sommaire número 22 2007iescardenalsandoval.centros.educa.jcyl.es/aula/archivos/... · jaques brel...

JOIN US/ TU NOUS REJOINS? Nº 221

SOMMAIRECONTENTS

COLABORA: Caja BurgosIES Cardenal Sandoval y RojasORGANIZA: Departamentos de Francés eInglésdel IES Cardenal Sandoval y Rojas

Los Departamentos de Francés e Inglés quieren agradecer a todos aquellos que con sus artículoshan hecho posible la publicación de este número. También damos las gracias a Don SeverinoLafuente por la ayuda prestada con las fotografías.

EEddiittoorriiaall

EEnnggllaanndd && WWaalleess

English Department 2Département de Français 3

Four epic moments in English history 4Wales, Would you like to know it? 8Cardiff 9Manchester 10Liverpool 11Englihs superstitions 12Six Nations’ tournament 13U2 14Three Poets 16

Brugge 18Brugge 21Louvain 22La magie du chocolat belge 23Jaques Brel 24Kate Ryan 25

A trip to remember 26London 29Exchange with Germany 30Würzburg’s Palace 34A trip to Würzburg 35Exchange with Gubbio 36Travel to Italy 38La rencontre à Salon de Provence des jeu-nes français et espagnols

(échange 2006-07) 39

LLaa BBeellggiiqquuee

TTrriippss && eexxcchhaannggeessVVooyyaaggeess && éécchhaannggeess

FFaaiittss ddiivveerrssMMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss

Equipo de redacción: Departamento de Francés: Paloma Lázaro, Soledad Guijarro.Departamento de Inglés: Sara Acebes, Carmen Arribas,Asunción García, Isabel Hernández, José Mª Sanz.

Maquetación:Sara Acebes

Número 222007

Scandinavian mythology 42Welcome to Norway 44My school in Bulgari 46Love: what is it? 47Paris... la scène parfaite de l’amour 48TV and poor countries 49Eating disorders 50Environmement ( l’échauffement/ l’ozone) 52Compromis européen sur les produits toxiques 53Le lynx ibérique 54Le léopard 55Jeunes solidaires 56

Editorial


EEnnggll ii sshh DDeeppaarr ttmmeenntt

When we look back onour past, we canhardly remember the

bad moments, but only thegood ones which help us tokeep on going.Thinking about the first day webegan teaching, we wereloaded with an immenseamount of new ideas to workwith our students, we were fullof excitement and hope; wethought that we would changebad students into really goodones. We shouldn´t have beensuch dreamers but more real-istic. Nevertheless, this has alot to do with being young andI hope that new generations ofteachers will still have thishope that we used to have andit moves the so heavy world inwhich we live.I know, Chema , that you wereone of these young teacherswho wanted to change theworld and make your job akind of tool to help studentsfrom the very beginning andyou, yourself, be the cane thatis attached to growing plantsand make them grow straightuntil they become beautifultrees ready to be admired , butthere are always strong windsthat bend the trunks and takethe plants out of their roots. It

is very difficult to fight natureand there were many timeswhen you were almost disap-pointed and you would haveliked to give up.In spite of all this, we teachersstill have a bit of hope andthink that there is still some-thing to be done, we are work-ing with growing plants. Canwe surround the plant and dosomething with it? Someplants can still be saved ! Wemust encourage young teach-ers that come after us! Wemust also leave our studentsgood memories of their schooltimes! I know that our respon-sibilities are enormous be-cause not only do we teach thesubject, but we must alsoteach them to be humanbeings, trying to improve theirbehaviour and taking awaywhat we think is wrong inthem.I know, Chema, that you triedto do all these things, youwere successful many times,but others you thought thatyou had failed and this madeyou feel dissatisfied. This isyour last teaching year andnow you start a new period inwhich your life will have otheraims. I know that you will missus many times because teach-

ing has occupied your wholelife and “Los Pobres Hijos”have been important for you,and you for some of them. Youknow that only a few appreci-ate us, but that is enough. In a few years’ time , we willalso retire and we will have tobalance our lives and it is com-forting when we have beenimportant for someone. It isvery sad to say goodbye to aperson with whom you have

shared a lot of time, for thisreason the members of thisdepartment of foreign lan-guages wish you, Chema, ahappy retirement and we hopethat you will come to visit uswhenever you like. WE WILLALWAYS REMEMBER YOU !

