• Do not show anything that you cannot explain, unless you use it as an example of “we do not yet know why”

• Use simple backgrounds, such as plain white or very pale yellow, unless your sponsor wants all the logos

• Avoid overly busy slides, unless you want to use the over-business to make a point

• People remember annotated photographs and graphs. Show people in photographs if possible. Plain bullets are less effective. (so, why am I using them here?)

• Avoid animation (i.e., bringing in items one by one on a slide). They will trip you up in a presentation.

• If there is a clear conclusion, say it early. Then, repeat at the end once the evidence has been shown.

• Don’t overexplain on the PPT itself – explain more fully when you present it

• Offer to give a PDF version to anyone who asks, or perhaps make it available on your web page. Consider LINKEDIN. Avoid FACEBOOK.

Some PPT tips

Desert Sky Wind Farm(approx 350 miles southwest of Baylor)

65 m

Blade length 35 m

101m

At least 100 wind turbines in a wind farm

Operate at 10 – 20 RPM, with wind speed range 8 – 56 MPH

Approx. 10 wind turbines (15 MW) per square mile. Thus, a farm needs at least 10 square miles.

Metric units – about 6 MW per square km.

Desert Sky Wind Farm(approx 350 miles southwest of Baylor)

65 m

Blade length 35 m

101m

At least 100 wind turbines in a wind farm

Operate at 10 – 20 RPM, with wind speed range 8 – 56 MPH

Approx. 10 wind turbines (15 MW) per square mile. Thus, a farm needs at least 10 square miles.

Metric units – about 6 MW per square km.

65 m101m

65 m101m

88 m

These are about 1pu

Why are Synchrophasors Important?

Here’s All You Need to RememberAverage Power Flow P Through a Mostly Inductive

Transmission Line (138kV and above)

)sin( 2121 XVVP

11 V 22 V

jX

+─

+─ground

For small x, sin(x) = x

Charles Steinmetz, developed phasor theory to analyze

AC circuits

Stability limit is when the angle difference reaches 90 degrees

The Source of Most of Our Synchrophasor Data

• OK for most synchrophasor applications

• Factor in net 30° phase shift due to transformers and unknown a-b-c phase

• Recognize there is a slowing varying 2° or 3° daily phase lag pattern down distribution feeders

• Having one at every airport control tower would provide independent “heads up” early warning about grid problems across US and Canada

• Non-Disclosure agreements are not required!

McDonald Observatory Voltage Phase Angle Relative to Central ERCOT

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Hour of March 11, 2011

Deg

rees

ERCOT’s graph of West-to-North P flow

Texas Synchrophasor Network’s graph of West-to-Central ERCOT Voltage Angle

This is probably the world’s first electricity market-induced grid oscillation!

Price went down, then wind gens responded, then price went up, then wind gens responded, • • •

12-hour window

12 hour window

Candidate for Ripley’s Believe It or Not?

Time-aligned seismic activity measured at Amarillo(about 400 miles away)

USGS says the explosion occurred at 07:50:38 pm CDT

The West, Texas, Explosion, April 17, 201360 Seconds of RMS Voltage Measured at Baylor University

(West is about 20 miles north of Waco)

Estimated System H versus % Wind Generation

(42 Unit Trip Events, June through November 2010)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 5 10 15 20

Wind Generation - % of Total Generation

Estim

ated

H42 Major Unit Trips, 0.1 Hz or Greater. Conclusion - No Correlation

Between Wind Generation and System Inertia

6 months

Evaluating the Performance of Solar PV Installations,Taking Into Account Actual Weather

and Panel Orientation

Prof. Mack Grady and Mr. Billy Anderson, Baylor University

Update for

Ms. Andee Chamberlain, Texas Parks and Wildlife DepartmentMs. Lucy Stolzenburg, Texas Solar Energy Society

September 30, 2013

N

N

71.3 kW Rated

)cos()cos(

)(incidentzenith

sunincident

DHGHDHP

Andee ChamberlainSustainability Programs ManagerTexas Parks and Wildlife

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Sept. 30

1 pm CST

1 hour average ending at 17:00

1 hour delay in PV output is due to array

azimuth shift

This is a work in progress. Thank you!