some of the causes of our c3 population

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1020 DEC. 1 7 , 1921} CAUSES OF OUR C 3 POPULATION. Personally, I hiave never seen a case o f rabie8 ( o r s o - called lhydrophobia), b ut the symptoms a r e described a s being o f t w o varieties, sometimies a spasm o f the inspira- tory miuscles, a s well a s o f tlle pharynx a n d oesophagus, a t other times a paralvtic inertia o f t he wlhole respiratory apparatus, occurrineg either primarily o r following t h e slpasmodic attacks. T h e patient luay d i e eitlher fromn respiratory spasm, o r from syncope. O n th e othier liand, hysterical p1seudo-hydroplobia is inot uncommon, a nd I lhave seen,several inistances o f tlis i n wllicll t h e patient erroneously thought that l he h a d been bitten b y a rabid dog. H r e w e observe globus hystericus witlh rapid breathilng a n d various dramatic movements f tlle trunk a n d limibs, sometimes accolmipanied b y a louid hysterical laryngaeal noise intended t o resemble a dog's bark. B u t there i s neitlher true respiratory spasmu n or paralysis, a n d t o t h e careful observer the diagnosis presents n o difficulties. There a r e also otlher nervous diseases in wlichl th e respiratory mechanism miay b e upset. F o r example, i n a ta]jor epilep)tic f i t t h e tonic phase o f t h e f i t i s often uslhered i n b y a curious laryngeal 'wail, t h e so-called epileptic crv, produced b y tonic spasm o f the expiratory muscles. Tihrouglhout th e tonic stage o f t h e epileptic f i t t h e respiratory muscles a re fixed, respiratory movements cease a n d t h e patient becomes increasingly blue a n d cyanosed. Tllen, when t h e clonic stage sets i n, t h e cyalnosis passes off, th e respiratory muscles talke part i n t h e jerking movemelnts a n d saliva m a y b e jerked from between t h e lips. I once lhad t h e opportunity o f doing a laryingoscopy during t h e cloniic stage o f a n epileptic f i t a n d wvas able t o s e e t h e glottis alternately opening a n d shutting, synclhronously witlh t h e clonic jerks o f t he trunk a n d limbs. Bothi i n athetosis a n d i n chorea the involuntary movements m-ay implicate not only t h e limbs a n d face b ut also the re3piratory muscles, causing -the breathing t o b e irregular a n d clumsy, s o that t h e diapliragm a n d intercostals o longer contract synehronously a n d th e smilooth rlhytlhm o f respiration i s interrupted. I n con- sequenee, even t h e patient's articulation muay b e jerky. I n so-called "paralytic " chorea t h e siuperadded factor o f muscular feebleness mnay sometimes b e s o severe that tlle patient's voice i s reduced t o a faint wlhisper. T h e fine muscular tremors o f tlle l-imbs i n exop7hthalmic gaitre m a y sometimes spread t o t h e trunk a n d t o t h e respiratory mlluscles. This tremulous respiration, a s Minor pointed out, i s best marked during a long expiration. I n 'advanced paralysis agitanis, i f w e examine t h e patient laryngoseopically, we mnay observe a rhytllmic tremor o f h is vocal cords, synclhronous witlh the tremor o f th e limbs. Tlhis laryngeal tremor usually ceases during plona- tion, u t n o t always. T h e patient's voice beconmes thin, moniotonous, a n d feeble. Hi s articulation, like h i s gait, becomes festinant, s o that l h e begins h i s sentences slowly b u t tends t o hurry towards t h e ends o f sentences o r o f long words, pronouncing th e final syllables lhurriedly. Various respiratory phenomena m a y be m et witlh i n hysteria. O these, lhysterical cough i s t h e commonest, b u t lhysterical taclhypnoea o r rapidity o f ' respiration, lhysterical sobbing, also all sorts o f curious laryngeal noises. ma y b e miiet witlh i n different cases. But, wlhat- ever their variety, a l l these hysterical respiratory affec- tions cease spontaneously duiiing sleep. Hysterical cough occurs almost always i n bouts o r paroxysmx, often a t t l e samie special time o f day, a n d most frequLently wlhen tlle patient knows hlerself to be under observation. I t m a y last f o r hoours a t a time. Hysterical cough i s unaccom- panied b y true (lyspnoea, whilst abnorm-al physical signs i n t h e respiratory organs a re conspicuous b y tlleir absence. Hysterical couglh often h a s a peculiar maetallic mnusical sort of nloise. I-Hysterical laughling o r sobbing are fre- quently part o f a ljysterical paroxysmu, whether occurring before, during, o r after t h e lhysterical attack. Hysterical taclypnoea i s anotlher fairly com-mon manifestation, coln- sisting i n paroxysms o f extremely rapid breathing (80, 100, o r even 1 5 0 p er miintute), buLt without cyanosis o r otlher respiratory distress. pulse remains quiet a n d steady tlhrotughlout t h e attack, tllere are no abnormal physical ssigns i n t h e clhest, a n d tlle temperature remains normal thrloulghout. Hfysterical aphlonia, anothler comumon type, i s easily recognized, nlOt onlly b y i t s concurrent phlenomena, b u t by it,s chlaracter istic l a r yngoscopic appearances, shlowing deficienc.y o f adduction o f thse vocal cords. Finally, w e have t h e interesting group o f respiratory tic8 o r habit-s8s1m8, which occur i n hjighly strung, often higlhly intelligent individuals o f psychasthenic nervous constitution. Such patients are n o t necessarily mentally subnormal; o n t h e contrary, some o f tllem ar e f a r above t he average o f intelligence. Respiratory tics a re o f many varieties. I recall on e individual- a distinguished univer- professor-whoselhabit-spasm consists i n a n occasional sudden sniffing inspiration accompanied b y wrinlkling up o f t h e nose; another individual-a surgeon o f world-wide reputation-wh1o malkes a n occasional sudden inspiratory laryngeal noise from time t o time wlhen talling. I n another highly strung younng m a n th e breatlhing i s interrupted a t irregular intervals b y paroxysms o f slhort little expiratory puffs a t th e rate o f about t w o p e r seccnd, witih grinmacing a n d with jerky movements o f t h e arms; anotlher individual aives a n occasional little nervous cough o r grunt, a n d s o o . Then again, o n e variety o f stammering, i n whicll patient sticks i n the middle o f a vowel (less commnon tthan t h e type where h e sticks over a consonant) is simply a respiratory t i c affecting the muscles o f t h e false vocal cords. Examples o f tics o r habit-spasms o f this sort might easily b e multiplied, a n d many o f y o u c a n recall f o r vourselves friends o patients w h o perform peculiar respiratory actions o f this sort. A t i c o r habit-spasm, i t shiould b e remembered, is a psychomotor affair o f cortical origin, consisting i n th e frequent explosive repetition o f t h e same motor act. I t never interferes with voluntary movements. Sometimes the t i c takes place automatically a n d without t h e patient's conscious attention; i n more severe cases t h e t i c absorbs t h e patient's attention during i t s performance, a nd i s accompanied b y a feeling o f irre- sistible compulsion. T l e greater the psychical abnormality t h e more violent doesthe t i c tend t o b e . A n bbtreS ON SOM1E O F TH E CAUSES OF O U R C 3 POPULATION.: BY T. E . KNOWLES STANSFIELD, C.B.E., M.B., PnRE,SIDENT OF T HE KENT BRANCH, BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION; LATE M1EDICAL SUPERINTENDENT, LONDON COIUNTY MENTAL HOSPITAL, BEXLEY; HONORARY LIEUT.-COLONEL R.A.M.C..; HONORARY CONSULTANT FO R NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASES TO T HE EASTERN COMMAND. WE a s a profession h a d a more o r less general acquaint- ance with t h e existence a n d growth o f tthat section o f tlle population wlhichll l a s come to b e known a s C3, b u t i t required a great war, necessitating tlle passing o f a limiited a ge group o f tlle manlhood o f tlle nation througlh th&- sieve o f physical a n d mental fitness, f o r i t t o become general knowledge. T h e exaiimination o f recruits w a s conducted b y medical m e n who, generally i t c a n b e said, h a d n o expert knowledge mental diseases, a n d consequently t h e sieve h a d a very open mesh a s f a r a s mental disability was concerned-sufficiently open t o allow the passage through o f a ll except t h e most obvious cases o f mental disease, a n d t h rapidity witlh whicll t he examiiinations lhad t o b e made, owing t o t h e urgent demands o f th e situation, caused, i n many instances, even m e n suffering from gross forms o f insanity a n d mental defect t o b e passed into t h e service. Early i n 1917, owing t o t h e large number o f soldiers being certified a s insane, there w a s a n outcry that t h e army w a s creating lunatics, a n d calling f o r special treatment o f these m e n a s victims o f t h e war. In reply t o tllis pointed o u t tlhat down t o tlle e n d o f 1916, esti- mating from t he statistics then av';ilable. 5,000 m e n ha d been enrolled i n t h e forces i n England, Scotland, a n d Wales alone who, lhad tlle w a r n o t taken place, would have been certified a s insane a n d placed under treatment as pauper patients. I f tllis estimate h a d been corrected u p t o t h e e n d o f 1919 t h e figures would lhave been approximately 10,000. I n this connexion it is most interesting t o note t h e statement made i n t h e House o f Commlons bv t h e Minister o f Pensions that o n December 9tlh, 1920, over t w o years Delivered a t t he annual meeting o f t h e Kent Branch, held a t t h e London County Mental Hospital, Bexley.