I know that you willmiss us many timesbecause teaching hasoccupied your wholelife and “Los PobresHijos” have beenimportant for you, andyou for some of them


Editorial

3

DDééppaarr tteemmeenntt ddee FFrraannççaaiiss

Antonio Machado a ététrios fois en France;

En 1899 Machado se rendit àParis avec son frère, qui avaitobtenu un emploi de traducteurà la maison Garnier. Il entraalors en contact avec lespoètes Jean Moreas, Paul Fort,Paul Verlaine et d’autres fig-ures de la littérature contempo-raine, comme Rubén Darío etOscar Bilde. Ces rencontresfurent déterminantes quandMachado décida de devenirpoète.A Paris il fréquente les milieux

bohèmes de l’époque où serassemblaient peintres, poètes,revolutionnaires et rêveurs.La grande figure littéraire decette époque était AnatoleFrance. Ce premier séjour dupoète à Paris ne dure que cinqmois, mais il a déjà commencéà composer des poèmes. Il col-labore à la revue Electra et ilfait la connaissance d’Unamuno, Valle Inclán,J.Ramón Jiménez et d’autresavec lesquels il entretiendraune étroite amitié.” En 1902 Machado repart àParis où il travaille au Consulatde Guatemala.L’année suivanteon publie son premier recueilde poèmes Soledades.En 1907 il se rend à Soria entant que professeur de français

où il rencontre Leonor Izquierdoqui deviendra sa femme ettombera malade peu de tempsaprès, en France. Cet épisodemarque profondément le poètequi reprochera aux français leurmanque d’appui à ce moment-là. En 1912 sa femme meurt etcette même année il est élumembre de l’AcadémieEspagnole.Enfin, en 1939 avec la défaitede l’armée républicaine, Ma-chado fuit en France où il seréfugie tout d’abord dans uncamp de réfugiés et, puis,

grâce à un groupe d’intel-lectuels français (Cassaou,Aragon, Malraux, Mauriac), illoge dans un petit hôtel deColliure, où il mourra ainsi quesa mère.Le rapport de Machado avec La

France est marqué par l’am-bivalence: il y a un lien invisiblequi l’unit à elle. Tout au long deson oeuvre on y decèle de nom-breuses allusions. Parfois sespoèmes nous font penser àVerlaine, V. Hugo, Rimbaud,etc.Un des vers de Campos deCastilla fait allusion à la tradi-tion démocratique de son pèreet de son grand-père et de songrand-père, républicain intran-sigeant. D’où la deduction suiv-ante:”hay en mis venas goatsde sangre jacobina” (Le Clubdes Jacobins fût l’âme de laRévolution Française). D’autrepart dans le poème Al MaestroRubén Darío il cite Verlaine etRonsard. Dans ses écrits appa-raîssent souvent des vers enfrançais.Cependant Machado traite lesfrançais de “chauvinistes” enrefusant aux étrangers le droitde donner leur avis sur l’affaireDreyfus qui attira, par contre,l’admiration aux quatre coinsdu monde.Machado adore Marcel Prousta qui il dédie un vaste passagede son discours d’adhésion àl’Académie.Le destin de Machado est lié àLa France pour le meilleur etpour le pire et on peut dire qu’ils’agit d’une liaison mêléed’amour et de haîne, pasion-née, tourmentée et tragique.

MMAACCHHAADDOO EENN FFRRAANNCCEE

Machado dort à ColliureTrois fois suffirent horsd’EspagneQue le ciel pour lui se fitlourdIl s’assit dans cette cam-pagneEt ferma les yeux pour tou-jours

(D’après Les poètes deLouis Aragon, chanté parJean Ferrat.)

England && WWales


FFoouurr EEppiicc MMoommeennttssENGLISH HistoryIN

told by an oldman

-Well, let’s go! Do you know about the birth of England? Itwas after Hastings, when the Normans beat the Saxons inHastings, in the year of 1066.-That happened a lot of years ago, grandpa!-said one of thechildren-Yes, you’re right. Hastings took place nearly a thousandyears ago, but it’s very important. That was the last time thata foreign army invaded the isle. Do you know where theNormans came from? They came from France, exactly fromNormandy, on the other side of the Channel. -And, what other armies invaded the U.K.?-That’s a very good question. The first people who came toGreat Britain, our ancient ancestors, were tribes with neolitictechnology. It’s said that they built Stonehenge.-Wow!-said the children.-Then, there was another invasion from the continent. As aresult of that invasion, the Celtic people conquered the isle.You can see that the Celtic culture is still alive in many partsof our isles. You can see the pipers playing, the traditionalmusic, and other things.-And what happened then?-After the Celts, it was the Romans who invaded England.They beat the Celts battle by battle and brought their culturehere. London, for example, was a Roman foundation. Itsancient name was Londinium. And, can you remember thetime you went with your parents to the city of Bath? What doyou think you saw there?-A lot of silly and old stuff!-No! You could see a great present from your Roman ances-tors. When the Roman Empire broke down, the Germantribes invaded the isle. The most important were the Saxons,

