song for the day: we built this city daily comment & card jane addams -american social reformer...
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SONG FOR THE DAY: WE BUILT THIS CITY
Daily Comment & Card
JANE ADDAMS
-American social reformer-Provided the services of Hull House in Chicago (a settlement house to help poor immigrants adapt)-Member of the “Social Gospel” movement which applied the lessons of the Bible to help solve issues of immigration and urbanization—Won 1931 Nobel Peace Prize
1860-1935
"Give me your tired, your
poor,Your huddled
masses yearning to
breathe free,The wretched refuse of your
teaming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost
to me,I lift my lamp
beside the golden door.“
-Emma Lazarus “The
New Colossus”
(1883)
"Give me your tired, your
poor,Your huddled
masses yearning to
breathe free,The wretched refuse of your
teaming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost
to me,I lift my lamp
beside the golden door.“
-Emma Lazarus “The
New Colossus”
(1883)
SONG FOR THE DAY:
Daily Comment & Card
AMERICAN FEDERATION OF
LABOR
-National craft unions representing workers in wages, hours, & safety-Individuals were members of their local unions, which then made them members of the AFL-They sought a better working life; their philosophy was “pure and simple unionism”—not trying to be revolutionary-Samuel Gompers was 1st president
1886
"Give me your tired, your
poor,Your huddled
masses yearning to
breathe free,The wretched refuse of your
teaming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost
to me,I lift my lamp
beside the golden door.“
-Emma Lazarus “The
New Colossus”
(1883)
"Give me your tired, your
poor,Your huddled
masses yearning to
breathe free,The wretched refuse of your
teaming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost
to me,I lift my lamp
beside the golden door.“
-Emma Lazarus “The
New Colossus”
(1883)
SONG FOR THE DAY: WE BUILT THIS CITY
Daily Comment & Card
JANE ADDAMS AMERICAN FEDERATION OF
LABOR
-American social reformer-Provided the services of Hull House in Chicago (a settlement house to help poor immigrants adapt)-Member of the “Social Gospel” movement which applied the lessons of the Bible to help solve issues of immigration and urbanization—Won 1931 Nobel Peace Prize
-National craft unions representing workers in wages, hours, & safety-Individuals were members of their local unions, which then made them members of the AFL-They sought a better working life; their philosophy was “pure and simple unionism”—not trying to be revolutionary-Samuel Gompers was 1st president
1860-1935 1886
"Give me your tired, your
poor,Your huddled
masses yearning to
breathe free,The wretched refuse of your
teaming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost
to me,I lift my lamp
beside the golden door.“
-Emma Lazarus “The
New Colossus”
(1883)
"Give me your tired, your
poor,Your huddled
masses yearning to
breathe free,The wretched refuse of your
teaming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost
to me,I lift my lamp
beside the golden door.“
-Emma Lazarus “The
New Colossus”
(1883)
THE GILDED AGE
A. WHAT WAS IT?
B. ROBBER BARONS OR CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY?
1. THE MEN
2. THE PHILOSOPHIES
3. CONSOLIDATING
4. INVENTIONS & TECHNOLOGY
C. LABOR FIGHTS BACK
1. FORMING UNIONS
2. VIOLENCE
D. THE BOSS SYSTEM
Mark Twain was the first to use the term “Gilded Age” in 1873. It referred to the superficial glitter of the new wealth at the end of the 19th century…
It was a period of weak presidents, a change in
immigration, the development of
industry and urban areas
2. INDUSTRIAL GIANTS
ROBBER BARONS OR CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY?
-ANDREW CARNEGIE
-JP MORGAN
-JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
-VANDERBILT FAMILY
Leaders of large, efficient corporations, often used questionable business practices…Monopolies led to demands for government regulation…
SOCIAL DARWINISM WAS BASED ON CHARLES DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION (SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST). THE IDEA WAS BASICALLY THAT
WHEN WEALTH WAS CONCENTRATED IN THE HANDS OF THE “FIT” THAT THEY WOULD HELP THE POOR AND DO WHAT WAS BEST FOR THE
REST.
THE GOSPEL OF WEALTH PROMOTED THE IDEA OF THE PROTESTANT WORK ETHIC. IT SAID THAT HARD WORK AND SUCCESS WERE SIGNS OF GOD’S FAVOR. THE WEALTHY WERE TO HELP THE POOR…
Carnegie supported this idea and donated more than $350 million to libraries, schools, peace initiatives, and the arts during his lifetime…
Vertical integration
Horizontal integration
A company controls both the production and distribution of its products (Carnegie & U.S. Steel)
One company gains control over the other companies that produce the same product.