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Page 1: Some of the Causes of Our c3 Population

8/4/2019 Some of the Causes of Our c3 Population

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/some-of-the-causes-of-our-c3-population 1/4

1 0 2 0 D E C . 1 7 , 1 9 2 1 } CAUSES OF OUR C 3 POPULATION.

P e r s o n a l l y , I h i a v e n e v e r s e e n a c a s e o f r a b i e 8 ( o r s o -c a l l e d l h y d r o p h o b i a ) , b ut t h e s y m p t o m s a r e d e s c r i b e d a s

b e i n g o f two v a r i e t i e s , s o m e t i m i e s a s p a s m o f t h e i n s p i r a -t o r y m i u s c l e s , a s w e l l a s o f t l l e p h a r y n x a n d o e s o p h a g u s ,a t o t h e r t i m e s a p a r a l v t i c i n e r t i a o f t h e w l h o l e r e s p i r a t o r ya p p a r a t u s , o c c u r r i n e g e i t h e r p r i m a r i l y o r f o l l o w i n g t h e

s l p a s m o d i c a t t a c k s . The p a t i e n t l u a y d i e e i t l h e r f r o m nr e s p i r a t o r y s p a s m , o r f r o m s y n c o p e . On t h e o t h i e r l i a n d ,h y s t e r i c a l

p 1 s e u d o - h y d r o p l o b i ai s i n o t uncommon, and I

l h a v e s e e n , s e v e r a l i n i s t a n c e s o f t l i s i n w l l i c l l t h e p a t i e n te r r o n e o u s l y t h o u g h t t h a t l h e h a d b e e n b i t t e n b y a r a b i d

d o g . H r e w e o b s e r v e g l o b u s h y s t e r i c u s w i t l h r a p i db r e a t h i l n g a n d v a r i o u s d r a m a t i c movements o f t l l e t r u n k

a n d l i m i b s , s o m e t i m e s a c c o l m i p a n i e d b y a l o u i d h y s t e r i c a ll a r y n g a e a l n o i s e i n t e n d e d t o r e s e m b l e a d o g ' s b a r k . B u tt h e r e i s n e i t l h e r t r u e r e s p i r a t o r y s p a s m u n o r p a r a l y s i s , a n dt o t h e c a r e f u l o b s e r v e r t h e d i a g n o s i s p r e s e n t s n o d i f f i c u l t i e s .

T h e r e a r e a l s o o t l h e r n e r v o u s d i s e a s e s i n w l i c h l t h er e s p i r a t o r y m e c h a n i s m m i a y b e u p s e t . F o r e x a m p l e , i na t a ] j o r e p i l e p ) t i c f i t t h e t o n i c p h a s e o f t h e f i t i s o f t e nu s l h e r e d i n b y a c u r i o u s l a r y n g e a l ' w a i l , t h e s o - c a l l e de p i l e p t i c c r v , p r o d u c e d b y t o n i c spasm o f t h e e x p i r a t o r ym u s c l e s . T i h r o u g l h o u t t h e t o n i c s t a g e o f t h e e p i l e p t i c f i tt h e r e s p i r a t o r y m u s c l e s a r e f i x e d , r e s p i r a t o r y movementsc e a s e a n d t h e p a t i e n t b e c o m e s i n c r e a s i n g l y b l u e a n dc y a n o s e d . T l l e n , wh en t h e c l o n i c s t a g e s e t s i n , t h e

c y a l n o s i s p a s s e s o f f , t h e r e s p i r a t o r y m u s c l e s t a l k e p a r t i nt h e j e r k i n g m o v e m e l n t s a n d s a l i v a m a y b e j e r k e d f r o mb e t w e e n t h e l i p s . I o n c e l h a d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f d o i n g al a r y i n g o s c o py d u r i n g t h e c l o n i i c s t a g e o f a n e p i l e p t i c f i t a n dw v a s a b l e t o s e e t h e g l o t t i s a l t e r n a t e l y o p e n i n g a n d s h u t t i n g ,s y n c l h r o n o u s l y w i t l h t h e c l o n i c j e r k s o f t h e t r u n k a n dl i m b s .