who lost the battle of Hastings against the Normans. Do youknow anything about that epic battle? I think you should. Incase you don’t know, I’m going to tell you about it. Williamthe Conqueror wast the Duke of the Normans, which meansthat he was their lord. He drove his army to England, to thearea that was called Anglia, and set his camp up. His armyhad crossed the Channel under not very good conditions,but he knew how to do it. On the other side of the battle-camp, the Saxon army, commanded by Harold, the lastSaxon king of England, came to fight against the invaders.The first mistake that Harold made was to tell his troops toattack without having a little time to refresh, because they’ddone a long way. They found the Normans already formed inthree lines; archers at first, followed by cavalry and infantry.Whereas the Norman army was disciplinated and fresh, theSaxon army was tired and his moral was low. The battle wascruel and brutal, and, in my opinion, we can see a perfectmixture between the French tactics, based on its cavalry;and the English tactics, based on its archers. Could youimagine that day, children? The sky appeared black as aresult of the cloud of arrows. The ground was in plain convul-sion, moved by the knights, whose horses advanced throughthe Saxon army, opening holes that were occupied by theinfantry. That was the only battle that William had to hold inhis new kingdom, because Harold died that day, leaving hisdomain free. The problems that Harold had with the Saxonaristocracy, the littleness of that England, and the absolutevictory of William made that the first state of MedievalEurope was born. After Hastings, the Normans brought thestructure of feudalism to England, and could administratethe country very successfully.

-PPlease, grandpa, tell us a story!Four children were sitting around their grandfather, an oldman who had lived for a very longtime. He used to tell them very different tales, what was loved by his grandsons.-WWell, children, I’m going to tell you the greatest story ever written in the English History.-WWhat’s the name of that story?-TThe name of that story is the name of our own England. Would you like me to tell you thisstory?-YYes!-ccried the children on the unison.

HASTINGS, 1066

by Iván Moyano, B2ºD


England && WWales

5

- Do you remember, children, that the last day I told you thestory of William the Conqueror, who became the king ofEngland?- Yes!- So, now, I’m going to tell you what happened in Englandafter him. After the Norman conquest, the king of Englandhad also the tittle of Duke of Normandie, and the FrenchNormandy belonged to him as another domain, as well asEngland. That privileged situation caused problems with theKing of France, who covered into an enemy of the King ofEngland. This political problem passed from a King to hisson. In England, the dinasty of William the Conqueror hadsome different kings, and one of those was Henry II. ThisKing married Leonor of Aquitanie, who was a very importantwoman in France. Her domains belonged to his husbandand the sons that both had. One of those sons was calledRichard, who was King of England under the name ofRichard I, Lion Heart. Could you understand what was theproblem between England an France?- Were they enemies?- I told you! The English, after Henry II could govern overEngland and a lot of French cities, castles and territories,and the King of France reclaimed those countries. That’swhy, during all the Middle Ages, England and France wereenemies. All the English and French kings held many warsbetween them, but, at the end, the French won.-Did they win?-Yes, but you know that story. You can remeber Jeanne d’Arc,isn’t it? She, and a lot of circumstances, battles and siegesmade that the English were pulled away from France. But,the first battles of the Hundred Year War, which was pro-

voked by the King of England, who reclaimed the Kingdownof France for him, were won by the English Army.-Could you tell us some of those battles?-Of course! I’ll tell you the most important of them:Agincourt. That was a very good battle: there were Archersand Cavalry, but now in different parts of the field. Well,Agincourt happened in the year 1415, when the King HenryV of England had to return to the island . The French armyfollowed him until they met him near a hill. The EnglishArmy, which based its power in its discipline and the abilityof the Welsh archers. On the contrary, the French had thebest Cavalry ever seen in a battlecamp: their knights werecourageous and strongly-armed with good horses andarmors; but they were also undisciplined and anxious. HenryV went with his army to the top of the hill and waited for theFrench attack. All the French Cavalry began to go up the hillwhose slopes were very muddy, and in complete disorder,while the English archers killed them from the top. Theknights couldn’t move, and they and their horses were com-pletely sunk. The panic began tho spread in the FrenchArmy. The complete disaster of their knights caused theretrait of all the army, and gave the English army a very suc-cessful victory. -But why did the English lose France?-Well, the French Army recovered at last their power, andEngland was sunk in a Civil War, the Roses War. Have youheard about it? That was the end of the English adventurein France, and after that we can see that the English powerpassed from the ground to the sea. The 16th Century is thebeginning of the English domain over the seas, but that’s,another story.

