Sophocle’s TragedySophocle’s Tragedy

Oedipus the KingOedipus the King

The Greek TheatreThe Greek Theatre

First performed on the stone threshing First performed on the stone threshing floors, a circular “dancing place” or floors, a circular “dancing place” or orchestra in the country side of Greece. orchestra in the country side of Greece. Moved to the foot of a temple of the god Moved to the foot of a temple of the god being honored. The temple served as a being honored. The temple served as a background for early performances.background for early performances.55thth Century, completed design included its Century, completed design included its early connections to the rural stone early connections to the rural stone threshing floors.threshing floors.

Greek Theatre’s DesignGreek Theatre’s DesignThe builders positioned the orchestra at the The builders positioned the orchestra at the foot of a semi circular hillside into which foot of a semi circular hillside into which stone benches, the seeing place” or stone benches, the seeing place” or theatron, were built.theatron, were built.

Extending from the orchestra to each side of Extending from the orchestra to each side of the theatron were two broad aisles, the the theatron were two broad aisles, the parados, the term which identified the parados, the term which identified the entrance for the chorus in a tragedy.entrance for the chorus in a tragedy.

Perpendicular to the orchestra was the Perpendicular to the orchestra was the skene, a rectangular building with three skene, a rectangular building with three doors in the front, providing a backdrop for doors in the front, providing a backdrop for the play as well as an area where the actors the play as well as an area where the actors could exit the scene.could exit the scene.

Towards the end of the century, a small Towards the end of the century, a small platform, the proskenion, in the front of the platform, the proskenion, in the front of the skene appeared to give the actor more skene appeared to give the actor more visibility and to separate them from the visibility and to separate them from the chorus.chorus.

The Greek ActorThe Greek ActorParticipating in Greek drama was considered to be a citizen’s civic duty.Participating in Greek drama was considered to be a citizen’s civic duty.Women were not allowed to act. They were often excluded from the Women were not allowed to act. They were often excluded from the audience or made to sit in the upper rows of the theatron.audience or made to sit in the upper rows of the theatron.The actor portraying a god, king, or legendary hero needed to appear larger The actor portraying a god, king, or legendary hero needed to appear larger than life, so he donned a costume, which added size and distinction to his than life, so he donned a costume, which added size and distinction to his role. (The actor wore a long, flowing robe, dyed in symbolic colors, called a role. (The actor wore a long, flowing robe, dyed in symbolic colors, called a chiton, with a lot of padding.)chiton, with a lot of padding.)Platformed shoes, cothurni, were worn to add height.Platformed shoes, cothurni, were worn to add height.Because of the distance of the audience, the actor used wide sweeping Because of the distance of the audience, the actor used wide sweeping gestures, which signified particular emotions, such as lowering the head to gestures, which signified particular emotions, such as lowering the head to indicate grief.indicate grief.Properties, props, were carried to indicate roles. For example, a king would Properties, props, were carried to indicate roles. For example, a king would carry a scepter, or a warrior would carry a spear.carry a scepter, or a warrior would carry a spear.A mask was worn to identify a specific character, yet generalized the A mask was worn to identify a specific character, yet generalized the features enough to indicate the Everyman, helping the audience to glean features enough to indicate the Everyman, helping the audience to glean that personal message the Greeks intended to impart in their drama.that personal message the Greeks intended to impart in their drama.

The Mask, the PersonaThe Mask, the Persona

The mask served as a megaphone The mask served as a megaphone with the large aperture for the with the large aperture for the mouth, and as a symbol to mouth, and as a symbol to distinguish the role. distinguish the role. It also served to identify the age, It also served to identify the age, sex, mood, and rank of the sex, mood, and rank of the character.character.The mask rested on the shoulders The mask rested on the shoulders and was constructed of bark, cork, and was constructed of bark, cork, leather, or linen.leather, or linen.The most beautiful masks were The most beautiful masks were tragic; the most grotesque and tragic; the most grotesque and bizarre were reserved for comedy.bizarre were reserved for comedy.The flexibility of changing masks The flexibility of changing masks allowed actors to change roles allowed actors to change roles easily.easily.

The Dramatic StructureThe Dramatic StructureTheorists believe that the dramatic structure of a Greek tragedy influenced the eventual Theorists believe that the dramatic structure of a Greek tragedy influenced the eventual

division of a play into acts and scenes.division of a play into acts and scenes.

