s.o.s. watercni.nt.edu.ro/new/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/brosura.pdf · comeniu visit t bistrit...

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This web site reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

S.O.S. WATER

LLP Link number: 2011-1-RO1-COM06-14663 1 ISBN 978-973-0-14974-6

PIATRA-NEAMT SOFIA

CANAKKALE ATHENS MARBACH

1

C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER

SOS WATER project - summary

Main goals of the SOS WATER project

to know and to promote the importance of water to the countr ies involved through research act iv i t ies, par tnerships with environmental inst i tut ions and exper imental act iv i t ies;

to ident i fy environmental problems related to water resources from each country through exchange of informat ion wi th the partners;

to ident i fy the possib le improvement solut ions for environmental problems concerning water use and water qual i ty through exchange of information between partners, study vis i ts , research act iv i t ies;

to increase the IT abi l i t ies by achieving leaf lets, brochures, the project 's website, v ideos posted on youtube and on l ive@edu/Etwinning;

to develop c iv ic at t i tudes concerning ecological problems through scient i f ic and art is t ic act iv i t ies to improve water;

to develop l inguist ic competencies and communicat ion ski l ls by using, besides Engl ish, the nat ional languages of a l l the partners in the f inal project;

to acquire basic t ransversal competencies: d ig i ta l by creat ing the web page, leaf lets, brochures; c iv ic and interpersonal competencies by ident i fy ing an environment problem that is going to be amel iorated through team work and through working on at tract ing the interest of the local community; entrepreneurship competencies by creat ing an improvement

2


plan for the water wastage problem by developing and disseminat ing the resul ts wi thin the local community;

to consol idate intercurr icular act iv i t ies through exchanges of sc ient i f ic information and pract ical solut ions to environment problems that are common to di f ferent countr ies.

Main activities

creat ing and managing a website;

development of logos, posters, brochures;

conduct ing hydrographic maps, comparat ive charts;

developing and implement ing plans for saving and improving water qual i ty in schools and wi thin the community;

s tudy vis i t to a c leaning water stat ion;

ecological c leaned area of the select r iver / lake;

workshop for creat ing the ECO-dict ionary;

creat ing the photos exhibi t ion;

d isseminat ion of results in school and community;

organiz ing the mobi l i ty in partners countr ies.

Final products of the SOS WATER project

the web page, maintained af ter the c losing of the project ;

the saving and water qual i ty improvement plan;

an ecology c lub (H2O Club);

the ECO - d ict ionary;

3


the brochure on CD and on paper;

ecological c leaning of two r iver / lakes and their surrounding areas;

comparat ive hydrographic maps of the partner regions and evolut ional charts;

“pract ical methods and tools for saving water” leaf lets, exhibi t ions photos and drawings, the SOS WATER movie.

4


H2O Club

Main goals

Acknowledging and promoting

the importance of water through

research, experimental and dis-

semination activities and through

educational partnerships with

environment institutions, as well

as schools.

Identifying the problems of the

local water resources, as well as

from different areas of the

country or Europe, by sharing

information with other schools

county or Europe.

Paintings by: E. Teodorova, M. Angelova, M. Gaydarova, H2O Club Bulgaria

C o me n i u

Visit tBistrit

AnalyzRiver,

u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa

o the Water Cleansinta, Neamt‐ Romania

zing the water from thMarbach‐ Germania

5

r tn e r s h ip

T

abiliti

probl

involv

pract

qualit

reduc

g Station

he Murr

An

The developme

es, concerning t

ems of the co

vement in sc

ical activities to

ty of the water,

cing the amount c

Physical analysis ‐ Tu

nalyzing the water ‐ Tu

SOS WATER

ent of civic

he ecological

ommunity, by

cientific and

improve the

as well as

consumed.

urcia

urcia

6


The growth of the students implication level in educational opportunities, with the aid of practical outdoors activities.

Identifying solutions for

decreasing the environmental

problems, as far as the use and

quality of the water is

concerned, through shared

information, case studies, re-

search visits and documentation

activities.

Cleaning the beach ‐ Turcia

Visit to a Bulgarian water station

Simona Pe

Magdale

Teodora

Yana Donc

Alex Schw

Boyan Lev

BoyanStoya B

trova

na S.

Tomas Bayryakov

Martin Dimitrov

a E.

cheva

Nikolai Mitov

M

weizer

vashki ElDario Dionisi

V

Julita Taskova

7

Boris BBoryana Kaneva

v Yordan Yotov Tony

Stanimi

Alex F

Maria Mihaela Georgieva

litsa Zaharieva Iliana D

Lyubomira L.

Vanesa Zlatanova

Bongalov

Koteva

Serkan Pash

Stanimira G

r Kalchev

Farfarov

Georgieva Ivelina Pavlov

Yana Vladimir

Lyudmil Stoya

Denitsa Hristo

Djovanova

Tatyana Arnaudo

Boris Kyuchoukov

hev

G.

va

rova

Stefka Padalska

Georgi Stoev

Vesela Koteva

Petya Georgieva

anov

ova

Iva Vasileva

va Mariana Soultanova

Stefan Weizenegge

Kai Kubler

Maxi Muller

Niels Reinhold

Talmon l’Armee

8

Ms. Nicole Fing

er Jojo Bergold

Linda Freiberg

Maxi Stiegler

Rebecca Ullric

Florian Peters

ger Mr. Christ

d Julian

ger Marc

Maxim

ch Sas

son Vincenzo

ian Johrend

n Volzer

cel Blind

milian Rupp

sha Ley

o Carnuccio

Karagianni E.

Komi Margarita

Zace Bjorni

Markopoulou K. Panagiotou Zoi

Adamopoulos D.

Manoli E.

Vlachakis E. Mpardani Anna

Mitropoulos V.

Berberi K.

Mougiakou A. Papaioannou E.

Papathanakos Katsikis A.

Velentzas A.

Eleftheriadi D. Koumarianos I.

Kolia M.

Tsiapa A.

Desara D.

Mathiou A.

Damala E.

Chatzipanagiotou Ch.

Michalopoulou P.

Kattis O.

Katsiveli S. Antoniadou M. Kosmas D. Lazou P. Papapanou A.

Tatsi E. Mpaliouskas S.

Aflorei

Adriana

Alina D

Ingrid B

Daria Ş

George

Maria

Alexandra Andrei Mă

a Letos

Dumitruţ

Botescu

Alexandru I

Ţăranu Sim

Lămâiţa Tra

Şchiopu

Morariu

Berea Taina Grig

Tudor Ciu

Mădălina Pa

10

ăzăreanu Florina Ba

Iovu

mona Raluca Costan

aistă Lorena Str

Andreea Ierc

Claudiu Roş

goriu Elena Irimi

rezu

ascaru

arbu Diana Turnea

ndache

Olivian Savin

Roxana Mihă

rechie

coşan

şu Raluca Cioban

Alexandru Ghe

ia Gheorghe Manolac

a Laura Onu

Bianca Cojocaru

n

ilă

u

rghelaş

Constantin Pavăl

Mariana Mîndru

Alexandra Şerban

George Barcan

che

Marina Budău

u

l

u

n

İ

B

S

Eİlke Erdoğan

Kame

Bora Ateren Öy

Selda Çetinkaya

11

Elif Gönen

er Gür Arslan

ykü ERTEN Ka

Doğa Kılıç

Yaİrem Ay

Caner Çimen

aan Sarioğlu Bi

Dilara Yalçın Os

ağız Öztürk

ihter Çakir

sman Kırlı

12

Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER

Hydrographic maps

The central idea of the project was to br ing into the students’ attention the ecological problems that water puts up, by knowing the substances that could affect the qual i ty of the water, but also by opening their way towards constructive and accurate reflections over what we can to do improve the quali ty of the water, in partnership with the able insti tut ions.

I t started from knowing the environment in which we l ive in and went on to comparing i t with di f ferent environments from dif ferent countr ies and gett ing in contact with the better experimental practices, as wel l solving some water problems.

Thus, each partner country has selected a r iver which was to be studied from the point of view of physical qual i t ies (temperature, clari ty, conductivi ty), chemical qual i t ies (the existence of various concentrations of phosphates, ni trates, ni tr i tes, Ca, Mg, oxygen, pH, etc.) .

The rivers chosen to be studies within the pract ical activi t ies within the SOS WATER project are: Iskar (the r iver running through Sophia, the capital of Bulgaria), Murr (a r iver near Marbach am Neckar – Germany), Kiphisos (a r iver near Athens, the capital of Greece), Bistrita (a r iver crossing nearby Piatra Neamt – Romania), Sar ıçay Creek (a r iver nearby Kanakkale, Turkey).

13


Hydrografic map of Iskar river - Bulgaria

Fact Sheet:

Longest in BG

Length - 368 km

Source elevation - 2,500 m

Basin area - 8,646 km²

The Iskar is formed by three rivers, the Chèrni (black)

Iskar, Bèli (white) Iskar and Lèvi (left).

After descending from the north slopes of Rila, it fills the Iskar

Reservoir—the largest in Bulgaria and the Lake Pancharevo.

The river runs near Sofia and passes through a rocky gorge in

the Balkan Mountains. This is the main source of water for

Sofiyska voda, the water and sewerage company in Sofia.