AGINCOURT, 1415

England && WWales


-The last time we were talking about the English expulsion ofFrance. In the following centuries there weren’t many bat-tles and that’s what you really like, isn’t it, children?-Yes!-But those centuries are very interesting. You can imaginethe English Navy fighting with the Spanish in the ocean. Youcan imagine the sound of the cannonballs flying through theair until exploding in the enemy ship. There were many bat-tles in the sea, but the most important ones were: the onagainst the Spanish Great Army which wanted to invadeEngland; and against the French-Spanish navy anchorednear Cádiz, in 1805. Trafalgar, the last one, was very impor-tant, because left France and its allies, obviously Spain,without ships. That gave the English the unconditional supe-riority over the seas, which was the base of the Englishpower in the 19th Century. That important victory is stillremembered today. In London, you can see TrafalgarSquare, which was built to house a very tall column whichhas a statue of Nelson on top. -I know this.-said one- I’ve been there!-said another one.-Nelson was the admiral of the English Navy that wonTrafalgar. And his victory was very big. He could follow theenemy navy to Trafalgar. The enemy couldn’t resist thepower of a well trained and armed navy, obviously betterthan the other. No French or Spanish boat could be com-pared technically with the English ships. That technicalsuperiority, along with the advantage that Nelson couldcatch over his enemies decided the battle.-And, did the English invade Spain?

-No, that was impossible! Trafalgar was a battle betweentwo navies. The triumph in land came ten years after that, inWaterloo, Belgium, on June 18th of 1815. That day,Napoleon and Welington found themselves face to facenear a hill, called Mont St Jean, situated a few miles awayfrom Waterloo. That day was the last battle of theNapoleonic War, the most important European war in the19th Century. Do you want to know more about it?-Of course! -It was an epic encounter between two giants of war:Wellington, the chief of the Allied Forces; and Napoleon, theEmperor of France, the best general ever born, like it wassaid at that time. During all that day, 72, 000 French sol-diers crossed the muddy fields with the only motivation ofascending Mont St Jean, which was defended by 68, 000soldiers commanded by Wellington. Among those soldiers20, 000 were English. The night before was very rainy, andat sunrise all the fields were completely drenched. That wasthe reason why Napoleon didn’t attack until ten o’clock. Bythis time, he arranged his men in three zones: Jerôme andReille had to conquest Hougoumont, a farm situated in thewest of Sant Jean; Milhaud and D’Erlon were in the centerof the front, near La Haie Sainte, another farm; finally,Lobau was in the east . Wellington placed his men very care-fully in Saint Jean, waiting for the French attack, and thisattack began in the west, in Hougoumont. During all the daythe French forces were ocuppied in the siege of thatemplacement, which Wellington used as a distraction.

WATERLOO (1865)& TRAFALGAR (1805)


England && WWales

7

The centre of the action was decisive: D’Erlon tried duringall the day to reach the summit of the hill, but he wasexpulsed many times by the English forces, although hecould cause several desperate situations to Wellington. However, Napoleon didn’t really care about the battle, andwas his general, Ney, who commanded the French Armythat day. His use of his Cavalry was incorrect, and he could-n’t help D’Erlon correctly. At 16 hr. D’Erlon and Milhaudcould enter the farm in the east, without being able toreach the summit yet. Wellington knew that a PrussianArmy was on the way to Waterloo, and that another FrenchArmy, comanded by Grouchy, couldn’t arrive at Waterloo ontime. The English general knew how to resist the French

attack until the Napoleon situation was desperate: at19.00 Von Bulow arrived with thrirty thousand Prussians.Napoleon was lost.But, when everything seemed to be lost, the last action ofthe French Army showed that Napoleon could still win thebattle. The last charge, made by the Imperial Guard, couldbreak the enemy lines. The veteran grenadiers who hadbeen with Napoleon all the day long went up the hill andarrived near Wellington’s Army heart but they were reject-ed by the English army. After that, the English soldierscould sing their victory. That was the end of Napoleon inEurope.