The Greek tragedy is divided into five distinct sections:The Greek tragedy is divided into five distinct sections:1.1. The Prologue (Prologos): The opening portion of the play. Sets the scene and The Prologue (Prologos): The opening portion of the play. Sets the scene and

contains the exposition.contains the exposition.2.2. The Parados: The entrance song of the chorus. The parados is named after the The Parados: The entrance song of the chorus. The parados is named after the

broad aisles on either side of the theatron, along which the chorus entered or exited.broad aisles on either side of the theatron, along which the chorus entered or exited.3.3. The Episodes (Scenes): Scene in the action of the drama. The episodes, performed The Episodes (Scenes): Scene in the action of the drama. The episodes, performed

by the actors, are distinguished from the stasimons, performed by the chorus. The by the actors, are distinguished from the stasimons, performed by the chorus. The episodes alternate with the stasimons.episodes alternate with the stasimons.

4.4. The Stasimons (Odes): A choral passage, alternating with the episodes of the plot of The Stasimons (Odes): A choral passage, alternating with the episodes of the plot of the drama. The ode is a type of lyric poem, using exalted, dignified diction, a poetic the drama. The ode is a type of lyric poem, using exalted, dignified diction, a poetic form created for the choral passages. The chorus sang and danced the tragic odes, form created for the choral passages. The chorus sang and danced the tragic odes, accompanied by musical instruments. The tragic ode consisted of strophes and accompanied by musical instruments. The tragic ode consisted of strophes and antistrophes, essentially stanzas of the poems. Historians suggest that the chorus antistrophes, essentially stanzas of the poems. Historians suggest that the chorus sang the strophe, dancing in one direction around the orchestra, changing directions sang the strophe, dancing in one direction around the orchestra, changing directions with the antistrophe.with the antistrophe.

5.5. Exodus: The concluding section of the tragedy. The exodus ends with the chorus Exodus: The concluding section of the tragedy. The exodus ends with the chorus singing their final lines as they exit. singing their final lines as they exit.

For For Oedipus the KingOedipus the King the dramatic structure of the the dramatic structure of the play observes the following order:play observes the following order:

Prologue (Prologus)Prologue (Prologus)ParadosParadosScene 1 (Episode 1)Scene 1 (Episode 1)Ode 1 (Stasimon 1)Ode 1 (Stasimon 1)Scene 2 (Episode 2)Scene 2 (Episode 2)Ode 2 (Stasimon 2)Ode 2 (Stasimon 2)Scene 3 (Episode 3)Scene 3 (Episode 3)Ode 3 (Stasimon 3)Ode 3 (Stasimon 3)Scene 4 (Episode 4)Scene 4 (Episode 4)Ode 4 (Stasimon 4)Ode 4 (Stasimon 4)ExodusExodus

After preparing the plot by way of the exposition, the conflict is introduced, After preparing the plot by way of the exposition, the conflict is introduced, complicated by the rising action of the play to the point of climax, the crisis complicated by the rising action of the play to the point of climax, the crisis or turning point of the play, the point at which the potential for that particular or turning point of the play, the point at which the potential for that particular action, born of the conflict, is realized. What remains is falling action, during action, born of the conflict, is realized. What remains is falling action, during which the action simplifies or unravels. The play ends in resolution, which the action simplifies or unravels. The play ends in resolution, revealing the meaning of all that has proceeded it.revealing the meaning of all that has proceeded it.

The Importance of DebateThe Importance of DebateGreek tragedy relies on the ear more than the eye to reach its audience. Greek tragedy relies on the ear more than the eye to reach its audience. Therefore, rhetoric is its chief component. The Ancient Greeks, a society Therefore, rhetoric is its chief component. The Ancient Greeks, a society accustomed to listening, conducted their civic affairs in open, formal debate accustomed to listening, conducted their civic affairs in open, formal debate and based their public choices on the persuasive effectiveness of orators.and based their public choices on the persuasive effectiveness of orators.Citizens accepted patterns of debate- established through open law court Citizens accepted patterns of debate- established through open law court practice, with speeches of equal length delivered by opposing sides, and practice, with speeches of equal length delivered by opposing sides, and accusations, met by rebuttals- as appropriate rhetorical means of resolving accusations, met by rebuttals- as appropriate rhetorical means of resolving differences. The scientific method of observations and analysis had its differences. The scientific method of observations and analysis had its beginnings in Ancient Greece.beginnings in Ancient Greece.The Ancient Greeks sought balance, order, and symmetry, which is The Ancient Greeks sought balance, order, and symmetry, which is reflected in their art and architecture, as well as literature.reflected in their art and architecture, as well as literature.Greek playwrights reflected the beliefs and practices of their society. Greek playwrights reflected the beliefs and practices of their society. Therefore, Greek tragedies were complete with examples of long rhetorical Therefore, Greek tragedies were complete with examples of long rhetorical speeches, discussions between characters structured as debates, and speeches, discussions between characters structured as debates, and themes reflecting man’s struggle between the rational and irrational. themes reflecting man’s struggle between the rational and irrational. Playwrights developed a poetic device, called stichomythia (“line talk”), in Playwrights developed a poetic device, called stichomythia (“line talk”), in which single lines of verse dialogue alternate between two characters in a which single lines of verse dialogue alternate between two characters in a ping-pong fashion. The device assisted the audience in distinguishing who ping-pong fashion. The device assisted the audience in distinguishing who was speaking, and provided an appropriate form for the verbal parrying of was speaking, and provided an appropriate form for the verbal parrying of argumentation.argumentation.