14


Hydrografic map of Marbach am Neckar - Germania

15


16


Hydrografic map of Neamț - România

17


HYDROGRAFIC MAP OF BULGARIA

Come

The

By Stef

One consumWe havsimple serve a

To sschool to show

Our nexhigh or a lreadyf ind ideSaving took pla

A

n ius mul t i l a te ra l p

water savin

an Waizenegge

major task mpt ion in schoove col lected idplan is the wos evidence of

s tar t wi th, we over the last t

w the amounts

xt a im was to flow. I t turned saving a lot oas on how to sPlan” was f in is

ace in Bulgar ia

Amount of water

18

par tne r sh ip

ng plan

er, Sascha Ley, MGymnasium i

of our projecol . deas for our

ork of the last our hard work.assessed the

two years and more perspicu

ind out whetheout that at thef water. We th

save even morshed just befora where we exc

in m³

S

Marcel Bl ind - Frn Marbach( Nec

ct is to redu

“Water Savintwo years and

. e water consu

put the data ous.

er th is water co t ime the FSGen turned our e water. Our f ire our f i rs t mochanged ideas

SOS WATER

r iedr ich Shi l lerckar) , Germany

ce the water

ng Plan” . Thisd this plan wi l l

mpt ion in ourinto a diagram

onsumption is -Marbach was at tent ion to i rs t “Water bi l i ty. This wi th the other

r y

r

s l

r m

r

Come

part ic

Unt i l tha lot ofeasibi lcount inaddi t ionSaving version

The c Method

Attach

alreadyto 60% i t ’s verhave a

Waterl

• WateThis is meaning

An aver


cipat ing schooe mobi l i ty to Rf facts. To coi ty of our plang and therefonal informatioPlan”. On the of our most upomple te p lan can

ds

a flow reduc• A f low

the runningwater to woxygen addneeded. • A f lo

prof i table af teof water and

y sensible to high usage of

ess Urinals

er less ur inals only possible

g that the ur in

rage f lush of a

19

par tne r sh ip

ols. We updateRomania our porrect this wens. This includore evaluat ing n has now bfol lowing pag

p-to-date “Wat be v iewed on ou

cer to all watw reducer add water, but the

wash one’s haded, less wate

ow reducer aer one month energy. Also, instal l them,

water, e.g. che

work, as you e because of tne just ro l ls of f

ur inal consum

S

ed our “Water p lan was not re did some res

ded looking at our present f

been added tes you wi l l f iner Saving Plan

ur webs i te : www.

ter taps in ths more oxygen

ere is st i l l enoands. With mr from the tap

as displayed, in use, becaui t only costs especia l ly in

emistry or NwT

may guess, the so cal led f .

mes three l i ters

SOS WATER

Saving Plan” .eal ly based onsearch on thethe costs and

faci l i t ies. Thisto the “Waternd an abr idgedn”. sos-water .eu

he school n to ugh

more p is

is se i t saves upEuro 5.90. So rooms which

T.

without water .“ lotus ef fect” ,

s of water.

. n e d s r d

p o h

. ,

Come

afford tcost. Th

Water s

posi t iobr ick i

Use

We cantherefor

Use

The schshould This wo


A watthe downsidrenovated binstal led, bu

them for the ohe school woul

ave- Button for

two tanksand one wa br ick int

Themost of secondly, not recomBut, one

oned in f ront os cheap and s

e rainwater f

n use the roofsre not recomm

e rainwater to

hool is c leanedinstal l a tank f

ould save up to

20

par tne r sh ip

ter less ur inal se they are verbui ld ings, watt we don' t th inolder bui ld ingsld have to pay

r toilets

Modern f lushis inside: Onewith s ix l i ters.Oto the tank.

ere are two the tanks aryou have to bmended. can put a br ic

of the wal l , whaves three l i te

for toilets

s, but there wended.

clean the sch

d wi th water onfor rainwater. o 2000 l i ters a

S

saves a lot of ry expensive. ter less ur inalnk the school s . The main p€5500 to €600

ng tanks have wi th three l

Or you can just

problems: Fire bui l t into

buy new tanks.

ck ins ide the here one can jrs of water.

ouldn’ t be eno

hool

nly a few t imes

year.

SOS WATER

water , but onIn the newlys have beenwil l be able to

problem is the00 per ur inal .

e got i ters t put

st ly, the wal l and

. So, therefore

tank, which isjust open i t . A

ough water, so

s a year, so we

n y n o e

d e

s A

o

e

21

Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ip SOS WATER

Chalkless boards

There are boards wi th pens l ike a fe l t t ip , but you can erase them. Such boards l ike these are very expensive, so therefore not recommended.

JUST THINK how YOU can save water !

Just th ink a l i t t le b i t about your water consumpt ion at

school .

You needn't wash the sponge a hundred t imes before you

c lean the board, because half of the water ends up on the f loor

and not on the board.

When you wash your hands, make sure that the tap is turned off

properly , so i t doesn' t cont inue dr ipping.

Come

T

Technic

• Instaeracon

• Repwithsma

• InstWatThismea

• Stoinsupipe

• Chaoneinsttankalsotank

• Chaf lowwat

Educat

• Do con


The Water S

cal measures:

ta l lat ion of ators which sumption by u

placing c lass ih modern whart boards; tal l ing waterter less ur inalss is only possianing that the p al l wateulat ing or ces; anging the toes of a smalta l l ing doubleks, to l imi t co works to putk; anging the s iwl imiter / automer af ter a certa

ional measure

not throw trasume plenty o

22

par tne r sh ip

Saving Plan

:

shower heareduce wate

p to 30%; ic b lackboardhite boards o

r less ur inalss work, as youble because our ine just ro l lsr losses bhanging wate

oi let tank wi tl ler volume oe f lush wateconsumpt ion. t a br ick in th

nk wi th somematic c losing. a in t ime.

es

ash in the to if water;

S

by Ro

ad er

ds or

s . u may guess,f the so cal led

s of f ; by er

th or er I t

he

e special optAl l these type

i lete or s ink,

SOS WATER

omanian team

without water . “ lotus effect” ,

t ical sensor /es of s ink stop

their removal

m

. ,

/ p

l

Come

• U• O

t

“The Prof thethe

Using ri t d( im


Using the dishwOrganis ing a Mhe importance

A

recious Drop”water, which c

e park in f ront e sports f ie ld;

rain water meadidn`t before,

mproving the sc

23

par tne r sh ip

washer / washiMarch For Wate

of water and

Alternative s

” method of obcan be used toof the school ,

ans the schoolbecause of thechool`s park, p

S

ing only fu l l loaer every year thow to save i t .

ources

ta in ing anal ter wet thetrees awash the scho

can use this we high cost of wplant ing f lower

SOS WATER

ad; o show people.

rnat ive source and plants in ool yard and

water to th ingswater s, t rees) .

e

s

24

Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ip SOS WATER

Comen

Wat

Id

Water

• Use househo• Applyfert i l ize• Avoidoceans

• Avoid• Burn• Redu• Store


er quality im

deas about im

Pollution

environmental lo ld products y natural pest i

ers d l i t ter ing in r iv

d using more e less coal , o i l

uce Temperatue and Reuse H

25

par tne r sh ip

mprovement

mproving wat

ly- fr iendly

c ides and

vers, lakes and

Air Pollu

• Chmodels o

• Whtransport

• Pla

Thermal

energy than neor gas; re and Volumeeated Water.

SOS W

t plan

ter quality

Made by th

d

ution

hoose ef f ic ientf vehic les; hen possib leat ion walk or rant t rees

l Pollution

cessary;

e of Discharge;

WATER

e Turkish team

t , low-pol lut ing

use publ icr ide a bike;

;

m

g

c

Comen

Soil Po

• Usedable c ides • Plaplan ythat m• Redminimto ouespec• Dis

Radioa

The dsecu


ollution

e organic, herbic ides a

whenever possnt nat ive speyour p lant ings

minimizes run oduce, reuse anize the amounr landf i l ls ania l ly l ike battepose of househ

active Polluti

disposal of radre.

26

par tne r sh ip

biodegra-and pest i -s ib le; ecies and

in a way f f ;

nd recycle nt of t rash d recycle, r ies, t i res and hold chemicals

ion

dioact ive mater

SOS W

plast ics. s properly.

r ia l must be sa

WATER

afe and

27


Ideas on how to improve water quality

Made by Stefan Waizenegger, the German team

Outline

Introduct ion Reasons for water contaminat ion • Faecal and waste contaminat ion • Bio logical contaminat ion • Agr icul tural contaminat ion • Catastrophes • Air pol lut ion • Industr ia l contaminat ion

Methods to improve water qual i ty Conclusion

Introduction

Water is a v i ta l resource. For th is reason, i t must be protected. Water pol lut ion may not be a i t is a huge problem in many other countr ies and could potent ia l ly be one in ours. How can we decrease water contamination? First , i t is important to understand the causes of water pol lut ion. These are many and most of them are our faul t . The fol lowing wi l l show the reasons for water contamination and we wi l l g ive methods on how to improve the water qual i ty .

Reasons for water contamination

• Faecal and waste contamination - In countr ies l ike Germany wi th h igh standards of water treatment th is is no big problem.Water treatment plants f i l ter our water.

Comen But

wor ld´splants. pol luteswhen ththe r ivebiodegrcarpet are awathe plas

• BBiolo

often apol lut iobasis fof lows dthese streamsproblemand fau

• A

Today’ssame trto fer t i lenvironfert i l izeour watvery lowof the fo


Germany see wastewater isMore of ten wa

s the environmhrowing away ers. Especial lyradable. The oof plast ic partash wi th plastst ic for food, e

Biological conogical contama direct resuln. Wastewater

or bacter ia to gdirect ly into start to gro

s. This can cms and s icke

na.

gricultural co

s agr icul tural inract of land thaizers and pestment. Ammoni

er. The ammoner, as a high le

w level decreasood chain.