Today, children, I’m going to tell you a story that I livedmyself. Did you know that I was a pilot in the Royal Air Forceduring the Battle of England?-Wow, grandpa, I didn’t know.-So, it happened. I piloted a plane. I flew over the Channel,over Europe during all the War. In 1940, I remember, I wentinto the Army, and I was chosen to the RAF. My brother wassent to France, in the Royal Army. He died in Dunkirk, whenthe Allied Forces were thrown out from France by theGermans. -What did you do?-In 1940, the British islands were the last corner of WesternEurope that the Germans didn’t control, and the Britishresistance was heroical. We had to fight in the air, with ourplanes. I could pilot an Spitfire, and I did missions of inter-ception of German Bombers. We also had encounters withthe famous German aces, and I remember many friends andpartners who didn’t come back. It was absolutely frenetic: weused to get up in the morning to have a mission, for example,defending London, and in the afternoon we had to defendour own airport! We were young, and anxious, very coura-geous patriots. That was the time I lived the most to the limit.I felt alive in the air. I felt the wind when we went up. Andthen, some German planes appeared in the horizon. Ourchief comanded us to make them return to the continent,and we did. I tried to put my nose behind him, but I didn’tknow what was going to happen then. The German couldmaniovre, or not. I was nervous, but I had to pull my triggervery slowly. I couldn’t be nervous. It was my life that was atstake! I couldn’t fail! When the war finished I had done a lotof missions, and I had lost a lot of friends. If you ask other people about it, you can get many differentanswers, but all of them had suffering in common. I was apilot, but a lot of people suffered the effect of the bombs that

fell over London. It was a difficult time for everyone, children,but we were very brave. From Scotland to Southampton theEnglish families endured the war. You cannot imagine thosedays, you can’t! -Grandpa, were you afraid?-I was very afraid! We had to keep our life in the air, and theGermans flew really well! I had to learn how to drive a plan,how to shoot, how to travel over the sea, how to keep militarydiscipline, and all of that stuff. It was hard, children, but I’malive.-How did the war finish?-Well, after the battle of England, which was really hard until1942, when the Germans invaded Russia. After those days,we had to carry out missions in Europe, attacking manyobjectives on the ground: factories, railroads, trains...We hadto fight the Germans from the air until being able to hit theirinfantry. But those days arrived. Do you rememberNormandy? So, a thousand years later, the British Army didthe same trip as William the Conqueror did, but the other wayround. Our mission was to help the Navy and the troops onthe beach during the battle. After Normandy, we had toescort the allied bombers when they had to attack theGerman cities. In 1945, my military career finished, and Icould go back and meet your grandma! The rest of my storyis strictly personal, and that’s the last battle I can tell you.But you can ask your younger uncle, who was in theMalvines. If I were you, I would read more books about histo-ry. That’s why I have brought you my collection. I want you tolearn more about it!Remember that time passes very fast, and the future isyours. If you learn History, you will be able to tell your grand-sons the same stories that I’ve told you. Please, rememberthat History is the best tale you can tell. It’s the best lessonwe can learn.

SECOND WORLD WAR, 1940-45

England && WWales


Wales is in the west of Great Britain. It’s20,720 km2 . It has a total population of2,903,085. The climate is usually mild

and variable. In summer, the days are very long,but in winter they are short.The national symbol is a red dragon and thePatron Saint St David.The cultural heritage of Wales is very rich: fromRoman monuments to the remainings of theIndustrial RevolutionWales has a lot of castles like Conwy and Carew.The capital of Wales is Cardiff. It’s small and per-fect to enjoy the good life. It’s the youngest capitalof Europe.The sporting activities are very popular, with theenormous Millennium Stadium. Big bands suchas U2 or The Manic Street Preachers have per-formed in this stadium. Its most important monu-ments are the Civic Centre and the NationalMuseum & Gallery of Wales with the biggest col-lection of modern pictures.Cultural events are overwhelming: opera and bal-

let performances are common in this city.The Cardiff’s festival is celebrated in summer. If you need rest, you can do it in Bute Park with itsbig green zones (Cardiff is the biggest European’scity with more green spaces)Cardiff’s bay is famous for its great atmosphere:restaurants, pubs, cafes, mimes…The spoken language is the Welsh, which is one ofthe oldest languages in Europe, but all the popu-lation speak English too.The currency is the sterling pound.Do you like tranquillity? Or do you prefer the risk?In Wales, we can take a walk through the NationalParks and bolds; climb tall mountains; practisegolf and ride bike or horse through nice paths.But in rivers and bays, there are a lot of sports topractise too: kayaking, canoeing, windsurfing, kitesurfing, diving and land yachting.We are looking forward to the summer to knowthis little country.And you? Are you going to miss it?

