, and
regional identifications and attachments are vigorous and outspoken in this new order of society- Inequalities exist in mass society, and they call forth at least as much resentment, if not more, than they
ever did- Product of change in moral attitudes- Vox populi, vox dei?
o Source of the mass society
- Traditions continue to exert their influence; but they are less overtly acknowledged- No society can ever cut itself off from its past as a source of its own legitimacy
- “the attenuation of tradiditional belief and of attachment to the past is accentuated by the less authoritative relationship of adults to children which in itself is a outcome of the same moral shift which has enabled modern society to become a mass society” Pg. 78-79
4.- “inequalities remain, partly from tradition, partly from functional necessity, and partly from the fact that
the movement toward equlity is not the only fundamental impulse that moves men and women” Pg. 79- Civility
o Acceptance of the tasks of the management of public affairs
5.- Institutional of the individual
o Acknowledgement of oneself
- “heavier stress on present enjoyment rather than on the obligation of respect toward tradition, involves necessarily an opening to experience” Pg. 81
6.- Religion started to degrade within the public- Material help and sympathy started to establish- Rewards for a performance- Efficiency and justice require also a fixation of the rules governing rights and obligations7.- Industrial society
o Transportation
o Communication
o Quality of human living started to improve from the industrial revolution due to innovative
invention and simplicity of processes occurring
Used to replace occupational achievement8.- Limitations in society9.- Indiscipline of youth and neglected the aged
1 work as a social ProblemWork as a central human Activity
- Humans alter their own nature- Only species that works?- Work offers sense
o Pride or shame
o Accomplishment or meaninglessness
- How you spend your time at work affects your free time
Identifying work as a social problem- Exploitation of working
o Legislation was created to help workers condition
- Defective traitso Laziness
o Low intelliegence
o Lack of respect
- Safety nets- Elimination of
o Unpleasant, mindless, and insecure jobs
- David crollo Directed the massive investigation of poverty
- Governmento Increased taxes and made it harder to incur money
o Made corporations more profitable
- Womeno Jobs:
Elementary school teacher
Nursing
Restaurant work- Basic reason of work
o “Maintain themselves and their families in order to do the things they “really enjoy.” Life for these
people begins when work ends” pg 174 kito Keep occurpied, bored, or idle
o Extrinsic work rewards
- “don’t ask the child to take the parent’s lives as a model but as a warning” pg 175
Alienation and its sources
Alienated labour- Four aspects of alienated labour
o Don’t know what the products for
Would not know due to wage rate
Creates a gap between classes
two more aspects on this
• self estrangement
o meaning and purpose of work
o physical survival
o The overall organization of te work place
o The immediate workplace itself
o alienation towards one to another
class structure- “Alienation always entails a notion of human estrangement – from person, objects, values, or from
oneself” pg 179 kit- “Alienation is seen as residing in the social structure rather than in individual personalities; its causes
are social rather than psychological” pg. 179 kit
Sources of Alienation- Alienated labour
o Concentration of the means of production in the ahdns of a small but dominant class
o Markets in land, labour, and commodities
o Elaborate division of labour
Specialization and the separation of mental and manual labour
Technology and industrialism
- “Technology, mechanization, or industrialism have not been included among the cause of alienated labour” page 182 kit
What are ‘class’ and ‘inequality’?- “All societies are stratified in one way or another, in hierarchies of power and wealth.” Page 185 kit- Social class
o Poor vs. rich
o Discussed as inequality in modern society
Global Inequality- British stats
o Throughout industrial revolution, more people went into poverty
Global rich- Inheritors of wealth- Inequality
o Is an abstraction
o Statistical term when victims and beneficiaries appear
Growing Inequality- Inequality in the bulging middle class
o “Just the way things are” pg. 186 kit
- Social injusticeo Social classes are remade in wayts which make them obscure to the participants
Why ‘class’ became Crucial- Class stratification
o Division of society into unequal strata or groups
- Class interestso Owners of capital
o Workers
Relationship is exploitative
Five: the Westray Story- “the enterprise involved used the corporate form to avoid legal and moral responsibilities” pg 193 kit- Paper companies
The Westray Story, In Conclusion- Many persons and entities had defaulted in their legislative, business, statutory, and management
responsibilities
Chapter 2: the Post-War Canadian StateConstructing the Keynesian Welfare State
- Corporate sectoro Attacking on welfare state
o The victory of the labourers and social action groups
- The Great depressiono Generated political crisis