B o t h i i n a t h e t o s i s a n d i n c h o r e a t he i r r e g u l a r i n v o l u n t a r ym o v e m e n t s m - a y i m p l i c a t e n o t o n l y t h e l i m b s a n d f a c eb u t a l s o t h e r e 3 p i r a t o r y m u s c l e s , c a u s i n g - t h e b r e a t h i n gt o b e i r r e g u l a r a n d c l u m s y , s o t h a t t h e d i a p l i r a g m a n di n t e r c o s t a l s n o l o n g e r c o n t r a c t s y n e h r o n o u s l y a n d t h e

s m i l o o t h r l h y t l h m o f r e s p i r a t i o n i s i n t e r r u p t e d . I n c o n -s e q u e n e e , e v e n t h e p a t i e n t ' s a r t i c u l a t i o n m u a y b e j e r k y . I ns o - c a l l e d " p a r a l y t i c " c h o r e a t h e s i u p e r a d d e d f a c t o r o fm u s c u l a r f e e b l e n e s s m n a y s o m e t i m e s b e s o s e v e r e t h a t t l l ep a t i e n t ' s v o i c e i s r e d u c e d t o a f a i n t w l h i s p e r .

T h e f i n e m u s c u l a r t r e m o r s o f t l l e l - i m b s i n e x o p 7 h t h a l m i c

g a i t r e m a y s o m e t i m e s s p r e a d t o t h e t r u n k a n d t o t h er e s p i r a t o r y m l l u s c l e s . T h i s t r e m u l o u s r e s p i r a t i o n , a s M i n o rp o i n t e d o u t , i s b e s t m a r k e d d u r i n g a l o n g e x p i r a t i o n .

I n ' a d v a n c e d p a r a l y s i s a g i t a n i s , i f w e e x a m i n e t h e p a t i e n t

l a r y n g o s e o p i c a l l y , w e m n a y o b s e r v e a r h y t l l m i c t r e m o r o fh i s v o c a l c o r d s , s y n c l h r o n o u s w i t l h t h e t r e m o r o f t h el i m b s . T l h i s l a r y n g e a l t r e m o r u s u a l l y c e a s e s d u r i n g p l o n a -t i o n , b u t n o t a l w a y s . The p a t i e n t ' s v o i c e b e c o n m e s t h i n ,m o n i o t o n o u s , a n d f e e b l e . H i s a r t i c u l a t i o n , l i k e h i s g a i t ,b e c o m e s f e s t i n a n t , s o t h a t l h e b e g i n s h i s s e n t e n c e s s l o w l yb u t t e n d s t o h u r r y t o w a r d s t h e e n d s o f s e n t e n c e s o r o fl o n g w o r d s , p r o n o u n c i n g t h e f i n a l s y l l a b l e s l h u r r i e d l y .

V a r i o u s r e s p i r a t o r y p h e n o m e n a m a y b e m et w i t l h i nh y s t e r i a . O f t h e s e , l h y s t e r i c a l c o u g h i s t h e c o m m o n e s t ,b u t l h y s t e r i c a l t a c l h y p n o e a o r r a p i d i t y o f ' r e s p i r a t i o n ,l h y s t e r i c a l s o b b i n g , a l s o a l l s o r t s o f c u r i o u s l a r y n g e a ln o i s e s . m a y b e m i i e t w i t l h i n d i f f e r e n t c a s e s . B u t , w l h a t -e v e r t h e i r v a r i e t y , a l l t h e s e h y s t e r i c a l r e s p i r a t o r y a f f e c -t i o n s c e a s e s p o n t a n e o u s l y d u i i i n g s l e e p . H y s t e r i c a l c o u g ho c c u r s a l m o s t a l w a y s i n b o u t s o r p a r o x y s m x , o f t e n a t t l es a m i e s p e c i a l t i m e o f d a y , a n d most f r e q u L e n t l y w l h e n t l l ep a t i e n t knows h l e r s e l f t o b e u n d e r o b s e r v a t i o n . I t m a yl a s t f o r h o o u r s a t a t i m e . H y s t e r i c a l c o u g h i s u n a c c o m -p a n i e d b y t r u e ( l y s p n o e a , w h i l s t a b n o r m - a l p h y s i c a l s i g n si n t h e r e s p i r a t o r y o r g a n s a r e c o n s p i c u o u s b y t l l e i r a b s e n c e .H y s t e r i c a l c o u g l h o f t e n h a s a p e c u l i a r m a e t a l l i c m n u s i c a ls o r t o f n l o i s e . I - H y s t e r i c a l l a u g h l i n g o r s o b b i n g a r e f r e -q u e n t l y p a r t o f a l j y s t e r i c a l p a r o x y s m u , w h e t h e r o c c u r r i n gb e f o r e , d u r i n g , o r a f t e r t h e l h y s t e r i c a l a t t a c k . H y s t e r i c a lt a c l y p n o e a i s a n o t l h e r f a i r l y c o m - m o n m a n i f e s t a t i o n , c o l n -s i s t i n g i n p a r o x y s m s o f e x t r e m e l y r a p i d b r e a t h i n g ( 8 0 ,1 0 0 , o r e v e n 1 5 0 p e r m i i n t u t e ) , b u L t w i t h o u t c y a n o s i s o r o t l h e rr e s p i r a t o r y d i s t r e s s . T l l e p u l s e r e m a i n s q u i e t a n d s t e a d yt l h r o t u g h l o u t t h e a t t a c k , t l l e r e a r e no a b n o r m a l p h y s i c a ls s i g n s i n t h e c l h e s t , a n d t l l e t e m p e r a t u r e r e m a i n s n o r m a l

t h r l o u l g h o u t . H f y s t e r i c a l a p h l o n i a , a n o t h l e r c o m u m o n t y p e , i se a s i l y r e c o g n i z e d , n l O t o n l l y b y i t s c o n c u r r e n t p h l e n o m e n a ,b u t b y i t , s c h l a r a c t e r i s t i c l a r y n g o s c o p i c a p p e a r a n c e s ,

s h l o w i n g d e f i c i e n c . y o f a d d u c t i o n o f t h s e v o c a l c o r d s .