Would you like to know it?WALES

By Ana Antón & Andrea ArrabalS4ºC


England && WWales

9

CardiffCCaarrddiiffff

Last summer I went to Wales. I was there fora month. I was living there with a host fami-ly… well, I had three host families. I never met

the first one, the one I was supposed to stay withduring the whole month. It seems that the peopleliving there were… let’s say a bit unkind with theirprevious guests. The second family I had was theone that other Spanish student was living with. Ididn’t last long with this family (just four days)because the organization didn’t want twoSpanish students to live together. So my third anddefinitive family wasmade up of a youngwoman, a ten-year-oldgirl, an eight-year-oldboy, a man who waslike an armchair andcame from time to time(I think he was my hostmother’s boyfriend), adog and a fish. In the morning we hadEnglish classes, but ourteachers, English all of them, were very funny. Wehardly learnt any grammar; we just did speakingactivities . In the afternoon we had lots of activi-ties, among others, sports, bowling, going to thecinema, boating on a lake… On some weekendswe did some excursions , and the others we coulddo whatever we wanted. During the first days wevisited the city. I was staying in Cardiff, the capital.Cardiff is a great city. It isn’t very big, bigger thanAranda but not as big as Madrid. It has a wonder-ful castle. Situated in the very heart of the capital,near the shopping area and the magnificent ButePark, the enchanting fairytale towers of the Castleconceal an elaborate and splendid interior. It is

supposed to be 2,000 year old, dating from thecoming of the Romans in the first century AD.Other very well known building in this city is theMillennium Stadium. It is the national stadium ofWales, used primarily for Rugby Union and foot-ball home internationals. It was the largestStadium in the United Kingdom with a capacity of74,500, but relinquished this distinction when OldTrafford’s extension was completed in 2006.Twickenham Stadium, the home of the Englandnational rugby union team now holds the record,

with its expansion to82,000 seats. Loads ofgigs are played there.When I was in cardiff,Maddona came to playa concert.Among the excursionswe did, the most impor-tant was the one we didto Bath. This city wasfounded around theonly naturally occurring

hot springs in the United Kingdom. It was firstdocumented as a Roman spa, although traditionsuggests that it was founded earlier. The watersfrom its spring were believed to be a cure formany ilnesses.The other main excursion we did was London! Wewent there only for a day, and we saw some of thethings we had seen during our school trip toLondon, at Carnival of that year, but in a hair ris-ing speed.I loved that month, and I’m looking forward togoing there again.

Daniel García Arribas, B2ºD

England && WWales


MMaanncchheesstteerr iiss tthhee bbiiggggeesstt cciittyy wwiitthhiinn GGrreeaatteerr MMaanncchheesstteerr iinn tthheeNNoorrtthh WWeesstt EEnnggllaanndd.. IItt hhaass aa ppooppuullaattiioonn ooff aabboouutt 44,,550000,,000000 ..IItt iissEEnnggllaanndd’’ss tthhiirrdd llaarrggeesstt ccoonnuurrbbaattiioonn aafftteerr GGrreeaatteerr LLoonnddoonn aanndd tthheeWWeesstt MMiiddllaannddss.. MMaanncchheesstteerr iiss aallssoo iimmppoorrttaanntt ffoorr bbeeiinngg tthhee ffiirrssttiinndduussttrriiaalliisseedd cciittyy iinn tthhee wwoorrlldd.. DDuurriinngg tthhee 1199tthh cceennttuurryy iitt wwaass tthheeddoommiinnaanntt iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall cceennttrree ooff tteexxttiillee mmaannuuffaaccttuurree aanndd ccoottttoonnssppiinnnniinngg,, ssoo iitt wwaass nnaammeedd CCoottttoonnppoolliiss..

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NNaammee:: Manchester United Football ClubNNiicckknnaammee:: Red devilsFFoouunnddiinngg:: 1878SSttaaddiiuumm:: Old Trafford Manchester, EnglandOOppeenniinngg:: 1910AAccccoommmmooddaattee:: 76,000PPrreessiiddeenntt:: David GillTTrraaiinneerr:: Alex FergusonLLeeaagguuee:: FA Premier League

22000055-0066::2º

The Manchester United Football Club is an Englishfootball club. The club is one of the most success-

ful in the country. It has won the FA Premier League on15 times, the FA Cup on 11 occasions, the League’sCup and the UEFA Champions League twice, and theUEFA’s Cup once.The club was created by Newtonheath F.C. in 1878 using the funds from a railwaydeposit (Lancashire and Yorkshire in Newton Heath) .After the bankruptcy in 1902, J.H.Davies took the pres-idency; he changed the name and called the clubManchester United. The stadium Old Trafford wasbarbed during World War II, and they askedManchester City to play in its stadium (Maine Road) for

a time. The Manchester United appointed Sir MattBusby trainer of the team after World War II. The clubwent through a bad patch, and they won the League in1957. This success came to an end with the aerial dis-aster of Munich (1958), when eight players of theteam died. But the club reappeared and won theLeague in 1965 and 1967, and the UEFA ChampionsLeague in 1968. In the 90s, Alex Ferguson guided theteam to the victory of eight championships in elevenyears .In 1999, the Manchester United became theonly club to win the UEFA Champions League, the FAPremier League and FA Cup in the same season.