28

par tne r sh ip

ems to be an s c leaned andastewater f lows

ment. In addi t iotheir rubbish. y plast ic is aceans are pol lic les f loat ing

t ic garbage. Mat i t and die w

ntamination mination is l t of faecal r is a perfect grow on. I f i t

our r ivers, ow in our ause health n the f lora

ontamination

ndustry producan a century agic ides. These um is a main cium amount haevel leads to eses plant grow

SOS W

except ion: ond f i l tered in ws direct ly into

on many peoplA lot of garba

a big problemuted by garbawithin the At la

Most t ragical ly wi th a fu l l s toma

ces far more crgo. This is poshowever contacomponent of nas to be evenlyexcessive plan

wth, resul t ing in

WATER

nly 5% of theater treatmentthe r ivers ande are careless

age ends up in, as i t is notge. We have aantic . Beaches

birds mistakeach.

rop on the sible thanks

aminate our nearly every y balanced in t growth and a

n the col lapse

e t d s n t

a s e

Comen

I f onr ivers band thewil l suf fqual i ty d

• I

The most ofmany cnot haprotect igovernmproblempol lut ioFactor iehazardoChina t

Therforgottetheir sythis shwater fheats tlower otemperaoxygen to massalgae o

Anotheav


e uses too muby downpours oe ecosystem wfer . ( for fur ther determinat ion of

Industrial con

industry is rf the water coountr ies the g

ave laws conon. Inde

ments turn ams concernin

n caused byes of ten do nous mater ia l gehis is a great prmal pollutio

en. Factor ies aystems. One ould be a prof lowing back the water . Thoxygen saturatature depensaturat ion can

s f ish demise r s imi lar plant ther big issuevy metals, can

29

par tne r sh ip

uch fer t i l izer anof rain the ammwil l be endang

in format ion on f the Murr - Germ

ntamination

responsible foontamination. Igovernments dncerning wateeed, man bl ind eye tg wate

y industryot f i l ter their ets washed intproblem. n is another

and power statmight ask wh

oblem. The hointo the r ive

is resul ts in t ion, as th is indent. Lowen therefore lea

and excessivgrowth.

e is mining. T be washed int

SOS W

nd this gets wmonium amoungered. The fauammonium cf . “many”) .

or n o

er ny to er y. wastewater ; h

to the r ivers.

aspect that st ions use r iver

hy ot er a is er ad ve

Toxic substanto the ground w

WATER

ashed into thent wi l l increaseuna especial ly“Chemica l water

hence a lot ofPart icular ly in

should not ber water to cool

ces, includingwater or

e e y r

f n

e l

g

30


r ivers. Especial ly the method of hydraul ic f ractur ing is a t icking t ime bomb that wi l l eventual ly pol lute the environment and our water . What is hydraul ic f ractur ing( in short : f racking)? Since our natural gas reserves are slowly but surely being depleted, the industry has found a new way of extract ing the natural gas f rom shale layers. Enormous r igs are bui l t . They dr i l l holes of up to 5 k i lometres in depth to reach the shale. Another hole is dr i l led hor izontal ly cut t ing through ki lometres of shale. To extract the gas bound in the shale, a mixture of water, sand and chemicals is in jected into the holes wi th a pressure of 600 bar. The shale cracks, the natural gas is re leased and can be extracted. 40% of the f racking water stays in the earth. This toxic cocktai l eventual ly begins to r ise and can di f fuse into the ground water. Furthermore, methane can f ind i ts way into the ground water . The toxic cocktai l of acids, oxidants, polymers, b ioc ides, even radioact ive mater ia l and methane pol lute the environment. The surrounding waters turn toxic and f lora and fauna die. In Amer ica i t has been shown that the methane content in tap water can become high enough for this to be inf lammable. A smal l spark is enough to set of f an explosion of methane trapped inside a wel l . Trucks have to carry mi l l ion l i t res of water to societ ies near former fracking s i tes.

• Catastrophes

Everyone has seen the pictures: The burning Deep Water Hor izon, a d isaster of vast magni tude, the largest and most hazardous oi l spi l l in h is tory.

31


The ecosystem in the Gulf of Mexico was severely

damaged. Plants and animals have died and are dying! The use of chemicals to dissolve the oi l caused addit ional pol lut ion. To get r id of the oi l carpet, the oi l was burned. But th is did not only cause severe air pol lut ion, but also lef t many other pol lutants behind. But even so, unt i l th is day the oi l has not completely disappeared. I t wi l l take a long t ime unt i l the environment has recovered.

Further catastrophes that had and st i l l have terr ib le ef fects on the environment were the explosions in Chernobyl and Fukushima . The radioact ive contaminat ion makes the water undr inkable. The animals d ie or mutate. The balance of the ecosystem has been hazardously d isrupted.

Even global warming can be cal led a catastrophe. I t has a s imi lar ef fect as thermal contaminat ion. Rivers wi l l warm and plant growth wi l l be increased resul t ing in lost habi tat for f ish and other water animals.

• Air pollution

Normal ly one would not associate a ir pol lut ion wi th water contamination. But acid rain is one example for the connect ion between the two. Part ic les of the pol luted air can be bound in ra inwater. This can spread into our ground water and r ivers. However, the pol luted rain is seldom toxic enough to harm us.

32


Methods

• Faecal and waste contamination

The most important measure that has to be implemented is the construct ion of fur ther water t reatment p lants. Al though sewage plants are expensive, they are the only means of c leaning wastewater and ensur ing that no toxic substances f ind their way into our r ivers and even ground/dr inking water. In addi t ion, toxic or hazardous waste should be discarded of proper ly.

I t is just as important to reduce the amount of waste, as bui ld ing new sewage plants to clean the wastewater . Al though plast ic , the bane of our modern world, has i ts advantages, i t is a big problem for our environment. Our dr inking water should therefore be c leaned, so that we do not dr ink plast ic par t ic les which endanger our heal th. Furthermore, the already dumped plast ic should be col lected and discarded proper ly. This is where every one of us can help to improve the water qual i ty . Or, one could even take one fur ther step and star t us ing less plast ic. Maybe one day, i f i t is not too late already, we wi l l be

able to become independent of this mater ia l .

• Biological contamination

I f one is to stop faecal contaminat ion, one most l ikely wi l l s top bio logical pol lut ion. As

Comen

eand waSolvingmost pr

• A

To contamneeds land c lowhich obe usedintroduccomes fert i l izethe useopposi tour concomes these ain formatGermanyuse of qual i ty the goannual sure thaas poss

• In

AgainInst i tut i


explained in “Raste contamina faecal pol lut i

robably stop bi

Agricultural c

restraininat ion, the to act . New bose to r ivers a

our dr inking wad for agr icul tuced, especiato the use of

ers. There is ne of fer t i l izere, we need thnsumption. Buto our water reas. This is t

t ion c f . “Chemiy” ) . Our Measusurrounding fof the Murr . T

overnment hacontrols. Th

at water qual i ts ib le.

ndustrial con

n the governmng internat ion

33

par tne r sh ip

Reasons for wat ion” these tion by bui ld ingological conta

contamination

agr icul turagovernmen

bi l ls restr ic t ingand areas fromater is taken, to

re, have to beal ly when i

pest ic ides andno need to banrs and pest icese substancet there shouldsuppl ies. Furhe case with ocal water qual iurements showields does noTo ensure thaas to inst i tuhese wi l l makty stays as h ig

ntamination

ments must acal laws forbidd

SOS W

water contamintwo causes ag water f i l t ratminat ion to so

n

al nt g m o e i t d n ides completees to grow enod be some cathermore, one

our r iver, the Mi ty determinat io

w clear ly that tt real ly inf luet these laws ate ke gh

ct. ding water cont

WATER

at ion – faecalre inter l inked.ion plants wi l lme extent.

ely. Qui te theough crops foraut ion when i te must protectMurr ( for fur theron of the Murr-he agr icul turalnce the water

are abided by,

ta-minat ion by

l . l

e r t t r - l r ,

34


unf i l tered waste water and sewing companies disobeying

them, wi l l eventual ly help to increase the water qual i ty. I f the governments do not want to face their responsibi l i ty , they must be forced by their people. Every one of us could star t or jo in a campaign wanting to improve the water qual i ty; i f not for the environment then for themselves. The companies could and should reduce water pol lut ion. Wastewater should be treated properly. Only c leaned and f i l tered water should f low back into our r ivers. Companies wi l l react i f there is g lobal and publ ic awareness of this problem.

Thermal pol lut ion can easi ly be reduced. Instead of pumping the hot water d irect ly into the r ivers one could s imply bui ld large pools where the water can cool down to a reasonable temperature. One need not even reach the r ivers temperature. The r iver can compensate some degree of d i f ference. But far more important than solv ing the problems ment ioned already, is f inding a solut ion for hydraul ic f ractur ing. I t is easy to agree that f racking is h ighly dangerous to our environment. Whole areas are contaminated. The water is undrinkable and fresh water has to be del ivered by trucks. We have been exploi t ing our earth for too long. This is merely a new stage. In our opin ion, f racking should be stopped immediately in Germany and in the rest of the wor ld. The environmental costs are far too dramatic for th is method to be an acceptable source of energy. I t is i r responsible to pol lute our environment for economic reasons.

• Catastrophes

A fur ther catastrophe l ike the explosion of the “Deep Water Hor izon” must be avoided at al l costs. The ecological damage is d isastrous. I t would be safest to forbid deep sea oi l dr i l l ing. Of course this is not feasib le. The world depends on a

Comen s

becominhave tothe “De

Tstoppedbeen colesser eon the upon thadvanta

Tcatastropower.

governmnuclearreplacinrenwabincludin

Someon nuclenergy.

