some smart-grid information technology needs

© Advanced Power and Energy Program, 2009

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Some Some Smart-GridSmart-Grid Information Technology NeedsInformation Technology Needs

Jack Brouwer, Ph.D.June 5, 2009

ISR Research Forum Presentation


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OutlineOutline

• SmartGridSmartGrid Introduction Introduction

• APEP APEP SmartGridSmartGrid Related Research Related Research• Energy Conversion Analyses

• Dynamic Modeling

• Sustainable Mobility

• Energy Systems Integration

• Grid Interaction/Interconnection

• Some Some SmartGridSmartGrid Challenges Challenges

• Some Some SmartGridSmartGrid Information Technology Needs Information Technology Needs


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SmartGridSmartGrid Introduction Introduction

• Current Grid Concerns:Current Grid Concerns:• Increasing energy & especially peak energy demands

• Dwindling fossil fuel resources

• Greenhouse gas and criteria pollutant emissions

• Energy security

• Reliability (economy, human health and welfare)

• Future Grid Needs:Future Grid Needs:• Flexible – accommodating rapid change, generation and

consumption diversity in size, type, features, …

• Secure – domestic resources, handle attacks/hackers

• Reliable –handle disturbances and all the above with very high up-time (5-6 nines reliability; only seconds of down-time per year)

• Sustainable – use resources at the same rate as they are naturally replenished on earth w/o externalities (e.g., more renewable power)

SmartGridSmartGrid


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Key Features:Key Features:• Multiple points of interconnection and control

– Renewable power: small, highly dynamic, intermittent, low capacity factor

– Distributed generation: efficient, near-zero emissions, highly dispatchable

– Distributed storage: batteries, hydro, air, …

– Highly distributed loads: appliances, buildings, factories, machines

• Increasingly managed through digital technology– Dispersed interconnection of renewables, DG, storage, loads

– Smart meters and advanced sensors

– Communications

– Computing

• Increasingly required to meet transportation energy demands– Mass transit

– Plug-in battery and hybrid electric vehicles (BEV, PHEV)

• Consumer interface/interactions– Commercial/Residential energy efficiency & coordination of loads with

desired generation

– Higher instantaneous local power quality


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Reasons for Utility interest in Reasons for Utility interest in SmartGridSmartGrid::

• Managing Increased Wind (and Solar) PenetrationManaging Increased Wind (and Solar) Penetration

• Ancillary ServicesAncillary Services• Frequency regulation; voltage support; harmonics cancellation; etc.

• T&D Facility Investment DeferralT&D Facility Investment Deferral

• Managing Grid PeaksManaging Grid Peaks

• Outage MitigationOutage Mitigation

• Customer Energy ManagementCustomer Energy Management

• Increasing the value of Increasing the value of distributed PV systemsdistributed PV systems

• Decreasing hydro Decreasing hydro dispatchabilitydispatchability

• Virtual Power PlantsVirtual Power Plants

Peak Shaving

ReplacementReserve

SupplementalReserveSynchronous

Reserve

Renewable Energy

Management

Power or Energy

Frequency Regulation


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OutlineOutline










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APEP APEP SmartGridSmartGrid Related Research Related Research

• Distributed Generators (fuel cells, microturbines, …)Distributed Generators (fuel cells, microturbines, …)

• Energy StorageEnergy Storage

• Dispatchable LoadsDispatchable Loads

• Renewable GenerationRenewable Generation

• Sustainable MobilitySustainable Mobility

• Power ElectronicsPower ElectronicsGrid

GridLeg

Combined Heat and

Power

Storage

Photovoltaic Array

Heat Demand

LargeRenewable

N.G. Plant

Coal & Nuclear

IndependentSystem

Operator

Bio-gasElectric

Transportation

Distributed Energy

Resources

Hydro &Storage

Renewable Energy

Resource Management


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APEP APEP SmartGridSmartGrid Related Research Related ResearchRenewable Integrated Renewable Integrated

Fuel Cell SystemsFuel Cell Systems

• Solar ResidentialSolar Residential

• Wind / Hydrogen fuelWind / Hydrogen fuel

Hydrogen Storage

Hydrogen toPower Generation

Hydrogen Production To Storage

PEM Reversible Fuel Cell /

Electrolyzer

Zero-EmissionsDispatchable

Power

RenewableElectricity

Hydrogen

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Time (One Week)

Po

wer

(kW

)

PV Power 7.9 kW EZ Power (In) 4.2 kW FC Power (Out) Grid Power

System Cost $ 42,000.00

H2 Produced 50.9 kWh

kW Peak RFC 8.1 kW

RFC Round Trip Eff. 57%

System Eff. 71%


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Zero Emission Zero Emission Vehicle Vehicle · Network · Network Enabled TransportEnabled Transport

ZEVZEV••NETNET

APEP APEP SmartGridSmartGrid Related Research Related ResearchElectric Transport – Fuel Cell SupportElectric Transport – Fuel Cell Support


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Current UCI Research on Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)Current UCI Research on Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)

• Toyota, Horiba, UCB, and CA Air Resources Board partnersToyota, Horiba, UCB, and CA Air Resources Board partners