Manchester

MMaanncchheesstteerr UUnniitteedd FFoooottbbaallll CClluubb

Alvaro CCalleJavier GGarcía DDelgadoMiguel AAngel MMartínez4º AA

MUSIC

&

CULTURE

SPORTS


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iverpoolKing John founded Liverpool in 1207.Liverpool is situated in the North west ofEngland. The big buildings next to the sea werebuilt in the 18th century, thanks to the slavetrade. In the 19th century, it became the firstcity to have a railway joining Liverpool andManchester.At the end of the 19th century Liverpool recei-ved a lot of Irish immigrants because Irelandwas going through a bad patch and most Irishpeople were very hungry and many of themwere looking for a new job in the U.K.

During World War II, the air raids destroyedalmost half the houses in Liverpool. In 1960’s, The Beatles turned up as the mostpopular and famous musical band along withother bands of the Mersey beat era.In 1980’s, unemployment hit the city but tou-rism and The Beatles have improved its eco-nomy.Liverpool is going to be the European Capital

of the Culture of 2008.

Liverpool is a big city with great music,a lot of concerts, ...It is the pop capital, because in it, TheBeatles started to play. Liverpool hasproduced a lot of artists and bandswho have succeeded all over theworld.In this city, you can visit the “Wall offame”, in Mathew Street. On the otherhand, you can visit Penny Lane,Strawberry Fields and the houseswhere Paul McCartney and John Lenonlived when they were children. A lot ofmuseums and galleries are the artisticattraction of the city. The Beatles had a great influence onthe city, they contributed to makeLiverpool known all over the world, butnot everything in Liverpool is TheBeatles. Groups as Elvis Costello,Echo and The Bunnymen, The Farm ...are a little sample.Liverpool has splendid constructions,like St George´s Hall, its cathedral, PortSunligth Village ... and the historicalport of the city. It is one of the cities inthe U.K used as double of New York,Chicago... in movies. In conclusion, ifyou visit Liverpool, you will be amazedwith its artistic, musical charms andother surprises.

L

Some of the sports practised in Liverpool are Football,Cricket, Swimming, Boxing, Tennis and Karate.Football in Liverpool is represented by LiverpoolFootball Club but in this city there is an other team, theEverton. Liverpool football club is the most importantand it has won 5 European Championships, 18Premier Leagues, 7 English Championships, 1 SuperCup of England, 3 Cups of UEFA, and 3 EuropeanTournaments.Its stadium is Anfield Road and its permanent uniformis a red T-shirt, red trousers and red stockings. Thesecond uniform is completely yellow and the third uni-form is a white T-shirt with a vertical green stripe,green trousers and white stockings.Three Spaniards play in this team : Xavi Alonso, LuisGarcía, and José Reina.The coach is Rafael Benítez who is Spanish too.

Victor Calvo, Silvia Delgado, Eva Pereira S4º C

HISTORY

England && WWales


ENGLISHSS UU PP EE RR SS TT II TT II OO NN SSBBllaacckk ccaatt: In Great Britain in the XIX century, people said that if a blackcat walked in front of a couple who were about to get married, it meanthappiness and fecundity for the couple.

YYeellllooww: The Christian tradition says that this colour which comes fromsulfur and hell is, in addition, the symbol of adultery.

TToouucchh wwoooodd:: If you look forward to getting something, it is necessaryto touch wood so that your desire comes true. When a person is con-ceited, you also touch wood.

TThhee MMiirrrroorrss: Breaking a mirror brings bad luck. This belief is com-mon in all Christian West. In old cartomancy sessions of the Greeks,a broken mirror announced death. Nevertheless, the popular com-mon sense advises us in the “refranero”: A broken mirror does notadmit another remedy than buying another.

SSttaaiirrss: It brigns bad luck to walk under stairs: It prevents you from marrying during a year. If somebody, bymistake, passes under the triangle that forms the stairs, he can find ways to eliminate bad luck: to makethe sign of “figa”, to cross the fingers until seeing a dog, to spit three times along the steps or over the rightshoulder, to spit on the shoe and to continue the way without turning back until the saliva is dry.

OOwwll: The sound of the owl foretells the proximity of terrible events,because this bird is a sign of bad omen.