F i n a l l y , w e h a v e t h e i n t e r e s t i n g g r o u p o f r e s p i r a t o r yt i c 8 o r h a b i t - s 8 s 1 m 8 , w h i c h o c c u r i n h j i g h l y s t r u n g , o f t e nh i g l h l y i n t e l l i g e n t i n d i v i d u a l s o f p s y c h a s t h e n i c n e r v o u sc o n s t i t u t i o n . S u c h p a t i e n t s a r e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y m e n t a l l ys u b n o r m a l ; o n t h e c o n t r a r y , some o f t l l e m a r e f a r a b o v et h e a v e r a g e o f i n t e l l i g e n c e . R e s p i r a t o r y t i c s a r e o f m anyv a r i e t i e s . I r e c a l l o n e i n d i v i d u a l - a d i s t i n g u i s h e d u n i v e r -s i t y p r o f e s s o r - w h o s e l h a b i t - s p a s m c o n s i s t s i n a n o c c a s i o n a ls u d d e n s n i f f i n g i n s p i r a t i o n a c c o m p a n i e d b y w r i n l k l i n g u po f t h e n o s e ; a n o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l - a s u r g e o n o f w o r l d - w i d er e p u t a t i o n - w h 1 o m a l k e s a n o c c a s i o n a l s u d d e n i n s p i r a t o r y

l a r y n g e a l n o i s e f r o m t i m e t o t i m e w l h e n t a l l i n g . I n a n o t h e rh i g h l y s t r u n g y o u n n g m a n t h e b r e a t l h i n g i s i n t e r r u p t e d a ti r r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s b y p a r o x y s m s o f s l h o r t l i t t l e e x p i r a t o r yp u f f s a t t h e r a t e o f a b o u t t w o p e r s e c c n d , a s s o c i a t e d w i t i hg r i n m a c i n g a n d w i t h j e r k y m o v e m e n t s o f t h e a r m s ; a n o t l h e ri n d i v i d u a l a i v e s a n o c c a s i o n a l l i t t l e n e r v o u s c o u g h o r g r u n t ,a n d s o o n . T h e n a g a i n , o n e v a r i e t y o f s t a m m e r i n g , i nw h i c l l t l l e p a t i e n t s t i c k s i n t h e m i d d l e o f a v o w e l ( l e s sc o m m n o n t t h a n t h e t y p e w h e r e h e s t i c k s o v e r a c o n s o n a n t )i s s i m p l y a r e s p i r a t o r y t i c a f f e c t i n g t h e m u s c l e s o f t h e f a l s ev o c a l c o r d s . E x a m p l e s o f t i c s o r h a b i t - s p a s m s o f t h i s s o r tm i g h t e a s i l y b e m u l t i p l i e d , a n d many o f y o u c a n r e c a l l f o rv o u r s e l v e s f r i e n d s o r p a t i e n t s w h o p e r f o r m p e c u l i a rr e s p i r a t o r y a c t i o n s o f t h i s s o r t . A t i c o r h a b i t - s p a s m , i ts h i o u l d b e r e m e m b e r e d , i s a p s y c h o m o t o r a f f a i r o f c o r t i c a l

o r i g i n , c o n s i s t i n g i n t h e f r e q u e n t e x p l o s i v e r e p e t i t i o n o ft h e s a m e m o t o r a c t . I t n e v e r i n t e r f e r e s w i t h v o l u n t a r ym o v e m e n t s . S o m e t i m e s t h e t i c t a k e s p l a c e a u t o m a t i c a l l ya n d w i t h o u t t h e p a t i e n t ' s c o n s c i o u s a t t e n t i o n ; i n m o r es e v e r e c a s e s t h e t i c a b s o r b s t h e p a t i e n t ' s a t t e n t i o n d u r i n gi t s p e r f o r m a n c e , a n d i s a c c o m p a n i e d b y a f e e l i n g o f i r r e -s i s t i b l e c o m p u l s i o n . Tle g r e a t e r t h e p s y c h i c a l a b n o r m a l i t yt h e more v i o l e n t d o e s t h e t i c t e n d t o b e .

An b b t r e SON

S O M 1 E OF THE CAUSES OF OURC 3 P O P U L A T I O N . :

BY

T . E . KNOWLES STANSFIELD, C . B . E . , M . B . ,P n R E , S I D E N T OF THE KENT BRANCH, BRITISH MEDICAL A S S O C I A T I O N ;

LATE M1EDICAL SUPERINTENDENT, LONDON COIUNTY MENTALH O S P I T A L , BEXLEY; HONORARY LIEUT.-COLONEL R . A . M . C . . ;

HONORARY CONSULTANT FO R NERVOUS AND MENTALDISEASES TO THE EASTERN COMMAND.

WE a s a p r o f e s s i o n h a d a more o r l e s s g e n e r a l a c q u a i n t -a n c e w i t h t h e e x i s t e n c e a n d g r o w t h o f t t h a t s e c t i o n o f t l l ep o p u l a t i o n w l h i c h l l l a s c o m e t o b e known a s C 3 , b u t i tr e q u i r e d a g r e a t w a r , n e c e s s i t a t i n g t l l e p a s s i n g o f a l i m i i t e da g e g r o u p o f t l l e m a n l h o o d o f t l l e n a t i o n t h r o u g l h t h & - s i e v eo f p h y s i c a l a n d m e n t a l f i t n e s s , f o r i t t o b e c o m e g e n e r a lk n o w l e d g e . The e x a i i m i n a t i o n o f r e c r u i t s was c o n d u c t e db y m e d i c a l m e n w h o , g e n e r a l l y i t c a n b e s a i d , h a d n oe x p e r t k n o w l e d g e o f m e n t a l d i s e a s e s , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l yt h e s i e v e h a d a v e r y o p e n mesh a s f a r a s m e n t a l d i s a b i l i t yw a s c o n c e r n e d - s u f f i c i e n t l y o p e n t o a l l o w t h e p a s s a g et h r o u g h o f a l l e x c e p t t h e most o b v i o u s c a s e s o f m e n t a l

d i s e a s e , a n d t h e r a p i d i t y w i t l h w h i c l l t h e e x a m i i i n a t i o n s l h a dt o b e m a d e , o w i n g t o t h e u r g e n t d e m a n d s o f t h e s i t u a t i o n ,c a u s e d , i n many i n s t a n c e s , e v e n m e n s u f f e r i n g f r o m g r o s sf o r m s o f i n s a n i t y a n d m e n t a l d e f e c t t o b e p a s s e d i n t o t h es e r v i c e . E a r l y i n 1 9 1 7 , o w i n g t o t h e l a r g e n u m b e r o fs o l d i e r s b e i n g c e r t i f i e d a s i n s a n e , t h e r e w as a n o u t c r y t h a tt h e army was c r e a t i n g l u n a t i c s , a n d c a l l i n g f o r s p e c i a lt r e a t m e n t o f t h e s e m e n a s v i c t i m s o f t h e w a r . I n r e p l yt o t l l i s I p o i n t e d o u t t l h a t d own t o t l l e e n d o f 1 9 1 6 , e s t i -m a t i n g f r o m t h e s t a t i s t i c s t h e n a v ' ; i l a b l e . 5 , 0 0 0 m e n h a db e e n e n r o l l e d i n t h e f o r c e s i n E n g l a n d , S c o t l a n d , a n dW a l e s a l o n e w h o , l h a d t l l e war n o t t a k e n p l a c e , w o u l d h a v eb e e n c e r t i f i e d a s i n s a n e a n d p l a c e d u n d e r t r e a t m e n t a sp a u p e r p a t i e n t s . I f t l l i s e s t i m a t e h a d b e e n c o r r e c t e d u p t ot h e e n d o f 1 9 1 9 t h e f i g u r e s w o u l d l h a v e b e e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y1 0 , 0 0 0 .