Stichomythic DialogueStichomythic Dialogue

Stichomythia was used by the Greek and Roman tragedians as a Stichomythia was used by the Greek and Roman tragedians as a technique for providing contrast to lengthy speeches and choral technique for providing contrast to lengthy speeches and choral speeches, of which their plays are principally composed. Ordinarily, speeches, of which their plays are principally composed. Ordinarily, the passages of stichomythia occur at moments of high tension or the passages of stichomythia occur at moments of high tension or conflict between the characters.conflict between the characters.Stichomythia may be used to present thesis and counter thesis, Stichomythia may be used to present thesis and counter thesis, question and answer, or argument and refutation. In its best form, question and answer, or argument and refutation. In its best form, the structure of the lines is nearly parallel, and cue words lead the the structure of the lines is nearly parallel, and cue words lead the thought from one speech to the next. A variation of the technique is thought from one speech to the next. A variation of the technique is antilabe, in which a single verse line is broken up between alternate antilabe, in which a single verse line is broken up between alternate speakers. This creates an intense dramatic effect.speakers. This creates an intense dramatic effect.Ancient playwrights used stichomythia to distinguish for the Ancient playwrights used stichomythia to distinguish for the audience one masked actor from another, to separate the long , audience one masked actor from another, to separate the long , rhetorical speeches, and to provide appropriate form for rhetorical speeches, and to provide appropriate form for argumentation, thus heightening audience emotion.argumentation, thus heightening audience emotion.

What are the characteristics of What are the characteristics of stichomythia in this example.stichomythia in this example.

Creon: Now listen to me. You have talked; let me talk too. Creon: Now listen to me. You have talked; let me talk too. You can not judge unless you know the facts.You can not judge unless you know the facts.

Oedipus: You speak well; there is one fact: but I find it hard Oedipus: You speak well; there is one fact: but I find it hard to learn from the deadliest enemy I have.to learn from the deadliest enemy I have.

Creon: That above all I must dispute with you.Creon: That above all I must dispute with you.Oedipus: That above all I will not hear you deny.Oedipus: That above all I will not hear you deny.Creon: If you think there is anything good in being stubborn Creon: If you think there is anything good in being stubborn

against all reason, then I say you are wrong.against all reason, then I say you are wrong.Oedipus: If you think a man can sin against his own kind Oedipus: If you think a man can sin against his own kind

and not be punished for it, I say you are mad.and not be punished for it, I say you are mad.

The Role of the ChorusThe Role of the ChorusProvides a link from audience to actors that responds to the play in a Provides a link from audience to actors that responds to the play in a manner the playwright hoped- the ideal spectator.manner the playwright hoped- the ideal spectator.Provides tension release.Provides tension release.Reflects upon what has happened: ponders what might happen, asks Reflects upon what has happened: ponders what might happen, asks questions.questions.Advises the central character.Advises the central character.Is the conscience of the people.Is the conscience of the people.Establishes mood and heightens dramatic moments.Establishes mood and heightens dramatic moments.Adds theatrically to the performance.Adds theatrically to the performance.Helps to establish important pacing of the play , pointing out moments for Helps to establish important pacing of the play , pointing out moments for the audience to reflect upon.the audience to reflect upon.Can be in the play, as a participant (Choragos), or outside as an observer.Can be in the play, as a participant (Choragos), or outside as an observer.Separates scenes of action from one another.Separates scenes of action from one another.Usually through a leader or spokesperson (Choragos), could interact with Usually through a leader or spokesperson (Choragos), could interact with the central charactersthe central characters

Characteristics of the Greek Characteristics of the Greek ChorusChorus

Group of approximately 15 menGroup of approximately 15 men

Sang lyric poetry and dancedSang lyric poetry and danced

Were unpaid Were unpaid

Drawn from the citizenry at large, a civic Drawn from the citizenry at large, a civic duty duty

Were trained and costumedWere trained and costumed

Wore the dress of the people they Wore the dress of the people they represented and wore light masksrepresented and wore light masks

ArchetypeArchetype

1.1. A basic model from which copies are made: therefore A basic model from which copies are made: therefore a prototype.a prototype.