TTuueessddaayy 1133tthh: Number 13 is considered an unlucky number. InFrance, Great Britain, The United States, Friday 13th is the ominousday par excellence; in other countries, like Spain, that date is Tuesday13th. The consideration of Tuesday as a sinister day is the origin toseveral sayings:

OOnn TTuueessddaayy,, nneeiitthheerr ggeett mmaarrrriieedd nnoorr ttrraavveell bbyy bbooaatt. El Martes ni tecases ni te embarques.

OOnn TTuueessddaayy,, nneeiitthheerr tthhrrooww tthhee hheenn nnoorr mmaarrrryy yyoouurr ddaauugghhtteerr.. ElMartes, ni gallina eches, ni hija cases.

OOnn TTuueessddaayy,, nneeiitthheerr mmaarrrryy yyoouurr ssoonn aanndd nnoorr kkiillll yyoouurr ppiigg. El Martes,ni hijo cases, ni cochino mates.

OOnn TTuueessddaayy nneeiitthheerr mmoovvee ttoo aa nneeww hhoouussee nnoorr mmaarrrryy yyoouurr ddaauugghhtteerrnnoorr kknniitt yyoouurr ccllootthheess. El Martes ni tu casa mudes, ni tu hija cases, nitu ropa tejas.

Rocio Monzón Pascual S4ºCMaría Gayubo Vélez S4ºB


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SIXNATIONS’TOURNAMENT

FFranceranceColours: Blue t-shirt, blue trousers.Stadium: Saint-Denis in Paris (80 000 seats)Symbol: the roosterNickname- Les bleus/ Les tri-colores

ScotlandScotlandColours: Dark blue t-shirt, blue dark trousersStadium: Murrayfield, in Edimburgh (67 500 seats) Symbol: the thistle on a ball of rugby

CountrCountry of Wy of WalesalesColours: Red t-shirt, white trousers.Stadium: Millennium Stadium in Cardiff (72 500 seats) Symbol: 3 pens of ostrichNickname- Dragons

IrelandIrelandColours: Green t-shirt, white trousersStadium: Croke Park (82 250 seats) Symbol: Shamrock

ItItalyalyColours: Blue t-shirt, white trousers.Stadium: Stadio Flaminio in Rome (34 000 seats) Symbol: a bay leaf crown under an Italian flag

EnglandEnglandColours: White Stadium: Twickenham in London (82 000 seats) Symbol: the rose of Lancaster

The tournament of the Six Nations is a rugby´s competition between the nationalteams of France, Scotland, England, Country of Wales, Ireland and Italy.

PARTICIPANT TEAMS

HISTORY

In 1883, the British’ teams played the first edition: Ireland, Scotland,Country of Wales and England took part in the tournament.In 1910 they admitted France in the match.In 2000, Italy was admitted in the match.In 2001 the female Match of the Six nations with the participation ofSpain, France and the four teams of the British islands was created.In December of 2006, Spain is replaced in the female tournament byItaly.

Last winners of the tournament:2000 : England2001 : England2002 : France2003 : England2004 : France2005 : Wales2006 : France2007 : France

Ignacio Cancela S3ºB

England && WWales


U2 are a famous band from Ireland. Theyplay rock. The band was created in 1976 inDublin. U2 are one of the bands with thebiggest popularity in the world. They have 22Grammy prizes and they have sold 170 mil-lions records all over the world.The band is formed by:Bono ( he’s the singer and plays the guitar)The Edge (David Howell Evans), ( guitar inthe solos, he sings and plays the keyboard)Adam Clayton (Bass)Larry Mullen Jr. (Drums and he sometimessings)The beginning:Larry Mullen Jr. (October 1961) was lookingfor people to make a band. Bono, Adam

Clayton, Dave Evans and his brother, DickEvans, were interested and they formed“Feedback”. In 1977 they changed thename to “The Hype”. Dick left the band andhe joined “The Virgin Prunes”. When Dickleft the band, they searched a new name,the name of the spy plane U2. This planewas shot down the day Bono was born. Thisname is a game of words because in Englishthe pronunciation is the same as “you too”,and it means “tu también” .In their lastschool year the components of the band(1978), they won a competition. This was thebeginning of their success. They had to singwith a lot of popular artists, for instanceGreen Day and TheCorrs (another bandfrom Ireland) aresome of the bandsthat had played withU2. They also help alot of charities. U2with Green Day gavethe money from therights of the song“The Saints areComing” to the vic-tims of the KatrinaHurricane.

Now U2 is the mostpopular Irish band .

U2

Marta Parra S4ºC

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