- Laissez-faire- “Without state intervention and regulation in the economy, the market simply would not survive” pg. 202- Unions- John Maynard Keynes
o Provided why state should intervene
o Gave the solution to the crisis of capitalism
High stable level of income and employment
Full employment
Fordist regime
• “[T]he era of the dominance of mass production, balanced by high levels of mass
consumption maintained by institutional supports which includes Keynesian demand, policies, and an accord between business and labour” pg. 202
- Golden age of welfareo Education, health, social security, and economy bloomed
o Controlled banking, credit, currency, and bankruptcy
- Canadao Social spending is lower 3rd
o 1930
Leaned towards laissez faire
Taxo Sense of citizenship
Free education, income support and health care
The Keynesian Welfare State in Canada- Social contracts:
o Key interests of capital was left to private sectors
The state made three major concessions to labour:
• Policies ensuring high stable levels of employment and incomes (Full
employment)o 1945 white paper on employment and income
o High labour force was good enough
o Keynesianism were blamed for unemployment
o Inflation level
• State would private assistance if unable to participate in labour market (A Social
Safety Net)o “Beveridge Report “Reports on Social Security in Canada”
If full employment policies fail, you should give welfare to peopleo 1971
Unemployment Insurance was introducedo 1945
Universal Family Allowance system
For Canadian childreno Canada Assistance Plan (A Cost-shared federal-rpvincial program
providing welfare and social assistance services)o 1966
Federal Medical Care Act
• Five things required for funding:
o Universality
o Comprehensiveness
o Protability
o Accessibility
o Public administration
• Improve wages and living standards (Rights for Labour)
o Needed a level of worker support
o Must be a meeting before a strike
The Crisis of the Canadian Keynesian State- Two versions of consensus
o Talked about the mixed economy
o State sector, welfare, and planning
- Consensus- 1973
o Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Increase of oil priceso Globalization occurred
Going to third world countries for cheap labouro technological advancements
1 Globalization then and now- globalization
o Computer technology
o Dismantling of trade barriers
o Expanding political and economic power of multinational corporations
- Christopher Columbus!
Old Globalization- Cecil Rhodes
o Obtain raw materials and exploit the cheap slave labour
- 1600 – 1800o Large amount of resources were taken to fund Europe
o Trades occurred, raw material for finished products
- 1860 – 70o Trading booms
o Golden era
- Comparative advantageo Developed in 1817 by David Ricardo in his “Principles of Political economy and taxation”
Wrote about specializing in producing goods where they have an advantage when certain things were met:
• Fair trade and not dependent of each other
• No high wage to lower
Market Magic- Adam Smith
o Invisible hand
o Local investments only
o Different from today
Communication technology
• Production, sales and distribution of goods and services
• Factories are placed where its cheaper to employ
Mobility of corporations
A Perspective on globalization- Real socialism became into picture against capitalism
The Crisis of the mid-1970s- 1978
o International economy
Movements in trade, investments, and payments crossing national boarderso World economy
Production and financed were being organizedo Third world countries
Lowered legislation, lowered currency, and lowered living standards to get more exports
During the depressiono First world
Sacrificing welfare
Globalization as ideology- World economy
o Took advantage of the territorial fragmentation of the international economy
o Mobility
o Was to ensure the magic of market
- Repressive police and military force to prevent destabilization of the world economyo From protests
Globalism and the Biosphere- Mid 1970s
o Role of states
Human sustainability
Resource depletion
Pollutiono Globalism
Space and Time- Henri Bergson
o Time
Clock time
• Measuring what’s happening outside
• Nature is making sure everything happens one sequentially
Duration
• Experienced time
• Constrictions in mental and physical actions
- Fernand Braudelo Time speed is different in different environment
o Three levels of time
Instantaneous time/cybernetic(real-time)
Conjunctural time
Longue Duree
• Very slow to change
The Contradictions of Globalization- Social polarization
o Three part hierarchy
Serve global production and finance in reasonably stable jobs
Serve the global economy in more precarious employment
Superfluous labor
• Africa
- Loss of regulatory power due to the stateo To enhance national competitiveness
- Uneven decomposition of civil societyo Growing gap between the base of society and political leadership
Classo Emphasis on locality rather than wider political authorities
Potential For transformation
Chapter 4: globalization, industrial restructuring and labour- Five domain of industrial reconstructing
o Globalization of production
o Restructuring of the state
o Fordism to flexible production
“To overcome “rigidities” in labour markets” pg. 227 kito Expansion and restructuring of the service economy