I n t h i s c o n n e x i o n i t i s m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h es t a t e m e n t

madei n t h e

H o u s e o f C o m m l o n s b v t h e M i n i s t e ro f P e n s i o n s t h a t o n D e c e m b e r 9 t l h , 1 9 2 0 , o v e r t wo y e a r s

D e l i v e r e d a t t h e a n n u a l m e e t i n g o f t h e K e n t B r a n c h , h e l d a t t h eLondon C o u n t y M e n t a l H o s p i t a l , B e x l e y .

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C A U T S E S OF OUR C 3 POPULATION.

a f t e r f i g h t i n g c e a s e d , t h e t o t a l number o f e x - s e r v i c e men

c o n f i n e d i n a s y l u m s s u f f e r i n g f r o m c e r t i f i a b l e i n s a n i t y d u e( i t i s a l l e g e d ) t o war s e r v i c e was 5 , 6 3 4 . I f t o t h i s n t u m b e rb e a d d e d t h e n u m b e r s o f t h o s e w l h o were c e r t i f i e d b u t wh ohave i n t h e i n t e r i m b e e n d i s c h a r g e d r e c o v e r e d o r r e l i e v e d ,a n d o f t h o s e w h o h a v e d i e d , t h e 1 0 , 0 0 0 m e n t i o n e d a b o v e

w i l l a p p r o x i m n a t e l y b e r e a c h e d .I n o t h e r

w o r d s , 1 0 , 0 0 0p o t e n t i a l l y i n s a n e men were d r a f t e d i n t o t h e s e r v i c e ,r e s u l t i n g i n a s t a n d i n g c o s t t o t h e n a t i o n , i f t h e i r m a i n t e n -a n c e , p e n s i o n s , p e n s i o n s t o t h e i r w i v e s a n d f a m i l i e s ( a l l a t

t l l e f u l l r a t e o f ' 1 0 0 p e r c e n t . d i s a b i l i t y ) , a n d t h e c e n t r a ls t a f f c h a r g e s a re c o m p u t e d , o f u p w a r d s o f t h r e e m i l l i o np o u n d s a y e a r , a s a g a i n s t a b o u t h a l f a m i l l i o n , t h e i r c o s t as

o r d i n a r y p a t i e n t s c h a r g e a b l e t o a p a r i s h . I l o o k u p o nt h e s e a s b e l o n g i n g o r i g i n a l l y t o t h e c a t e g o r y C 3 , a n db e l i e v e t h a t a v e r y l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e m w o u l d h a v eb e e n r e j e c t e d i f t h e s i e v e h a d b e e n made o f f i n e r mesh b yt h e a d d i t i o n o f m e n t a l e x p e r t s t o t h e r e c r u i t i n g b o a r d s .A l l t h e s e c a s e s h a v e b e e n a s o u r c e o f a n x i e t y , d i f f i c u l t y ,w e a k n e s s , enormous c o s t , a n d t r o u b l e t o t h e army a u t h o -r i t i e s , b o t h i n t h l e f i e l d a n d a l s o a t h o m e . C l o s e l y a l l i e d t ot l h e s e , a n d a l m o s t i n s e p a r a b l e f r o m t h i e m , was a v e r y much

l a r g e r group - t h e n e u r o - p s y c h i a t r i c - o f c a s e s o f war

n e u r o s e s ( c o m m o n l y known a s s h e l l s h o c k ) , w h i c h f o r m e d

a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e t o t a l number i n v a l i d e d o u t o f t h es e r v i c e .

The d i c t u m t l l a t man i s t h e p r o d u c t o f h i s h e r e d i t y p l u se n v i r o n m e n t i s v e r y t r u e , a n d i t d e p e n d s u p o n t l l e i n t e r -r e a c t i o n o f t l l e s e f o r c e s w h a t t h e d o m i n a n t c h a r a c t e r s ,p h y s i c a l a n d m e n t a l , o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l w i l l b e . L i k ep r o d u c e s l i k e , b u t e v e r y b r e e d e r o f s t o c k w i l l s a y t h a t b yj u d i c i o u s s e l e c t i o n i n m a t i n g , s u i t a b l e housing, pr oper

f e e d i n g , a n d t h e c u l t i v a t i o n o f d e s i r e d c h a r a c t e r s , h e c a n

o b t a i n , a f t e r s e v e r a l g e n e r a t i o n s , a b r e e d o f a n i m a l s whose

d o m i n a n t c l h a r a c t e r s a re i n f i n i t e l y s u p e r i o r t o h i s o r i g i n a ls t o c k ; w e , u n f o r t u n a t e l y , i n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e h u m a n r a c e ,

c a n i n o u r t i m e o n l y i n f l u e n c e d i r e c t l y o ne a n d , i n some

rare i n s t a n c e s , t w o g e n e r a t i o n s .

H e r e d i t y .H e r e d i t y i s w i t h o u t d o u b t o n e o f t h e g r e a t f a c t o r s i n t h e

p r o d u c t i o n o f o u r C 3 p o p u l a t i o n , and t h e t r e n d o f m o d e r n

c i v i l i z a t i o n , b y i t s P o o r L a w s y s t e m and b y i t s t r e a t m e n to f t h e u n f i t d u r i n g c h i l d h o o d and e a r l y a d u l t l i f e , t e n d s t of o s t e r t h e g r o w t h o f t h i s c l a s s . Th e c a r e , t r e a t m e n t , a n de d u c a t i o n g i v e n t o t h e p h y s i c a l l y a n d m e n t a l l y u n f i tc l l i l d r e n i n t h e s pe ci a l s c h o o l s a n d h o b n e s may r e d u i c em a t e r i a l l y t h e d e g r e e o f u n f i t n e s s , b u t i f t h e i r i m p r o v e -ment i s s u c h a s t o e n a b l e t h e m t o escap e i n c a r c e r a t i o n

u n d e r t h e M e n t a l D e f i c i e n c y A c t , t h e y a re t u r n e d o u tm e n t a l , m o r a l , a n d p h y s i c a l w e a kl i n g s , t o r e t u r n t o a n

e n v i r o n m e n t which was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n to f t h e i r u n f i t n e s s . At t h e b e s t t h e y a re m i s f i t s , c a p a b l eo n l y o f t h e m o s t m e n i a l w o r k ; t h e y a re d e f i c i e n t i n t h epowver o f i n i t i a t i o n , o f a p p l i c a t i o n , and o f c o n t r o l ; t h e i rm o r a l sen se i s f e e b l e , and t h e y a re ea sy prey t o e v i li n f l u e n c e s . Members o f t h i s c l a s s a r e , a s a r u l e , very