• A

Humanirenewaand carsupportt ranspo


steady supply ng independen make oi l prodep Water Hor iz

The so-cal led d the leaking oontrols the caextent and mayecological sysose who r isk t

ages. There is onlophes. We haThis wi l l take tAfter the e

ment decided power sta

ng them le energy so

ng wind, solar , e countr ies arlear power. I t

Air pollution

ty is current ly b le energy sours. Every one ot ing renewabler t , such as cyc

35

par tne r sh ip

of oi l . Humant of fossi l o i lduct ion as safezon”, certain c

“Blowout-Prevoi l , had sever

atastrophe couy not have hadtem. Tougher he heal th of o

y one safe ave to becomtime and wi l l bxplosion atto s lowly, but

at ions, wi th

ources, and water enee fo l lowing suis a cheap b

try ing to reducurces and f i l terof us can help energy and uscl ing instead o

SOS W

ani ty has to fl . Unt i l we ace as possible. i rcumstances wventer” , whichal def ic iencies

uld have been the same devpenalt ies shouur environmen

way to preme independebe expensive.

Fukushima,t surely, shut

ergy. u i t . However, mut dangerous

ce air pol lut ionr ing the fumes to reduce air ps ing ecologicaf dr iv ing.

WATER

f ind a way ofhieve th is , weIn the case of

were ignored. h should haves. I f there had

reduced to avastat ing ef fectuld be inf l ic tedt for economic

event nuclearnt of nuclear

the Germandown German

many st i l l re lyway to create

n by using of factor ies

pol lut ion by l means of

f e f

e d a t

d c

r r

n n

y e

36


Conclusion

One can easi ly agree that water pol lut ion is a very important issue. Industr ia l nat ions, l ike Germany, wi l l have to help nat ions that cannot, or wi l l not stop water pol lut ion. But most important, every one of us can help to make a di f ference. Do not rely on others to make the star t . Take i t into your own hands to improve water qual i ty and save us and our environment f rom water pol lut ion. Many methods may take some t ime to implement. But that invested t ime wi l l be worth i t . The wor ld´s wastewater has to be c leaned proper ly, so that people can have dr inkable ground water. Nothing is more important than having a good water qual i ty. Water is a v i ta l resource.

References: Ideas on how to improve water quality

• h t tp: / /www.k factor f i l ter .com/ Images/Appl icat ions/Env ironmenta l / indust r ia l -wastewater_Medium. jpg (p ic ture 1)

• h t tp: / /www.wel t .de/ img/aus land/crop113892756/7040231600-c i3x2s-w200/Umwel tverschmutzung-durch-zwei - i l lega le-Fabr iken-faerbt -F luss- in-China-rot . jpg (p ic ture 2)

• h t tp: / /www.omnia-ver lag.de/oe_img/Umwel t_02/Roter_ F luss. jpg (p ic ture 3)

• h t tp: / /www.f rack ingf re ieshessen.de/wcf / images/Frack ing. jpg (p ic ture 4)

• h t tp: / /www.gizmodo.de/wp-content /up loads/2009/03/brennendes_wasser . jpg (p ic ture 5)

• h t tp: / /www.eoear th .org/ f i les /113701_113800/113736/Deepwater_hor izon_plat form_sink ing. jpg (p ic ture 6)

• h t tp: / /de.sot t .net / image/ image/s5/111939/ fu l l / rad ia t ion.png (p ic ture 7)

•

37


• h t tp: / /www.ramasur i .de/wp-content /up loads/2011/11/

I43002399211512_BLD_Onl ine. jpg (p ic ture 8) • h t tp: / / fmhsloudspeaker . f i les .wordpress.com/2010/08/a-water -

t reatment-p lant - for - for t -mi l l -cou ld-potent ia l ly-save- the- town-a- lo t -o f -money-photo-cour tesy-google- images. jpg (p ic ture 9)

• h t tp: / /b logs.e i .co lumbia.edu/wp-content /up loads/2010/07/ waste70908. jpg(p ic ture 10)

• h t tp: / /ac t ion. farmland.org/ images/content /pagebui lder / r iver -running- through-green- farm-f ie lds. jpg (p ic ture 11)

• h t tp: / /cdn2.zent rum-der-gesundhei t .de/ images/ t i te lb i ld / f rack ing-ia . jpg (p ic ture 12)

• h t tp: / /www.google .de/ imgres?q=von+Atomstrom+zu+Windst rom&um=1&sa=N&hl=de&biw=944&bih=941&tbm=isch&tbnid=pPXB_BEfz9S6wM:&imgrefur l=ht tp: / / forum. f inanzen.net / forum/Windkraf t_Nein_Danke- t439162%3Fpage%3D0&docid =49n6mZ2hF9CSMM&imgur l=ht tp : / / forum. f inanzen.net /anonymize/ht tp: / /www.prokon.net / img/atom.png&w=600&h=179&ei=kEemUe6XA8iJ4ASQr4HwAQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&page=1&tbnh=75&tbnw=254&star t=0&ndsp=17&ved=1t :429, r :3 ,s :0 , i :93&tx=680&ty=223 (p ic ture 13)

• h t tp: / /www.dornbi rn .at / typo3temp/p ics /20d2a4807d. jpg (p ic ture 14)

• h t tp: / /de.wik ipedia .org/wik i /Deepwater_Hor izon • Wel t der Wunder : Bauer Media Ver lag KG, Ausgabe 6 (2013) S.

80-83 • h t tp: / /www. lenntech.com/water -proverbs.htm

Comen Idea

• D

• W Hou

Wmanthe of teand

Agri

Cemedeca


as on how toby

o we have go

What is polluti

usehold water

Water pol lut ioy problems wi

home. Comn occur wi th pond water .

icultural pollu

Contamination rged as an i

ade.

38

par tne r sh ip

improve wa3ο Geniko Lyke

od quality of w

on?

pollution

on can causthin and arounmon problemdrink ing wate

ution in Greec

of surface wimportant env

SOS W

ter quality eio Perister iou

water ?

se nd ms er

ce

water and grovironmental pr

WATER

– Greece team

oundwater hasoblem in last

m

s t

39


Greece has drained many lakes completely to generate hydroelectr ic power or to expand agr icul tural land.

Industrial Pollution

Industr ia l pol lut ion is

pol lut ion which can be direct ly l inked wi th industry, in contrast to other pol lut ion sources. This form of pol lut ion is one of the leading causes of pol lut ion worldwide

Acid rain in Athens Sulfur d ioxide, contr ibuted chief ly by industr ia l ef f luents,

has severely damaged stone bui ld ings and monuments.

Consequences

Hard water is water with h igh levels of calc ium and magnesium which causes erosion and blockage problems.

Suspended part ic les are re lated to d iscolorat ion and an unpleasant taste of dr ink ing water .

I f infants consume ni trates, they can die f rom blue baby syndrome.

Gastrointest inal diseases are caused by pol luted dr inking water wi th sewage or manure runoff .

Comen S

• Recyc

• Organpest icfer t i l iz

• Gett inmater i

• Instal l

E

Ithe adsubstanphosph

E

• Ip


Solutions in h

l ing;

ic products agides, herbic ide

zers;

g r id of hazardals;

ing water f i l ter

Eutrophication

s the ecosysdi t ion of ar t

nces, such ates, through

Effects on Hum

ncreased inc ipol lut ion.

40

par tne r sh ip

ousehold wat

ainst us ing es and

dous

rs.

n

stem responsei f ic ia l or natas ni tratesfert i l izers or

se

man Health

dence of tum

SOS W

er pollution

e to tural and

ewage, to an a

mors, u lcers d

WATER

aquat ic system

due to ni trate

e

41


• Increased inc idence of sk in disorders due to contact with pol lutants.

• Increased inc idence of const ipat ion, d iarrhea and infect ions to intest ine.

• Dangerous effects on growing foetus in pregnant women. • Concentrat ion of pol lutants due to bioaccumulat ive

pest ic ides. through secondary and ter t iary food chain in case of non – vegetar ians.

• St i l l b ir ths, abort ions and bir th of deformed chi ldren.

Effects on Animal Health

• Large scale death of aquat ic and terrestr ial animals; • Reduced reproduct ion rate; • Increased inc idence of d iseases; • Imbalances created in secondary food chains; • Some organochlor ine pest ic ides ( l ike DDT, BHC, Endr in)

are known for b ioaccumulat ive characters.

Methods of treatment

Bioagriculture

In s imple terms, b ioagr icul ture means farming using sustainable methods. This can mean better use of fer t i l izers, b io logical pest ic ides and microbial fer t i l i ty enhancers to natural ly produce health ier crops and improve yie lds.

Benefits of bioagriculture

• Bio-agr icul tural farming methods have been proven to hal t and reverse soi l erosion.

• Organic bio logical agr icul ture focus on feeding the soi l . • Industr ia l agr icul ture focusses on feeding the plant

42


Water pol lut ion cannot be al together checked, but measures can be taken to reduce i t :

a) Primary treatment

In this method mechanical screening and sedimentat ion of un-dissolved sol ids in raw sewage is done. But i t fa i ls to remove any dissolved substance from water.

b) Secondary treatment

Sewage treated in pr imary treatment is brought in contact wi th oxygen and aerobic micro-organisms. They break down the organic matter into harmless mater ia ls as CO2 and H2O. Further, chlor inat ion is done to reduce the bacter ia. I t may be fur ther treated to ter t iary level zero measures are adopted

for secondary treatment. They are: Tr ick l ing f i l ter method and act ivated s ludge process.

Trickl ing f i l ter method

In th is case sewage water passes through a th ick bed of gravel stones so that bacter ia consume most of the organic matter.