2.2. In general terms, the abstract idea of a class of things In general terms, the abstract idea of a class of things which represent the most typical and essential which represent the most typical and essential characteristics shared by a class. characteristics shared by a class.

The fundamental facts of human existence are archetypal: The fundamental facts of human existence are archetypal: birth, growing up, love, family and tribal life, dying, birth, growing up, love, family and tribal life, dying, death, the struggle between parents and children, and death, the struggle between parents and children, and fraternal rivalry etc. fraternal rivalry etc.

Certain character or personality types are archetypal: the Certain character or personality types are archetypal: the rebel, the Don Juan, the hero, the villain, the traitor, rebel, the Don Juan, the hero, the villain, the traitor, the snob, the siren, the social climber etc.the snob, the siren, the social climber etc.

Animals, things, and themes can also be archetypal: the Animals, things, and themes can also be archetypal: the lion, the eagle, the rose, and the quest or journey.lion, the eagle, the rose, and the quest or journey.

Characteristics of theCharacteristics of theArchetypal HeroArchetypal Hero

1.1. Born the son of a distinguished father-Born the son of a distinguished father-2.2. A “dream” showed child as a danger to the father-A “dream” showed child as a danger to the father-3.3. Usually surrendered to the water to kill the child-Usually surrendered to the water to kill the child-4.4. Saved by animals or lowly people such as shepherds-Saved by animals or lowly people such as shepherds-5.5. As an adult, found his natural parents-As an adult, found his natural parents-6.6. Took revenge on his father and was rightful heir to the Took revenge on his father and was rightful heir to the

throne-throne-7.7. Achieved rank and honor-Achieved rank and honor-

ThemesThemes1.1. The quest-The quest-2.2. The King as the sacrificial scapegoat- The King as the sacrificial scapegoat-

The Classical Definition of TragedyThe Classical Definition of Tragedy

Aristotle begins-Aristotle begins-

Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude: serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude: in language embellished with each kind of in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play: in the form found in separate parts of the play: in the form of action, not of narrative; through pity and fear of action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation for these effecting the proper purgation for these emotions.emotions.

The following are facets of The following are facets of Aristotle’s definition:Aristotle’s definition:

1.1. The writer of tragedy imitates a serious and complete action, of a The writer of tragedy imitates a serious and complete action, of a certain magnitude, represented by what is said and done on certain magnitude, represented by what is said and done on stage.stage.

2.2. The “action” taken is the rational purpose of the play.The “action” taken is the rational purpose of the play.3.3. The elements of pathos, a scene of suffering, is essential to the The elements of pathos, a scene of suffering, is essential to the

whole.whole.4.4. Plot is the arrangement of carefully selected, carefully sequenced, Plot is the arrangement of carefully selected, carefully sequenced,

tragic incidents to represent one complete action.tragic incidents to represent one complete action.5.5. The plot consists of parts or types of incidents in the beginning, The plot consists of parts or types of incidents in the beginning,

middle, and end of the play such as prologos, episodes, pathos, middle, and end of the play such as prologos, episodes, pathos, and tragic recognition.and tragic recognition.

6.6. Plots may be simple, complex, ethical or pathetic. Complex plots Plots may be simple, complex, ethical or pathetic. Complex plots include peripeteia and tragic recognition.include peripeteia and tragic recognition.

7.7. The story must be probable.The story must be probable.8.8. Plot is divided into two main parts: complication and denouement.Plot is divided into two main parts: complication and denouement.

9. The play is unified by a single action and single catastrophe.9. The play is unified by a single action and single catastrophe.10. The central action of the play springs from character and thought, 10. The central action of the play springs from character and thought,

manifested in the dialogue.manifested in the dialogue.11. The chorus represents the action of the play.11. The chorus represents the action of the play.12. Characters contrast sharply with one another and reflect the central 12. Characters contrast sharply with one another and reflect the central

action of the play in the development of the character.action of the play in the development of the character.13. The tragic hero should be a ruler or leader, whose character is 13. The tragic hero should be a ruler or leader, whose character is

good and whose misfortune is brought about by some error or good and whose misfortune is brought about by some error or frailty.frailty.

14. Language should be elevated in the form of today’s blank verse 14. Language should be elevated in the form of today’s blank verse and should reflect persuasion in the Episodes and Choric Odes.and should reflect persuasion in the Episodes and Choric Odes.

15.The special quality of man’s pleasure in tragedy comes from the 15.The special quality of man’s pleasure in tragedy comes from the purgation of the passions of fear and pity felt by the audience as purgation of the passions of fear and pity felt by the audience as they watch the fate of the tragic hero unfold, recognizing in it the they watch the fate of the tragic hero unfold, recognizing in it the universal human lot.universal human lot.

The EndThe End