i m p r o v i d e n t ; t l l e y m a r r y o r c o l h a b i t u s u a l l y w i t h t h e i rl i k e a t a r e l a t i v e l y e a r l y a g e , a n d , n o t b e i n g r e s t r a i n e d b ys u c l h p r o b l e m s a s h o w t h e c h i l d r e n are t o b e h o u s e d . f e d ,c l o t h e d , e d u c a t e d , a n d p l a c e d i n t h e w o r l d , t h e y p r o d u c el a r g e f a m i l i e s t o p o p u l a t e o u r workhouses and h o m e s f o rt h e d e f e c t i v e s , f i l l o u r p r i s o n s , and s u p p l y t h e b u l k o f t h e

p a t i e n t s t o o u r m e n t a l h o s p i t a l s .The g o o d work which i s b e i n g d o n e t h r o u g l h o u t t h e

c o u n t r y b y t h e p r e - n a t a l and c h i l d w e l f a r e c l i n i c s s h e d s a

ra y o f h o p e o v e r t h i s a s p e c t o f t h e p r o b l e m , b u t t o w h a te x t e n t t h e i m p r o v e d e n v i r o n m e n t i n t h e s h a p e o f b e t t e rf o o d , h e a l t h i e r c o n d i t i o n s , and e a r l y t r e a t m e n t w i l l c o u n t e r -

a c t t h o b a d h e r e d i t y , t i m e a l o n e w i l l t e l l .

Alcohol.

A l c o h o l i s a n o t h e r o f t h e g r e a t f a c t o r s , and i s c o m n m o n l yi n s e p a r a b l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h e r e d i t y . A g r e a t a m o un t o fwork has b e e n d o n e b y numerous i n v e s t i g a t o r s t o d e t e r m i n e

* t h e e f f e c t s o f a l c o h o l u p o n t h e g r o w t h and a c t i v i t y o f

a n i m a l and v e g e t a b l e c e l l l i f e , and t h e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a l l

t e n d li p r o v e t h e p o ison o u s e f f e c t s o f e v e n d i l u t e s o l u t i o n so f a l c o l h o l upon e v e r y f o r m o f c e l l l i f e . I t a p p e a r s t o

i n t e r f e r e i n some way w i t h i t l l e p o w e r o f o x i d a t i o n , r e s u l t -

i n g i n r e t a r d e d g r o w t l h a n d i m p e r f e c t d e v e l o p m e n t i f i td o e s n o t c a u s e d e a t l h . I t i s a p r o t o p l a s m i c p o i s o n , a nd a s

s u c h i t a t t a c k s t h e germ p l a s m i n t h e p r o s p e c t i v e p a r e n t s ,

[ T u x D B a r a 0M X D I O , z . A 102! T

b e g i n n i n g i i t s e v i l a c t i o n e v e n b e f o r e u n i o n has t a k e np l a c e . ith r e g a r d t o i t s e f f e c t s o n t h e d e v e l o p i n g ovum,i t h a s b e e n f o u n d i n t h e c a s e o f l i e n ' s e g g s h a t c h e d i nincubators t h a t w h e n a l c o h o l was a p p l i e d i n t h e f o r m o f

v a p o u r o r i n j e c t e d a s a s o l u t i o n , a l a r g e p e r c e n t a g e o f

a b n o r m a l i t i e s , d e f o r m i t i e s , and m o n s t r o s i t i e s were p r c s e n ti n

t h e c h i c k e n s h a t c h e d o u t , and f u r t l h e r , t h a t t h e c l h i c k e n st h u s ob ta ined s l h o w e d a l a c k o f n o r m a l i n s t i n c t s . - D o g s

g i v e n alcohol w i t h t h e i r f o o d a re f o u n d t o g i v e b i r t l h t o an

u n u s u a l l y l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f d e f o r m e d o r d e a d p u p p i e s ,a nd t h o s e p u p p i e s w h l i c h s u r v i v e d f o r a t i m e s h i o w e dre t arde d d e v e l o p m e n t and t h e same l o s s o f n o r m n a li n s t i n c t s observed i n t h e c h i c k e n s . T h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n sw o u l d lea d o ne t o e x p e c t t h a t t h e human f o e t u s d o e s n o te s c a p e fr o m thes e p o i s o n o u s e f f e c t s d u r i n g i t s s o j o u r n i nt h e womb o f t he drunken m o t l h e r - i n o t l h e r w o r d s , the

p r o s p e c t i v e m o t h e r , a d d i c t e d t o d r i n k , p o i s o n i s h i e r c l h i l dbefore i t i s born. W h I l a t p o s s i b l e c h a n c e can a c i h i l d l h a v eof d e v e l o p l n g i n t o a normal c i t i z e n when b o r n w i t h s u c h l a

h a n d i c a p a nd s u r r o u n d e d from i t s b i r t h w i t h an e n v i r o n -m e n t o f n e g l e c t , i m p r o p e r f e e d i n g , a n d t h e m e n t a l andm o r a l miasma o f a d r u n k a r d ' s home ? O f c o u r s e i f t h e

g e r m p l a s m h a d b e e n handed d o w n t h r o u a l g s e v e r a lg e n e r a t i o n s o f s t r o n g , h j e a l t l l y , and v i r i l e a n c e s t o r s , i t i s

p o s s i b l e t h a t i t s i n h e r e n t p o w e r o f r e s i s t i n g a d v e r s einfluences m i g h t e n a b l e i t , in a m e a s u r e , t o s u r m o u n t t h eobstacles i n i t s p r e s e n t e n v i r o n m e n t , b u t t h o u g h i t mayr i s e a b o v e t he p l l y s i c a l and m e n t a l d e f e c t s w l h i c h wea s s o c i a t e w i t l i i m b e c i l i t y , i t w i l l n o t a t t a i n a n o r m a lm a t u r i t y . During the p a s t t h i r t y y e ars my work h a sn e c e s s a r i l y b r o u g h t me i n c l o s e t o u c l i w i t l h t h e C 3 e l e m e n to f ourp o p u l a t i o n , and I am t h e r e f o r e e n t i t l e d t o s p e a kwith some a u t h o r i t y a s t o t h e i r p h y s i c a l , m e n t a l , andm o r a l a t t r i b u t e s , e v e n t h o u g l h I cannot a t p r e s e n t b r i n gf o r w a r d s t a t i s t i c s t o s u p p o r t my v i e w s . I have o b s e r v e dt h a t p e o p l e w i t h an a l c o h o l i c h e r e d i t y a r e commonlyu n d e r s i z e d , f r e q u e n t l y w e e d y or m a l f o r n l e d ; t h e y have