• Testing two prototype plug-in Prius vehicles Testing two prototype plug-in Prius vehicles

• Vehicle emission standards (including grid emissions)Vehicle emission standards (including grid emissions)

• Grid interaction/impacts (in partnership with SCE)Grid interaction/impacts (in partnership with SCE)

• Air quality impactsAir quality impacts



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Power ElectronicsPower Electronics

• Essential to enable “smart grid” Essential to enable “smart grid”

• Integrate sensing, actuation, communication and interface Integrate sensing, actuation, communication and interface in one “box”in one “box”

• New logic with limited new hardwareNew logic with limited new hardwareCommunication

s & Logic


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0 50000 100000 150000 2000000.6

0.61

0.62

0.63

0.64

0.65

FC

Vo

ltag

e [

V]

Time [sec]

ExperimentModel

Siemens Integrated SOFC SystemSingle Cell MCFC

Test Stand

0 1 2 3 4 5 618.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

Time (Hr)

Mo

du

le P

ow

er (

kW)

Siemens/SCE 220 kW SOFC/GT Hybrid

Dynamic Generator ModelingDynamic Generator Modeling


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-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

20

30

40

50

60

Time (sec)

Po

we

r (k

W)

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 6070

75

80

85

90

Time (sec)

Sh

aft

Sp

eed

(kR

PM

)

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60895

900

905

910

Time (sec)

TE

T (

K)

Capstone 60 kW MTG

Plug Power 5 kW PEM GenSys

Dynamic Generator ModelingDynamic Generator Modeling


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0 50 100 150 200 250 3000

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Time (hr)

In-P

lan

e R

ad

iati

on

(W

/m2 ) UCI data

Calculated

0 50 100 150 200 250 3000

1

2

3

4

Time (hr)

Arr

ay

Po

we

r (W

)

MeasuredCalculated PV

performance from on cell irradiance

On cell irradiance model


Renewable Dynamic Modeling (PV, solar thermal, and wind)Renewable Dynamic Modeling (PV, solar thermal, and wind)


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AirMotor

SOFC

Blower

Oxid-izerOxid-izer

Refor-mer

Heat

Exch.

Fuel + H2O

Exit

Heat

Exch.Steam

Prep.

PE

N

Tem

p (

K)

Ref

orm

er

Tem

p (

K)

Time (s)

Time (s)

Initial 0-s Peak 874s Final 50ksTransition 1050s

PE

N T

em

p (

K)

Curr

ent

(A)


Integrated System Control Integrated System Control - 25 to 70 amp current increase - 25 to 70 amp current increase with PEN temperature feedbackwith PEN temperature feedback


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Solar thermal power

Nuclear Power

Wind Power

Combined heat and power

Hydro-power

Biomass

IGCC

Hydrogen Pipeline

Load demand

Diversification of Renewable Power

Generation

Combined Heat and Power Systems

Dispatchable Biomass Generation

IGCC with H2 Co-production

Water and Hydroelectricity

`DispatchableLoads

Energy Storage

Electricity, Heating and Transportation Demands

Meteorology and Water

CostTransmission Redundancy Efficiency Vulnerability


Energy Deployment Modeling Energy Deployment Modeling


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OutlineOutline










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Some Some SmartGridSmartGrid Challenges Challenges

• Today’s grid Today’s grid ISIS stable, reliable, predictable: stable, reliable, predictable:• Centralized control

• Slow response (15-minute)

• Highly regulated

• One-way power flow

• Today’s grid Today’s grid IS NOTIS NOT flexible, controllable, nor able to: flexible, controllable, nor able to:• Introduce sufficient energy efficiency

• Introduce large amounts of renewable power

• Become sufficiently sustainable

• Sufficiently produce the energy and national security benefits desired


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Renewable Power Integration ChallengesRenewable Power Integration Challenges

• Resources may not be available when neededResources may not be available when needed• Need for rolling standby generation

• Could use demand side management and/or involuntary load shedding

• Resources may generate power when not neededResources may generate power when not needed• Force base-load plants to back down (lowers efficiency, increases cost)

• May have to curtail and lose renewable power

• May cause unpredictable power flow issuesMay cause unpredictable power flow issues

• May cause local power quality issuesMay cause local power quality issues

Other Challenges faced by UtilitiesOther Challenges faced by Utilities

• Reduced control over existing resources Reduced control over existing resources • Changes in regulations & weather affecting reliability of flexible hydro

• Increased peak demand Increased peak demand • Population growth in hotter climates causes peak demand to grow faster



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Tehachapi, CA wind generation for April, 2005Tehachapi, CA wind generation for April, 2005

Hawkins, CAISO, 2007


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Wind PowerWind Power – Example of Non-Coincidence with Peak – Example of Non-Coincidence with Peak DemandDemand

CAISO, 2007


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• Energy Deployment Model Results - 10% Wind PenetrationEnergy Deployment Model Results - 10% Wind Penetration


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Some Some SmartGridSmartGrid Challenges ChallengesWhere Can Wind Power be Sited?Where Can Wind Power be Sited?