Activated sludge process

Here the sewage water is pumped into an aerat ion tank. The tank contains s ludge consist ing of bacter ia and algae. The bacter ia is able to decompose most of the organic matter and algae produces oxygen to promote the growth of these decomposers.

43



Made by the Romanian team

What does pollution mean?

Pol lut ion occurs when the introduct ion of some substances happens – sol id, l iquid, gaseous, radio-act ive; The water suffers physical , chemical or b io logical modif icat ions that make i t dangerous to publ ic heal th. Forms of pollution

Pollution due to biological agents

I t ’s a powerful bacter i-

o logical contamination of water , which resul ts in spreading diseases such as hepat i t is , typhoid fever, etc.

Pollution due to chemical agents

Resul ts from the discharge in

waters of var ious compounds such as: n i t rates, phosphates and other chemicals used in the agr icul ture industry.

Is due mainly because of detergents and pest ic ides. Equal is

the degree of water pol lut ion wi th PCBs (polychlor inated biphenyls) , which are used a lot in the plast ics industry.

44


Radio-active pollution

I t may occur as a resul t of the discharge of radioact ive

mater ia ls in the atmosphere and especia l ly due to incorrect releases of radioact ive l iquid and sol id waste from industr ies using atomic energy or nuclear researches.

This type of pol lut ion is met in the Cernavoda area.

Example of a nuclear accident

On January 22, 1954 the sai lors on the ship "Fukuriumar i i no.5" not iced an unusual phenomenon: the f i re bal l made by the thermonuclear explosion on Bik ini Atol l . Therefore al l crew members and f ish caught were affected by radioact ive ash on sk in and inside the body.

Another resul t of th is explosion: radioact ive rain was fa l l ing in May of the same year, the radioact ivi ty remaining at a considerable level by September 1954.

Original pictures from Bikini Island

Pollution in agriculture

In agr icul ture, the main sources of water pol lut ion are:

untreated waste water coming from the l ivestock industry;

45


land administrat ion of excessive amounts of fer t i l izer ,

which causes the accumulat ion of n i trate in ground water and spread them;

use of chemical fer t i l izers (mainly ni trogen) in large doses and in inappropr iate moments plant growth;

appl icat ion of chemicals to protect plants by diseases and insects.

Pollution due to physical agents

Represents the contaminat ion of water wi th sol id, minerals or insoluble mater ia ls. I t is usual ly found in:

Sawmil ls ; Nuclear power plants; Thermal power plants.

Industry pollution

Usual ly found in major

industr ies. The number of pol lutants for a part icular industry is usual ly smal l .

For example: Wastewater from food

industry mainly contains organic pol lutant matters;

Waters comming from coal laundry, inorganic mater ia ls in form of suspensions, etc.

46


Pollution in urban areas

I t is a mixture of water f rom households and industry (usual ly local) .That is why these waters can be found in almost al l types of pol lutants above, their product ion depends from case by case.

How pollution occurs?

• Pol lutants get into the water.Because of sunl ight,

pol luted water evaporates cycle ends wi th the fa l l back of water in to the earth as precipi tat ions.

• Polluted waters affects soil, plants and animals causing mutations.

47


„Water! You have no taste, no smel l , no color , no smel l , you can not be def ined , we taste you wi thout knowing you. You are not only required for l i fe: you are l i fe i tsel f . You are the most valuable weal th in the wor ld and you are the most tender, you, so pure deep in the earth. " Antoine de Saint- Exupéry

Methods to reduce pollut ion

The general ways to be followed to reduce pollut ion are :

Fast and eff ic ient waste recycl ing; Industr ia l development using less pol lut ing means; Safely stor ing the waste that is not b iodegradable; Appl icat ion of rules and sanct ions much higher;

Reduce pollution in agriculture

To reduce th is type of pol lut ion we need:

Supervis ion of an expert in the appl icat ion of fer t i l izers. Corect use of fer t i l izers and pest ic ides. Cult ivat ion in the correct t ime per iod to help regenerate

soi l resources, in order to reduce the need for fer t i l izers.

48


Reduce pollution in agriculture

Introduct ion of machinery and equipment that would not pol lute

Methods to improve water quality • No oi l d isposing into the s ink; • Sewage plants must be improved; • Septic tanks should be provided wi th concrete wal ls and a

drain hole; • Bathrooms must be provided wi th a garbage bin to avoid

spreading waste in groundwater . • 20% of our town has no access to sani tat ion. Improper use of

sept ic tanks pol lute ground water. • Instal l ing and using f i l ters within publ ic inst i tut ions

(especial ly schools) Hard detergents wi th a lot of perborates for bleaching

are useless i f we wash at 40-60°C, because perborates are inact ive under 70° , and go into the sewage unmodif ied, af fect ing the qual i ty of water.

I t is preferable to not use dis infectants and specia l solut ions for c leaning to i lets . Also don’t use them excessively and keep in mind that "deodor iz ing" p i l ls may do more harm to the water. Use them with

49


moderat ion and don’ t use excessive concentrat ions of

solut ions for c leaning utensi ls . • Avoid throwing toxic substances (pest ic ides,

insect ic ides, poisons, mercury, petro leum products) in the s ink, to i let or channels. Bott les and the rest of the non-biodegradable waste must be stored in special p laces.

Reducing the industrial pollution

construct ion of dams; wastewater t reatment

(using f i l ters for chemicals or bacter ia to b iodegrade etc.) .

construct ion of waste-water treatment plants in v i l lages.

The dam f rom Bicaz ,Neamt ‐Romania

Reducing the industrial pollution

Building special waste collection tanks, to prevent their direct discharge into waters surface.

50


Siret river

Source: SC METADET SA Falt iceni ( industr ia l pol luter) ; Cause: The product ion of detergents and polymethyl methacrylate ; Measures: Supplementat ion of Siret 's r iver f low in order to reduce the concentrat ion of the pol lutant wave. Therefore the treatment p lants can f i l ter the pol luted water faster .

Polluters in Moldova

In Neamt the most important

factors of pol lut ion are factor ies and chemical inst i tut ions.

Moldova river

Source: SC ARCELORMITTAL TUBULAR PRODUCTS SA Roman(industr ial pol luter) Cause: Damaging the stat ions viscous oi l supply p ipel ine led to the matter 's download in the Moldova r iver

Measures: repair ing the pipel ine

where the leaks occurred; c leaning the pipes;

bui ld ing a ser ies of dams from boards, bales of straw and absorbent mater ia ls in the Moldova r iver

51


Bistrita river

Source: SC GA PRO CO CHEMICALS SA (chemical pol luter) Cause:

repeated star ts and stops of the chemical instal lat ions;

def ic tar ig technologies for neutral iz ing pol lutants f rom residual waters

Measures: the treatment and recovery of nutr ients from the

ef f luent coming from the granulat ion tower; L iquid and sol id loss recovery systems; ammonia reduct ion from the emission gases.

In Neamt county

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Surface occupied by water

Surface of polluted waters

Reduction through filtration

After applying the reduction methods

52



Made by Lyudmil Stoyanov from the Bulgarian team

Current water treatment and it ’s quality

Sofia ci t izens dr ink one of the most qual i tat ive waters in Europe.The water f rom the Bel i Iskar dam and lesser water sources is decontaminated wi th chlor ine, and the Iskar dam water passes through a few stages of t reatment in the sewage – t reatment p lants Bistr i tsa and Pancharevo .

Why do we have to add chlorine?

In order to have a c lean water and to guarantee i t ’s dr inking qual i t ies, chlor ine is being added to i t . The quant i t ies of i t are large enough to destroy harmful microorganisms and smal l enough to be completely harmless to people. This is the oldest and most ef f ic ient method for pur i fy ing water.

Stages of purif icat ion of water in water treatment faci l it ies

Chlor ine is added to the water in order to exterminate the bacter ia in i t .

When necessary, a reagent that enlarges undissolved substances is added in the water to entrap them in f i l ters in the next stage of treatment.

Water is f i l tered through a layer of quartz sand. In the end the water is being chlor i f ied once more before

release to ensure the opt imal content of remaining chlor ine necessary to prevent secondary bacter ia l contaminat ion.

Water qual i t ies are being str ic t ly contro l led by the accredi ted Laboratory test ing complex of “Sof ia water” , as wel l as by the Metropol i tan regional heal th inspect ion.

53


That way al l of the water qual i t ies are moni tored str ic t ly and match the normative standards of the country and the EU.

Qualit ies of drinking water in Sofia

Factors Measure Allowable values

Approximate values

pH pH 6,50 - 9,50 7,41

Natr ium mg/ l 200,00 <5,10

Calc ium mg/ l 150,00 <12,50

Ferrum μg/ l 200 <128 Manganes

e μg/ l 50 <10

Fluor ides mg/l 1,50 <0,20

Ni trates mg/l 50,00 <0,99

Ni tr i tes mg/l 0,500 <0,015 Residual chlorine mg/l 0,30 - 0,40 <0,31

Plans for improving the quality of drinking water

A l l in a l l improving water qual i ty means keeping water sources c lean, monitor ing careful ly the transfer of water , us ing non – harmful to the environment and to us (preferably wi th less energy usage) ways to d is infect water and not wasting already clean water.

54


1. The most common cause for worsening dr inking water ’s qual i ty is outdated inner – bui l t p lumbing in bui ld ings. In order to have better dr ink ing water we must renew or replace i t , as wel l as war i ly maintain i t .

The importance of keeping a clean l iving environment

In other words, you can help by s imple means such as keeping the space around your home swept and wi thout debr is , c leaning af ter your dog when you take i t for a walk, and using cars as rarely as possible.