p o o r resistance t o any s t r e s s , a nd t l l e i r r e c u p e r a t i v ep o w e r s are r e l a t i v e l y f e e b l e . M e n t a l l y t h e i r s t a n d a r do f i n t e l l i g e n c e i s p o o r ; t h e y r a r e l y p ass b e y o n d t l l ef o u r t h s t a n d a r d at s c h o o l ; t h e y a r e n o t w i l l i n g s t u d e n t s ,and t h e y s h o w a p o o r return q u a n t i t a t i v e l y and q u i a l i t a -t i v e l y when t h e y do a p p l y t h e m s e l v e s ; t h e y a re e m o t i o n a l l yu n s t a b l e , are e a s i l y s w a y e d b y p a s s i n g i n f l u e n c e s , and a r e

p o o r l y c o n t r o l l e d ; t h e i r r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e i r own d e f i c i e n c i e st en ds t o d e v e l o p t h e h e r d i n s t i n c t , a nd t l l e i r noisy v a l o u rin a crowd w o u l d a p p e a r t o be g r e a t , but i n d i v i d u a l l y t h e ya re c o w a r d s . T h e i r m o r a l s e n s e i s c o l u m o n l y p o o r l yd e v e l o p e d , and t h e y e a s i l y f a l l a p r e y t o h a b i t s a n t i s o c i a l ,which l a n d them into t h e criminal c l a s s , a nd a n t i s o m a t i c ,w h i c h w i l l p r o b a b l y c a l l f o r t he i n t e r v e n t i o n o f t h e

p s y c h i a t r i s t . I believe t h a t t h e p l h y s i c a l , m e n t a l , andmoral s t a n d a r d s of anvc o m m u n i t y a re i n i n v e r s e r a t i o t ci t s drin k b i l l , a nd I am conviuced that much a s many o tt h e U . S . A . c i t i z e n s m a y r a i l a g a i n s t t he i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t lt h e r i g h t o f t h e c i t i z e n w h i c h i t e n t a i l s , t h e i r p r e s e n t d r i n k

p o l i c y , i f . o o n t i n u e d , w i l l p l a c e them i n a very s h o r t t i m e

i n t e l l e c t u a l l y , s o c i a l l y , a nd e c o n o m i c a l l y i n a d v a n c e o f t h erest of t h e w o r l d .

D i e t : Vitamins.

Bad f e e d i n g in e a r l y l i f e i s an i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n t h ep r o d u c t i o n of m a l f o r m a t i o n s , p o o r d e v e l o p m e n t , a n d i n t h el a v i n g of a s e e d - b e d fo r t h e m a n y d i s e a s e s and d i s o r d e r swhich c u l m i n a t e i n chroni c i l l h e a l t h , even a m o n g s t t l l o s ewho l h a v e a g o o d h e r e d i t y . The d e f i c i e n c y d i s e a s e sr i c k e t s , b e r i - b e r i , and s c u r v y , t l l e u n d e r l y i n g c a t u s e s o f a

g r e a t amount of s u b s e q u e n t u n f i t n e s s , we now kn o w t ob e d u e to t h e i n s u f f i c i e n c y or a b s e n c e f r o m t h e f o o d o fcertain d e f i n i t e p r i n c i p l e s - t h e a n t i r a c h i t i c ( f a t - s o l u b l e A ) ,antineuritic ( v a t e r - s o l u b l e B ) , and a n t i s c o r b u t i c v i t a m i n s .I l h a v e fo r some t i m e l e l d t h e o p i n i o n that a n u m b e r o fo t h e r w i d e s p r e a d d i s e a s e s - f o r e x a mp l e , d y s e n t e r v , d i a r -rhoea, and e v e n t u b e r c u l o s i s - w i l l u l t i m a t e l y be r e l e g a t e dt o t his g r o u p . T u b e r c u l o s i s i s a l w a y s a s s o c i a t e d w i t lfa t d e f i c i e n c y , and a n y i m p r o v e m e n t in t h e c o n d i t i o nof t h e p a t i e n t i s i l n v a r i a b l y a c c o m p a n i e d b y an i n c r e a s e

in t h e d e p o s i t of fat in t h e t i s s u e s . T h e d i s c o v e r yo f v i t a m i n s o p e n e d t h e d o o r f o r u n b o u L n d e d p o s s i b i l i t i e so f i m p r o v i n g t he h ea lt h a nd p l l y s i q u e o f the n a t i o n . Ihave a l w a y s b e e n a s t r o n g b e l i e v e r i n the i m p o r t a n c e o fm i l k a s a sick d i e t , a nd l o n g before vitamins were r e c o g -

n iz e d I formed t h e o p . n i o n t h a t when b o i l e d i t u n d e r w v e n t

DEC. r 7 , r I 2 I J

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1022 DEC. 1 7 , T 9 2 1 ] CAUSES OF OUR

s o m n e p r o f o u n d c l h a n g e o r l o s t seme p r o p e r t y w l l i c l h p i - a c t i -c a l l y ( l e s t r o y e d i t s n u t r i t i v e v a l u e , s o t h a t f o r y e a r s I l h a v ei n s i s t e d u p o n i t b e i n g t a k e n f r e s l h o r w i t l h t h e a d d i t i o n o fa l i t t l e l u k e w a r i m w a t e r . As d u r i n i g t h e l a s t t h r e e - a n d -

t w e n i t y y e a r s I l h a v e l h a d , a m i o n g m y o t l h e r d u L t i e s a t t l h i sl h o s p i t a l , t h e i m p o r t a n t t a s k o f s u p e r v i s i n g t h e d i e t a r y

o f b e t w e e n 2 , 0 0 0 a n d 3 , O C O p e o p l e d a i l y , I h a v e o f n e c e s -

6 i t y g i v e l n m u c l h t i m e t o t h e s t u d y o f d i e t e t i c s , a n d I h a v em n a d e i n n i l u m e r a b l e e x p e r i m n e n t s t o a i d m e i n d e v i s i n g

n u t r i t i o u s y e t e c o n o m i c a l d i e t a r i e s . A s i n s t a n c i n i g t h e

v a l u e o f a f e w e l e m e e n t a r y f a c t s i n d e a l i n g w i t h a r e s t r i c t e dd i e t a r y , s u c l h a s t h e p c o r e r c l a s s e s h a v e a v a i l a b l e d u r i n g

n o r m a l t i m e s , I m a y p o i l n t o u t w h a t l h a p p e n e d a t t h e