o Re-entry of women into the formal labour market
- Canadian labour marketo NIDL (new International division of labour)
To cvercome the current capital accumulation crisis
Core Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
Flexible accumulationo Rapid technological changes
- External (Peripheral) Proletariat
Restructuring the international division of labour- History
o Christopher Columbus discover of america
Exploitation of labour in peripheral areaso Neo – liberalism
Formal independence
- Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs)o Advanced beyond the typical third world countries
Brazil
South Koreao Some countries in Africa slipped to fourth world
- NIDL (New International Division of labour)o Third world no longer export and import manufactured goods from first world countries
o Is the product of technological developing which helped capital mobility
Breaking production into segments
• In terms of intensity and skill levels
Efficient transportation
• Geographical dispersion of production segments
Advance in communicationso Post war
Wanted to deindustrialization of first world countries- IDL (International division of labour)
o Started in 16th century
o Three phases of IDL
Mercantilist
• From 16th – 18th century
Competitive/industrial capitalist
• 18th – 19th century
• Wage-labour
Monopoly capitalist
• First half of twentieth century
• Wage labour
- New “world market factory”/global factoryo Production were shipped to third world countries
“Free Production Zones”
Low waged
Low – skilled labour- Bretton Wood conference
o 1944
o US renewed interest in third world countries
- Transnational Corporations (TNCs)o Third world are sources for raw materials
- Globalization of jobso Competition throughout the world
o States have a “race to the bottom” to attract more corporations to their state
States have little legislation about: taxes, profit remittances, environmental regulations and albour rights and benefits
Canada and global restructuring- Deindustrialization began in 1960 in Canada- 1975 canada became “a net exporter of capital, mainly to U.S” pg. 230
o 1988 Canada –U.S. Free trade agreement (FTA)
o NAFTA (North American Free Trade agreement)
- Corporate agendao “takeovers, mergers, downsizing, rationalization, production shifts, buy backs, bankrupticies,
adjustment, closures, layoffs, and wage cuts. It also involves public sector adjustments such as privatization, deregulation, contracting out, and other measure which enhance the corporate climate” pg. 230
- Sunbelt?- Rustbelt?- Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)- Maquiladora Zone
o Runaway investors
o Mexico
- GATTo General agreement on trade and tariffs
- MAIo Multilateral Agreement on investments
Restructuring the state- Neo-liberalism
o Privatization of companies
o Limiting government intervention
- “Governments in all capitalist countries, to varying degrees, have introduced legislation that promots the privatizes public corporations” pg. 232
- Restructuring of labour markets and labour process in Canadao 1970 wage controls
o 1980 social programs
o 1990 shift to the lean state
Reduction in welfare state
• Strict rules on entering welfare
Constructing a flexible labour market- Lean production
o Flexible production process
- Flexibility to production:o Cost cutting
Reducing the size of work forceso Efficient use of full employment
Working smartero Efficient use of part time employees
- Geographical outsourcing- Just-in-time Production (JIT)
o The resilience of a company
Canada- The case of the Auto industry
The Money Game- Production of wealth
o Extraction and concentration of wealth
Delinking Money from value- Barter
o First transactions of equal products being traded
- 1944 o Bretton wood
Created World Bank and International Monetary Fund
Gold standard- 1971
o President Richard Nixon stopped the gold exchange for US dollars
- Computerso No more paper and stored into data
- Basic four development into transformation of the financial systemo US financed global expansion with dollars
o Digital contact, computers, to the markets and trades. Also make transactions without human
interventiono Panels of investors became small professional investors. Also banks started to create their own
monopoly in the marketo Mutual and pension funds were altered
- Growing profits from bonds and such- Two ways of creating money without value
o Debt
Banks: loans money of peoples account
Visao Asset values
Stock
Land
Piece of art
“If the assets were gold or oil, this phenomenon would be called inflation. In stocks, it is called wealth creation.” P. 242 kit
Kurtz
• Value of money could not change the supply of our food
Predatory Finance- “investment is by nature productive in the sense that it increases the size of the economic pie” pg. 245- Extraction of invest
o Natural resources
- Speculationo Gambling
- Derivative contractso Bets on movements of stock, currency prices, interest rates, stock market indices
Creating uncertainty and risk- Extraction of profit
o Arbitraging
Speedo Speculating
Bets on short term fluctuations on priceso Insuring
Assurance- Hedge fund
o High risk, short term speculation
o Minimum of 1 million dollar
- Quantum fundo