2. Don't drain motor oil or antifreeze down storm drains

I f you change your car 's o i l , be careful to avoid spi l ls or residual dr ips.

Take your o ld motor o i l to a garage or auto parts store that recycles i t .

Consider having your car 's oi l changed at a quick lube or garage.

Keep your car maintained to avoid oi l and gas dr ips and leaks.

3. Minimize fert i l izer use Over-appl icat ion of fer t i l izer contr ibutes to eutrophicat ion,

the choking of our lakes and streams by overgrown algae and weeds. Proper use of fer t i l izer can reduce the environmental impact on our c i ty waters.

55


Take a soi l test to determine how much fer t i l izer to

apply. Fer t i l ize in ear ly fa l l , when i t is most benefic ia l to the

root system. But be sure to fert i l ize before the grass goes dormant, af ter which i t can' t take up the fer t i l izer .

Buy only what you need and fo l low the instruct ions. Don' t fer t i l ize just pr ior to a ra instorm. Leave grass cl ippings on the lawn to act as a natural

fer t i l izer .

4. Minimize pesticide use

Pest ic ides inc lude chemicals that k i l l insects ( insect ic ides), weeds (herbic ides) , and fungi ( fungic ides) . These chemicals can be toxic to humans, pets and other animals, hence they can have many harmful ef fects throughout the watershed.

Consider a l ternat ive methods such as using non-toxic sprays, benefic ia l predators, or spraying off pests with a forceful stream of water. Also, consider hand picking of f smal l infestat ions of pests.

Buy only what you need to avoid having to dispose of or s tore the product.

Choose pest ic ides that are the least toxic. Look for s ignal words on the package: warnings which read "Poison" are highly toxic and the most dangerous. "Danger" means extremely f lammable, corrosive or h ighly toxic. "Warning" means moderately hazardous. "Caut ion" means low to moderately hazardous

5. Report I l legal Dumping or Unusual Condit ions in Lakes or Streams

Be a watchdog over your lakes and streams. Contact local author i t ies i f you not ice any of the fo l lowing unusual condit ions in your lakes and streams:

56


A change in color of the water An unusual or foul odor Suds when there is no precip i tat ion occurr ing Any unusual- looking substance discharging from a storm

outlet I l legal dumping act ivi ty Unusual discharges from construct ion s i tes or industr ia l

s i tes Large number of dead or dying f ish or crayf ish

Spread the word

There’s strength in numbers, they say. In 21s t century there are count less ways to involve others in tak ing act ions for the environment.

You can: Hand out f lyers with short presentat ions on them. Organise cleaning events (v ia internet for massive ones

or s imply gather ing a dozen aqcuaintainces and c leaning publ ic places) to give an example.

Making shir ts , s t ickers, badges, wr i t ing ar t ic les, focusing di f ferent forms of ar t on the subject, organising events, doing what you’re best at for gather ing attent ion to the topic.

Bel ieving in the cause. As you can see, there can be done much and we are the

ones to guide others to creat ing heal thy habits for protect ing water and the environment on the whole. I t ’s up to us to give an example and star t the change. Once we teach others how to spread the word, we are bound to succeed.

57


Chemical analysis

Chemical water quality determination of the Murr-Germany

using the NSF Water Qual i ty Index

Outl ine:

• Introduct ion

• Measuring methods and mater ia ls

• Results

• Assessing the resul ts/ Comparat ive assessment of

b io logical macro analysis

• Conclusion

Introduction - The Murr

A length of 51.5 km and a catchment area of about 500 square k i lometres make the Murr the seventh largest t r ibutary to the Neckar. The source is near Murrhardt f rom where i t f lows into the Neckar, the Rhine and then into the North Sea.

The Murr can look back on an eventfu l h istory: in the

58


15th century i t was used pr imar i ly as a t ransport

route for local raf ter companies. The importance as a means of t ransport decreased great ly af ter that. In the era of industr ia l izat ion for a per iod of near ly 100 years a rai lway l ine ran through the Murr val ley.

The Murr val ley therefore became at t ract ive to residents and especial ly the industry. In the context of f lood protect ion the course of the Murr was straightened in many places. Only a few sect ions of the r iver match the or ig inal course of water .

Most parts of the Murr are protected areas. However, i t f lows through areas which are used for agr icul ture. Addi t ional ly, pur i f ied wastewater from sewage treatment p lants f low into i t .

Whether the water qual i ty is af fected thereby, and whether the Murr can be categor ised as an average c lean r iver in Germany, our water analyses dur ing the mobi l i ty to Germany wi l l show.

Measurement, methods and materials

To determine the amount of ammonium, ni trate, n i tr i te, phosphates, tota l hardness and the pH value of the water in the Murr , we used the Viscolor-School water analysis k i t . Using a conversion table the tota l hardness enables us to calculate the amount of calc ium dissolved in the r iver water.

The electr ical conduct iv i ty was measured with a mult imeter. First one has to measure the electr ic resistance

59


and then form the reciprocal of the acquired data. The oxygen content was determined by a quick test of the producer JBL.

Measurements

The measurements were taken dur ing the Comenius mobi l i ty to Germany on 2n d October 2012. The fo l lowing data is the average of 9 measurements, each of which was taken at 10 meter intervals. The water temperature at the t ime was about 9 ° C.

The resul ts may contain minor measurement errors or ins igni f icant deviat ions from the actual value.

Murr (average value)

Oxygen content (mg/ l) 13,2

Oxygen saturat ion(%) <100%

Ammonium (mg/ l) 0,15

Ni trate (mg/ l) 7,5

Ni tr i te (mg/l ) 0,0875

Water hardness (°dH) 28

Calc ium (mg/ l) 200,1

PH – value 8,25

Phosphate approx. 1 mg/l

60


Assessing the results

In our introduct ion we asked whether the water qual i ty of the Murr is af fected by pur i f ied wastewater f rom sewage treatment p lants and the agronomic use of the surrounding plains.

To answer th is important quest ion ammonium and phosphate levels should be considered f i rs t . The values turned out to be very posi t ive. The extremely low ammonium amount of 0.15 mg/l is extremely s igni f icant . This is wel l below the l imi t of 0.5 mg/l . Ammonium found in r ivers are mainly part of the ni t rogen cycle. I t is a resul t of the decomposit ion of organic mater ia l such as dead plants or dead animals. Organic mater ial a lso passes through faecal contamination into r ivers l ike the Murr , e.g. by fer t i l izers. These contain ammonium as i t is wel l known to increase the growth of crop or other p lants and therefore the main component of many fer t i l izers. A too high an amount of ammonium, resul t ing f rom faecal pol lut ion and fer t i l izers may lead to an uncontrol led plant and algae growth, which then might resul t in eutrophicat ion of the water .

Another danger is the possib le conversion of ammonium to ammonia, which is h ighly toxic to the ent ire ecosystem. However, i f the ammonium level is too low, other problems ar ise: a low ammonium level decreases plant growth and the whole food chain may col lapse. The ammonium content of the Murr therefore can be c lassi f ied as opt imal . I t cannot conf i rm the suspic ion of agr icul tural or faecal pol lut ion. The low phosphorus content indicates a s imi lar resul t . The phosphorus amount of 1 mg/ l is far below the l imi t of 5 mg/ l .

61


L ike ammonium, phosphorus, coming from organic mater ial , f inds i ts way into the r ivers.

I t a lso increases the growth of p lants but can, in h igh concentrat ions, lead to eutrophicat ion. For th is reason, ammonium and phosphorus are the pr imary indicators of agr icul tural or faecal contaminat ion. Both indicate that our suspic ion was wrong: The water of the Murr is not , or only to smal l a degree, pol luted by bio logical contaminat ion. Only the s l ight ly e levated pH-value may indicate a bio logical pol lut ion. However, a s l ight ly e levated pH-value can be a result of many other reasons. This good water qual i ty may also be the result of the str ic t regulat ions regarding the discharge of sewage water and the whole catchment area being protected as nature reserves.

Furthermore, i t was highly interest ing assessing the water qual i ty in re lat ion to the habi tat r iver Murr . Str ik ingly posi t ive is the high oxygen level , indicat ing a saturat ion of 100%. This is a good basis for a heal thy ecosystem. However, one must assume that there is a measurement error , as water cannot d issolve 13.1 mg of oxygen per l i t re at a temperature of 9 ° C.

L ikewise, the water hardness can indicate a heal thy aquatic environment. On the other hand hard water means a relat ively large amount of calc ium ions, which increases the toxic i ty of var ious substances. Nutr ients such as ammonium and ni trate including i ts prel iminary ni tr i te are present. However, these values are not benef ic ia l or even opt imal for waters inhabi ted by f ish. Ammonium and ni trate also serve as a basis for p lant growth and ni trate even as a nutr ient for f ish.

62


Moreover, the s l ight ly h igher pH-value and the just

ment ioned amounts of ammonium and ni t rate indicate a strong plant growth within the Murr . Present ly th is wi l l however not endanger the fauna.

Based on our data, we can also calculate the water qual i ty index. According to the NSF-standard the Murr reaches a qual i ty index of 76. This is average for German waters. Thus, the r iver Murr is suff ic ient ly chemical ly c lean and hereby also counts to the c lean r ivers of Germany.

Comparative analysis

Why is the water quality, according to the methods of the Saprobicindex, better?

Comparing the two methods for the determinat ion of water qual i ty , i t is str ik ing that the resul ts d iverge: whi le the Murr is a r iver wi th a moderate to a high degree of c leanl iness, according to the methodology of the Saprobic index, the chemical analysis indicates a rather average water qual i ty.