NREL, 2008


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Some Some SmartGridSmartGrid Challenges ChallengesSolar Power ~coincident with peak – but clouds cause problemSolar Power ~coincident with peak – but clouds cause problem

SunPower, Inc., 2008


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Some Some SmartGridSmartGrid Challenges ChallengesSolar Power ~coincident with peak – but clouds cause problemSolar Power ~coincident with peak – but clouds cause problem

SunPower, Inc., 2008

Output from Nevada 70 KW array


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Real Grid Disturbance Example:Real Grid Disturbance Example:

• In Texas on Feb. 26, 2008 wind power dropped 1200MW in In Texas on Feb. 26, 2008 wind power dropped 1200MW in 10 minutes10 minutes

• The disturbance was registered throughout the U.S. and as The disturbance was registered throughout the U.S. and as far as Manitoba!far as Manitoba!

• Blackouts were avoided by massive load shedding by Blackouts were avoided by massive load shedding by industrial customersindustrial customers


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Vehicle battery use Vehicle battery use for grid support for grid support (“V2G”)(“V2G”)

•InterconnectionInterconnection

•ControlsControls

•Battery LifeBattery Life

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000

Canon

Orthodyne

Thales

iMonitor

CTG

ORA

UCI Vanpool

UCI

UCI SL

Par

tici

pat

ing

En

tity

Number of Vehicle-Days

1 5

6PP 207

225 226

237 245

250 400

401 402

535 636

673 674

810 826

915 916

917 919

965 990

991

Vehicle ID

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Hour of Day

Av

era

ge

Ch

arg

ing

kW

h C

on

su

me

d

UCI Vanpool

UCI SL

UCI - APEP

Thales

Orthodyne

ORA

iMonitor

Canon

UCI Mobility &UCI Mobility &Charging Data Charging Data (from ZEV•NET)(from ZEV•NET)

Charging profiles w/oCharging profiles w/o“Smart Grid” are not “Smart Grid” are not encouragingencouraging


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Some Some SmartGridSmartGrid Challenges ChallengesHow does charging affect power demand?How does charging affect power demand?

• Daily Charge Requirement for 40% PHEV60Daily Charge Requirement for 40% PHEV60

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

55000

60000

65000

70000

75000

80000

MW

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hour (1= 12am-1am)

2007 Base Case Ideal Valley Filling EPRI Profile Best Guess at Likely ZEVNET Actual w/ OSC ZEVNET Actual w/o OSC


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Scaling Scaling and and Evolution Evolution are challengesare challenges

• Opportunities for innovation at every level are hugeOpportunities for innovation at every level are huge• individual energy resources, novel optimization and control schemes,

technology for avoiding large-scale failures, accounting for novel/failure conditions, security innovations/failures, efficiency improvements, …

• Magnitude of overall system is “mind-boggling” & growingMagnitude of overall system is “mind-boggling” & growing• sheer number of resources, difficulty of measuring/sensing each, the

number of things that can/should be sensed, potential number of coordination/management decisions, …

• Need for continuous improvement and adaptationNeed for continuous improvement and adaptation• self-adaptive, self-optimizing, self-healing systems

• The production, transmission, storage, and use of electric The production, transmission, storage, and use of electric energy in the future will be fundamentally intertwined with energy in the future will be fundamentally intertwined with computation, control, and communicationscomputation, control, and communications


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OutlineOutline










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Some Some SmartGridSmartGrid Information Technology Needs Information Technology Needs

• Ubiquitous sensorsUbiquitous sensors• E.g., appliances, homes, cars, commercial buildings, lighting,

computers, industrial equipment and facilities

• Smart MetersSmart Meters• Better cost information and billing

• Manage power and information flow

• Computational Power (decentralized)Computational Power (decentralized)• Acquire and manage sensor data

• Coordinate amongst parties

• Make decisions

• Robust Networked Communications (two-way)Robust Networked Communications (two-way)• Internet

• Secure sub-networks?

• Consumer InterfaceConsumer Interface


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Some Some SmartGridSmartGrid Information Technology Needs Information Technology Needs

Overarching Overarching SmartGrid SmartGrid IT Need:IT Need:

• Software architectures to enable decentralized communities Software architectures to enable decentralized communities to interact in a dynamic future electric grid with high to interact in a dynamic future electric grid with high efficiency, adaptability, reliability, security, and sustainabilityefficiency, adaptability, reliability, security, and sustainability• New and diverse energy resources (generation, storage, transmission)

with idiosyncratic properties– Instantaneous capacity/production/consumption, intermittency, variability

due to weather or other exogenous forces

• Decentralized framework with various authority regimes – Autonomous local behavior

– Unilateral decisions detrimental to the grid must be accommodated

– Marketplace must handle a myriad of individual, decentralized participants in the network that is sufficiently coordinated to produce overall features

– Ubiquitous & autonomous* with operating principles, security, and processing that produces stability & reliability.

*NOTE: Modern two-way communications not fast enough to avert *NOTE: Modern two-way communications not fast enough to avert widespread disruption due to local (intentional or accidental) bad action widespread disruption due to local (intentional or accidental) bad action


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some smart-grid information technology needs

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