By the end of the 19th century, monopolies & trusts exercised a great deal of control over the American economy…
BIG BUSINESS BEGINS TO CONSOLIDATE…
THE GOVERNMENT POLICY TOWARD BUSINESS WAS “HANDS OFF” OR “LAISSEZ-FAIRE.” THIS MEANT THEY PRETTY MUCH LEFT BUSINESS ALONE TO DO THEIR OWN THING…
Consequences of Consolidation:
-FACTORIES (work done by machines & unskilled
workers)
-TAYLORISM “scientific management” increase production & lower costs
-CAPITAL (Corporations accumulated Investment $)
-NATIONAL MARKETS (railroads)
3. INVENTIONS/TECHNOLOGY
- SAMUEL MORSE
-THOMAS EDISON
-WESTINGHOUSE & TESLA
- ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
MASS PRODUCTION
ASSEMBLY PRODUCTION
MARKETING
ROTARY PRESS DEPT. STORES
BRAND NAMES CHAIN STORES
CATALOGS
telegraphLight bulb,
motion picture camera,
phonograph
telephone
Electric motor
NEW LAWS (Gov’t begins to regulate):
-PENDLETON ACT (1883) Created a Civil Service Commission which gave competitive exams and selected appointees based on merit. When the act passed, only ten percent of federal civilian employees were part of the civil service. Today ninety percent are covered by the merit system.-INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT (1887) prohibited unfair practices by railroads, such as higher rates for shorter routes. A special regulatory commission was established to enforce the act. This was the first time that Congress stepped in to regulate business in America.-SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT (1890) The purpose of this federal law was to stop monopolies engaging in unfair practices that prevented fair competition. This act marked a significant change in
the attitude of Congress toward the abuses of big business.
KNIGHTS OF LABOR
-LED BY TERENCE V. POWEDERLY
-GREW RAPIDLY BECAUSE OF OPEN MEMBERSHIP POLICY (WELCOMED UNSKILLED & SEMI-SKILLED WORKERS: WOMEN, IMMIGRANTS, AND AFRICAN-AMERICANS)
-BELIEVED THEY COULD ELIMINATE CONFLICT BETWEEN LABOR & MANAGEMENT.
-DECLINE BECAUSE OF VIOLENCE AND BEING ASSOCIATED WITH ANARCHISTS.
(BLAMED FOR HAYMARKET SQUARE RIOT)
SOON WORKERS BEGAN TO ORGANIZE…
-led by “Mother” Jones, Elizabeth Flynn, and Big Bill Haywood
-strove to unite all laborers including unskilled African-American labor which had been excluded from craft unions.
-Goal was “One Big Union”
-embraced class conflict and endorsed violence
-collapsed during World War I
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD (IWW)
“WOBBLIES”
AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AFL)-LED BY SAMUEL GOMPERS (LEADER OF CIGAR MAKERS UNION)
-AFL WAS AN ALLIANCE OF SKILLED WORKERS IN CRAFT UNIONS
-AFL CONCENTRATED ON ISSUES SUCH AS HIGHER WAGES, SHORTER HOURS, AND BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS
AS LABOR BEGAN TO ORGANIZE AND STRIKES BECAME COMMON…THE MOVEMENT BECAME ASSOCIATED WITH VIOLENCE!
-President Hayes calls out federal troops in the RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877
-HAYMARKET BOMBING (Union blamed for violence and deaths—Knights of Labor)
-HOMESTEAD STRIKE(1892) Carnegie steel crushes workers who strike with Pinkertons-PULLMAN STRIKE (1894)
During a depression, the company cut wages
(kept rent and prices of goods for 12,000
workers) It stopped a lot of railroad business
and ended when President Cleveland sent in
federal troops.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE SIMIILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF THE KofL, IWW, & AFL. ALL THREE WERE DEDICATED TO ORGANIZING LABORERS. THE KofL STROVE FOR A COOPERATIVE SOCIETY, WHILE THE IWW EMBRACED CLASS CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE. THE AFL ORGANIZED SKILLED WORKERS, AVOIDED VIOLENCE AND FOUGHT FOR HIGHER WAGES AND BETTER CONDITIONS.
Political parties in major cities came under the control of organized groups of politicians known as “machines”. This was known as the BOSS SYSTEMGREEDY AS WELL AS GENEROUS, THESE
POLITICAL BOSSES BOTH USED AND SERVED THE NEW POOR INNER-CITY
POPULATIONS…
Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall was the most famous…
3. BOSS SYSTEM DEVELOPS IN CITIES
Took ADVANTAGE OF THE IMMIGRANTS who tended to settle in ethnic neighborhoods…
DID DO SOME GOOD: SEWER LINES, WATER,
BUILT PARKS, PLAYGROUNDS,
PAVED STREETS, PUBLIC FACILITIES
A LOT DONE WITH “DONATIONS”-BUT WHAT WAS EXPECTED? (VOTES, LOYALTY)