Now the quest ion is : How do these different results come about? The data of chemical analyses provide an instant value of the water qual i ty : they change quickly when a nearby f ie ld is fer t i l ized, more sewage water is introduced or i f the waters were af fected by rainfal l .

Fol lowing the example of the fer t i l ized f ie ld the ammonium ni trate and ni tr i te values r ise quickly but only for a short per iod. This has a negat ive impact on the water qual i ty index according to NSF-standards.

63


Furthermore, chemical water qual i ty determinat ion depends on ones measuring point: c lose to the r iverbanks, f rom where the samples were taken, one wi l l f ind other condit ions than in the middle of the r iver .

On the other hand, the resul ts determined by saprobic standards, offer long-term informat ion on the water qual i ty. I t takes a whi le unt i l the ecosystem has adapted to new condit ions. For example, i t takes t ime unt i l organisms indicat ing a good water qual i ty d ie and are replaced by organisms indicat ing the opposi te, or v ice versa. Also, the local dependency is less important.

Conclusion

As we want to make a general long term statement about the water qual i ty of the Murr and as the resul ts of the saprobic index provide longterm information on the water qual i ty , we wi l l g ive th is method a higher weight ing.

Final ly one has to agree that the Murr of fers a bio logical ly heal thy habi tat for f lora and fauna and i ts c leanl iness can be referred to as "mediocre to good".

By Sascha Ley, SOS Water Germany

64


Biological analysis

made by the Romanien team

Protocol – Zoobenthos We had col lected some l i t t le var iuos creatures that

l ive in waters of the lakes in our area, in some eprubets. Each group wi l l choose an eprubet. The tubes are contain ing alcohol in wich the l i t t le creature are preserved. The creature wi l l be taken by a pippete and placed on a watch glass. The next s tep is to ident i fy the chosen specimen and his features( name, species, k ingdom, special features) on the maps desplayed on the work off ice. Each group wi l l have to make a drawing to represent each creature and informations obtained, wich then they must submit to the other mates.

Haemopsis

• There are 25 species in Romania • Dimensions: f rom 6 to 200 mm • Body shape: l inear, oval and cyl indr ical • Major i ty l ive in freshwater • Habitats: under the rocks, in mud and on aquat ic

vegetat ion • Feeding: carnivores and hematophagous

Scientif ic classif ication : • Kingdom: Animal ia • Phylum: Annel ida • Subclass: Hirudinea Saprobiologically importance :

65


The Medic inal leech, at the top of the page, is the biggest f reshwater leech in the UK. I t used to be fa ir ly widespread but once br idges replaced fords and dr ink ing troughs replaced ponds i t became very di f f icul t to f ind in the

wi ld as i t no longer had easy access to i ts v ic t ims. Medicinal leeches are raised commercial ly to obtain hirudin - the ant i-coagulant used to prevent blood clots. For more detai ls see the table below.

Baetis

• Acvat ic larvae • Habitats: Oxygenated freshwaters, lakes and c lean ponds • In Roumania there are 101 species Scientif ic classif ication: • Kingdom: Animal ia • Phylum: Arthropoda • Class: Insecta • Subclass: Pterygota • Divis ion: Palaeoptera • Superorder: Ephemeropteroidea • Order: Ephemeroptera Saprobiologically importance: Baetis nymphs are found in almost every t rout stream, but they produce more broods and th icker hatches in cold, unpol luted,alkal ine waters.

Ecdyonurus • Ecdyonurus is a genus of mayf l ies of the Heptageni idae family;

• Over 500 descr ibed species;

66


• Distr ibuted in the Oriental and Afrotropical regions, and also present in the Central Amer ican Tropics and extreme northern South America;

• These are general ly rather smal l mayf l ies wi th two long tai ls ;

• The wings are usual ly c lear wi th prominent venation al though species with var iegated wings are known;

• They use a wide range of food sources wi th herbivorous, scavenging and predatory species known.

Scientif ic classif ication • Kingdom: Animal ia • Class: Insecta • Order: Ephemeroptera • Family: Heptageni idae • Genus: Ecdyonurus Saprobiologically importance:

This is an important group as both stages in the l i fe cycle are important for f ish development. The larvae take a year to develop in water, feeding on a var iety of p lant debr is, a lgae and diatoms.

Atherix • They don’t have true legs, some of theme show just

pseudopodia • Feeding: saprophagous, detr i t ivore Scientif ic classif ication • Kingdom: Animal iaPhylum: Arthropoda • Class: Insecta • Superorder: Panorpida Saprobiologically importance:

Larvae are predat ious. pupation akes place out of water. some rhagionid adul ts are blood-suckers, including possibly some species of Ather ix.

67

C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip

SOS WATER

Comparative charts Made by the Romanian team

The determination of nitrate in water

Nitrate are chemical components wi thout color , smel l or

taste and they are the natural form of n i trogen found in the soi l which is essentia l for a l l forms of l i fe;

Sources of n i trate in water are natural and anthropogenic.

Natural sources are:

• Rainfal l ; • Ammonium ni tr i f icat ion (by microorganisms) and ni tr i te

(by ni trobacter ia) ; • Soi l erosion contain ing ni t rate; • Anthropogenic sources are: • Decomposit ion of organic matter , and man-made

pol lutants such as sewage waste and fer t i l izer .

C o m

The inf

C

01234567

e n i u s mu l t i l a te r a

f luence of ni

• hypertensio• headache;• h ives; • intoxicat ion• suf focat ion• cancer; • c irculatory

Comparative

Water from school

wate

68

l pa r tn e r s h ip

trates

on;

n; ;

and thyroid gl

diagrams of

er from Cuejdi river

WateBistri

and dysfunction.

nitrate in Ro

er from ta river

SOS WATER

omania

C o m

Com

Th

pHin troducexpressdefinedreciproc

Tequant i ta

0

5

10

15

20

25


mparative diaTurkey, G

he determinat

H stands for ced by the Das the low co as the pH iscal of the hydr

emperature isat ively express

Bistri

69


grams of nitrermany, Gree

tion of pH an

“pondus hidrnish sc ient is t

oncentrat ion os def ined as thogen ion act ivs a phis ical ses the commo

The influenc

I f the pH iand causeslevel of epithabove 11, i r r i tates the membranes.

ita Sarıçay Creek

Mu

rate betweenece and Bulg

nd water tem

rogeni i ” . The S.P.L. Sorens

of hydrogen ihe decimal logi ty.

property ofon not ions of ho

ce of pH and t

s below 5.6, wirrevers ible c

hel ia l t issue, athe water is eyes, skin an

urr river Kiphisos river

SOS WATER

n Romania, gary

perature

concept wasen, in 1909 toons and wasgar i thm of the

matter thatot and cold.

temperature

water is acidichanges at the

and i f the pH isalkal ine and

nd the mucous

Iskar river

s o s e

t

c e s d s

C o m

Co

012345678


Comparativ

omparative dGerma

Iskar river M

70


ve diagrams

diagrams of pany, Turkey a

Murr river Saricay

of pH in Rom

pH between Band Romania

y river Bistrita riv

SOS WATER

mania

Bulgary,

ver

C o m

Tequant i ta

Th

• Tog

• Wti tc

• odes

• Sh

Com


The det

emperature isat ively express

he influence

Temperature ison water chegeneral ly increWater, part iemperatures ct is in and

conduct iv i ty. I t is the opp

oxygen, dissold issolved oxygenough dissolvspecies of aquaSome compounhigher tempera

mparative dia

0

5

10

15

20

School

71


ermination o

s a physicalses the commo

of temperatu

s also importamistry. The rases at h ighericular ly gro

can dissolve mwi l l therefore

osi te when cved in the wa

gen than cool ved oxygen foat ic l i fe. nds are also matures.

agrams of tem

Cuiejdi river Bistr

of temperatur

property ofon not ions of ho

ure

ant because orate of chemr temperature. oundwater , more minerals fe have a hig

onsider ing a ater. Warm wa

water, and maor the surviva

more toxic to

mperature in

rita river

SOS WATER

re

f matter thatot and cold.

f i ts inf luenceical react ions wi th higherfrom the rocks

gher electr ica l

gas, such aster holds lessay not containal of d i f ferent

aquat ic l i fe at

Romania

t

e s

r s l

s s n t

t

C o m

Compa

TT

dependthe con

0

5

10

15

20

25


arative diagraGerma

The determinThe quant i ty ing on the temtent of oxidiza

0

0

0

Iskar river Mu

72


ams of tempeany, Turkey a

nation of oxyof oxygen

mperature of tb le substance

urr river Saricay river

erature betwand Romania

gen levels inis d isolved the water, a ir s and microorg

Bistrita river

Kip

SOS WATER

een Bulgary,

n water

in the waterpressure and

ganisms.

phisos

,

r d

73


SOS WATER

The influence of oxygen

• Dissolved oxygen is an important determinant for stability of waters and survival of water organisms.

• Micro organisms may decompose organic substances in water by means of oxygen.

• Organic pollutants may negatively influence water organisms, because they decrease BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand

• In eutrophic lakes and relatively enclosed sea areas, oxygen concentrations decrease strongly with depth. In some cases conditions may even be anaerobic.

Comparative diagrams of oxygen in Romania

C o m

Com

Pobtaine

Phgrowthwhich to the

Th

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9


mparative diaR

The determ

Phosphate areed by i ts reac

The

hosphate st imuh of a lgae la

leads to lack decl ine of b iod

he high concen

Kiphisos river

74


agrams of oxomania and

ination of ph

e salts or estetion with a ba

influence of

ulate algae grounches a proof oxygen in

diversi ty in watrat ion of phos

Bistrita river

ygen betweeBulgary

hosphate in w

ers of phosphase.

phosphate

owth in water ocess cal led elocal waters ater tanks.

sphate in the w

Iskar river

SOS WATER

n Greece,

water

oric acid,

basins. Rapideutrophicat ion,nd as a resul t

water causes

r

d , t

C o m

nobasinscoastamajor emissiin watformatzones”water b io log

The de

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3


t only the f los, but even in ta l areas ne

cit ies. Tion of phosphater leads to tt ion of “de” - areas

with very lical act iv i ty .

etermination op

water from scho

75


ra and fauna the ear The ate the

ead of

ow

of phosphate in R

ool water from rivBistrita

to perish in

Romania

ver water from rCuejdi

SOS WATER

the inter ior of

river

f

76


SOS WATER

Comparative diagrams of phosphate between Romania, Germany and Greece

The determination of water hardness

Water hardness is the property of water which contains mineral sal ts of calc ium and magnesium, pr inc ipal ly as bicarbonate, chlor ide, and sulphate, and somet imes iron.

The effects of water hardness

Bathing in hard water gives a feeling of soap on the skin. This prevents rinsing and causes irritation. The hair is dirty and dry;

With soap it forms insoluble salts which stay on sanitary objects;

Laundry is not clean enough, it loses its color and brightness and requires

C o m

more de

• Housquickcond

• Stonwatetheredepocorrothese

T

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500


etergent;

sehold appl iankly, reducinuct iv i ty; e deposits or f low whi le o

e is an advantasi ts protect

osion and thee mater ia ls in w

The determinat

77


nces break dong therm

on pipes redun the other haage in that thethe pipes fr

e assimi lat ion water.

tion of Water

own mal

uce and ese rom

of

Hardness in R

SOS WATER

Romania

C o m

Comp

Iis a salt

Mare knowhighly so

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


arative diagraRomania,

The deter

n inorganic chemof sulfuric acid;

Many examples wn, and many ofoluble in water.

Kiphisos river

Bir

78


ams of water hGermany, Tur

rmination of

mistry, a sulfate

of ionic sulfatesf these are

istrita river

Murr river

hardness betwrkey and Bulg

sulfate in wa

r Sarıçay Creek

Iska

SOS WATER

ween Greece, ary

ater

ar river

C o m

•Sul fatb io

•Copp

•Magnin ther

•Gypsumform sul fateplaste

•The scountedrugs.

C


The ef

tes are imporological system

er sul fate is a

esium sul fate,rapeut ic baths;

m, the naturaof hydrated

e, is used tor ;

u l fate ion is er ion for som

omparative d

79


ffects of sulf

r tant in both ms;

common algae

commonly kno;

al mineral calc ium

o produce

used as me cat ionic

diagrams of s

fate in water

the chemical

ecide;

own as Epsom

sulphate in R

SOS WATER

industry and

m sal ts , is used

Romania

d

d

C o m

Comp

Mcalc iumin wate

Imagnesnatural industr i

2

4

6

8

10

12


parative diagT

The determi

Magnesium tm and other ion

r hardness;

n surfacesium appears

sources anal waste water

0

20

40

60

80

00

20

Bistrita rive

80


rams of sulpTurkey and G

ination of ma

together withns are involved

e waterss both fromd spi l l ing ors.

r Sarıçay Cree

phate betweeermany

agnesium in

h d

, m f

ek Murr river

SOS WATER

n Romania,

water

C o m

The eff

Magnes• Helps • Keeps• Suppo• Hepls • Mainta

Magnesexcess

• centra• cardia• respira

i r r i tat iinhala

Co


fects of mag

sium : for the norma

s the constant or ts immunity s

for the regulaains a normal b

sium carbonative may cause

al nervous systc d isturbancesatory and don in case ot ion.

omparative d

0

5

10

15

20

water from School

81


nesium

al funct ion of mheart rhythm;

system and bontion of sugar leblood pressure

te used e:

em depressions; digest ive traof ingest ion o

iagram of ma

water from Cuiejdi river

waBis

muscles and ne

nes’resistanceevel in blood;e.

n;

c t or

agnesium in

ater from strita river

SOS WATER

erves;

;

Romania

C o m

Comp

Incarbonic of the car

Aremain inform, the

Adissolved

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


parative diagrGreece

The determ

n chemistry, a caacid, characterizerbonate ion;

At ambient tempn their solid crystay are not color an

Alkaline carbond in water.

Sarıçay Creek river

K

82


rams of magne, Romania a

mination of co

rbonate is a salt ed by the presenc

era-ture carbonaallized form. In th

nd smell;

ate are hard

Kiphisos river Bis

nesium betwand Germany

orbonate in w

of ce

ate his

dly

strita river Mur

SOS WATER

een Turkey,

water

r river

C o m

Calci

• A• F

r• Iindutablmac

Comp

0

100

200

300

400

500

600


The

ium carbonate is u

As gastr ic ant iaFor the treatmrenal fa i lure; n the phustry as an inlets and oceuticals.

parative diagGerma

Sarıçay Creek

83


e effects of c

used:

acid; ent of cronic

harmaceutical nert f i l ler for other phar-

grams of carbany, Romania

Murr river Bis

carbonate

bonate betwea and Greece

strita river Kiphis

SOS WATER

een Turkey,

sos river

84


The precious drop Made by the Romanian team

Protocol

Making a model towards using water from precipitations for irigating a field

Step I: Theoretical basis

The making of graphic representations which show : a) The average monthly quant i ty for each country member of the project regarding the precipi tat ion levels in the ra iny season ( from march to october) . b) A graphical representat ion of the average monthly temperature for each partner country in the project regarding the quant i ty of precip i tat ions, would give us a better p ic ture of the evaporat ion process,towards better identi f icat ion of drought per iods. c) Data wi l l be taken by students using as a source special ised si tes.

Step I I : Field teams (creating a number of teams)

Mater ia l resources: tape, rope, notebooks, penci ls . Target: measuring the surface of buildings in order to measure the quantity of water that can be obtained out of precipitations .

Step I I I : Calculating the suface of buildings (exposed surface)

1. Calculat ing the exposed area for precip i tat ions. 2. Corelat ing the col lect ing sur face wi th the quant i ty of

average monthly precipi tat ion, quant i ty which is later

85


3. used to f ind the maximum quanti ty of water we can

col lect . 4. Measuring ( theoret ical ly) the capaci ty of the

recipients regarding the quanti ty of precip i tat ions. 5. The approximate landmass of vegetat ion that could

be i r r igated wi th the obtained quant i ty of water. 6. Economical evaluat ion-“How much would i t cost to

i r r igate the speci f ic surface i f we would use water f rom the network? Are we saving money? How do we know? We’l l see the pr ice per cubic meter in each country.

Advantages : Level di f ferences in the school courtyard could i r r igate, by using natural ra infa l l , the grass patches or the t rees ( inc luding washing the al leys and the sports f ie ld) .

Step IV : Making the model

Technologycal process of making the model

Cr t issue Operat ion name Neccesary mater ia ls Observat ions

1 Pick ing mater ia ls

Po lyes te r boards ,po l yes te r b locks ,hoses ,g lasses,adhes ive , tape , ma tches , sc i sso rs , g reen space , g reen pens , b ranches , paper c l i ps

Each member o f each team i s ass igned to h i s /he r respec t i ve ro le .

2

Plac ing the model o f the po lyester houses and the roofs

Po lyes te r board , po lyes te r b locks , roo fs , g lue , sc isso rs , g lue , c l i ps , adhes ive tape

In the cons t ruc ted bu i l d ings there mus t be a t l eas t one e lemen t spec i f i c o f each coun t ry .

86


3 Placing the chimneys on the roofs

Hose, scissors, glue, tape

4 Creating green areas around the houses

Green space,glue,matches, branches for trees

Each team can make its own green space like a park, alley, or recreational space.

5

Establishment and installation of rain-water collection vessels

Glue, scissors, glasses, hose

6

Collected water pipe route planning to green areas or other destinations

Straw or thin hose

7 Testing the route for the collected water

Bowl of water

At the end every team will test if the instalation works and the water can be gathered and directed towards the green zone. Other purposes can be found for the collected water.

87


The solut ion of the teams during the Romanian mobi l i ty

L=50m, l=10m

1. The maximum capacity of the recipients needed to water 2500 m2 of turf. Deficit of water of 45 l/m2 Max capacity = 2500m2 x 45 l/m2 = 112500 liters= 112.5 m3

2. The capacity of water collected from the building: S = 50 x 10 = 500m2

Month Water collected June 500 x 108,4=54200July 500 x 93,3=46650August 500 x 71,9=3595September 500 x 48,8=24400

3. The reduction of expenses per month:

Month The reduction June 54200 x 0,8=4337,6 July 46650 x 0,8=37320

August 3595 x 0,8=2876 September 24400 0,8=19620

88


22.1 23.1 27.3 50.8 85.8108.493.3 71.9 48.8 38.4 34.3 26.3‐3.1 ‐2.2

2.4

8.8

14.317.6

19.5 18.814.8

9.1

3.3‐0.9

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

‐5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Precipitation (m

m/m

onth)

Tempe

rature

(°C)

Month

Comparativ Chart Temperature-Precipitation

Average precipitation Average temperature


Content

SOS WATER project – summary ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Main goals – H2O Club ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Team members ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Hydrografic maps ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

The water saving plan ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Water quality improvement plan ... . . . . . . . . . . 25

Chemical and biological analysis ... . . . . . . . . 57

Comparative charts ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

The precious drop .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

ISBN 978-973-0-14974-6.

s.o.s. watercni.nt.edu.ro/new/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/brosura.pdf · comeniu visit t bistrit...

Documents