L o n l d o n C o u n t y M e n t a l H o s p i t a l , B e x l e y , a n d s i m n i l a rh o s p i t a l s t h r o u g h o u t t h e k i n g d o m , a s a r e s u l t o f r a t i o n i n g

d u r i n g t h e w a r . The r a t i o n i n g o f f o o d s t u f f s h a d n o t

b e e n l o u g i n o p e r a t i o n b e f o r e t h e l h e a l t h o f t h e p a t i e n t s

b e g a n t o s u f f e r a n d t h e d e a t l h r a t e b e g a n t o r i s e . A f t e r

m u c l h d e l i b e r a t i o n I came t o t i r e c o n e l u s i o n t h a t t h e

p r i m i i a r y t r o u b l e w a s t h e i n s u f e c i e n c y o f f a t s c o n t a i n i n a

e n i o u g l h o f v i t a m i i n A . A c c o r d i n g l y t l h e r o a s t i n g o f m e a t s , a s

b e i n g a p r o c e s s w a s t e f u l o f f a t s , w as s t o p p e d ; t h e b o i l i n ao f m e a t w as n o t c o n t i n u e d , a s a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f p e o p l e

w i l l n o t t a l k e f a t i n t h a t f o r m ; a n d a l l t l l e m u e a t w as f i n e l y

m i n i c e d a n dc o n v e r t e d i n t o

s o u p , w i t l hv e g e t a b l e s a d d e d

a n d t h i c k e n e d w i t l h p e a - f l o u r , o a t m e a l , o r m n a i z e - f l o u r .The h e a l t h o f t h e p a t i e n t s r a p i d l y i m p r o v e d ; t h e y r e -g a i n e d w e i g l h t , a n d t h e d e a t h i r a t e d r o p p e d t o p r a c t i c a l l ynormal-on t h l e f e m a l e s i d e o f t h e l h o s p i t a l i t wa s b e l o w

t h e 1 9 1 3 r a t e - w h l i l s t i n o t h e r h o s p i t a l s t h l r o u a l g o u t t h e

c o u L n t r y s i m i l a r l y p l a c e d a n d i s s u i n g f o o d s t u f f s o f e q u a l

c a l o r i f i c v a l u e t h e p a t i e n t s l o s t w e i g h t a n d t h e d e a t l i r a t e sm o u n t e d u p t o d o u b l e , a n d i n many i n s t a n c e s t o t r e b l e , t h e

p r e - w a r r a t e , t u b e r c u l o s i s a n d d y s e n t e r y b e i n g r a m p a n t .

P a t i e n t s t r a n s f e r r e d h e r e f r o m o t l h e r h o s p i t a l s i n v a r i a b l y

g a i n e d w e i g l h t , i n some i n s t a n c e s a s m n u c h a s 2 s t . i nd o u b l e t l h a t number o f m o n t h s . I h a v e a i v e n t h e s e d e t a i l sn o t i n o r d e r t o b l o w o u r o w n t r u m p e t , b u t t o e m p h a s i z e

t h e i m p o r t a n t f a c t t h a t a c l h e a p d i e t a r y , c o m p o s e d o f t h e

c h e a p e s t f o o d e l e m e n t s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p o o r e s t c l a s s e s , i sc o m p a t i b l e w i t l h g o o d h e a l t h i f p r o p e r l y c o o k e d . T h e l a c k

o f k n o w l e d g e o f t h l e m o s t e l e m e n t a r y f a c t s w i t h r e g a r d t o

c o o k i n g a n d t h e r e a l v a l u e o f f o o d s t u f f s ( a f o r m o f i g n o r -a n c e n o t c o n f i n e d t o t h e p o o r e r c l a s s e s ) i s d e p l o r a b l e , a n d

a d i s g r a c e t o t h e w o m e n o f t h i s c o u n t r y . T h r i f t i n e s s i sa v i r t u L e s e l d o m f o u n d a m o n g s t o u r C 3 p o p u l a t i o n , a n d Ih a v e o f t e n b e e n s t r u c k b y t h e e x t r a v a a a n t m o d e o f c a t e r -i n g w h i c l h I l h a v e e l i c i t e d wh e n i n t e r r o g a t i n g p a t i e n t s o n

t h e i r m od e o f l i v i n g a n d d i e t a r y . O a t m e a l p o r r i d g e i sp r a c t i c a l l y u n k n o w n ; m a i z e m e a l , o n e i s t o l d , " i s c a t t l ef o o d " ; w h l i l s t p e a - f l o u r i l n e v e r h e a r d o f S o u t h o f t h e T w e e d .

I o f t e n w o n d e r a s t o t h e t r u e d i e t e t i c v a l u e o f m a r g a r i n e ,w h i c h i s a m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n g r e d i e n t i n t h e c l i c t , a n d a s

t o t h e d e g r e e i n w h i c h i t i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e s t u n t e d

g r o w t h l w h i c l i I t h i n k i s b e c o m i n g i n c r e a s i n g l y e v i d e n t .

Wh en f i r s t i n t r o d u c e d i t w as c o m p o s e d c h i e f l y o f a n i m a l

f a t s , w l i c i h n o d o u b t r e t a i n e d t h e i r v i t a m i n c o p t e n t t o a

g r e a t e r o r l e s s e x t e n t d u r i n g t h e p r o c e s s o f m a n u f a c t u r e ,

a n d some m a k e r s a l s o a d d e d a p e r c e n t a g e o f b u t t e r f a t ,s o t h a t i t s n u t r i t i v e v a l u e was p r a c t i c a l l y e q u a l t o b u t t e r

i t s e l f , e v e n t l h o u g h t h e v i t a m i n s m i g l h t h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r .a b l y r e d u c e d . d u r i n g t h e p r o c e s s , s e e i n g t l l a t t h e r e i s r e a s o n

t o b e l i e v e , a s P r o f e s s o r H a l l i b u r t o n l h a s p o i n t e d o u t , t h a t

o n l y a s m a l l amount o f v i t a m i n s s u f f i c e s . N o w , h l o w e v e r ,i t i s i n a d e f r o m v e g e t a b l e o i l s , w h i c h i a r e s u b j e c t e d t o a

v e r y h l i g h l t e m p e r a t u r e d u r i n g c o n v e r s i o n , w h i c l h p r o b a b l y

c o m i p l e t e l y d e s t r o y s t h e v i t a m i n c o n t e n t , a n d u n l e s s a

s u f f i c i e n c y o f v i t a m i n i s a v a i l a b l e i n t h e f o r m o f m i l k o r

f a t i m i e a t , w e h a v e t h e d i e t w h i c h l h a s b e e n p r o v e d b y

e x p e r i m e n t t o p r o d u c e r i c k e t s i n r a t s . I t i s a m a t t e r w h i c h

c a l l s u r g e n t l y f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

T e e t h .

G o o d s o u n d t e e t l h a n d h e a l t h y g u r u s a r e r a r e l y f o u n d

a m o n g t h e p o o r e r c l a s s e s . T h e r e i s no c o u n t r y i n any

p a r t o f t h e w o r l d t h a t I l i a v e b e e n i n w l h e r e t h e t e e t l h a r e

s o b a d a s t h e y a r e i n t h i s c o u n i t r y . T h o s e w h o c a m u e i n

c o n t a c t w i t h t h e A m e r i c a na n d C o l o n i a l

s o l d i e r smust

l h a v eb e e n s t r u c k w i t l h t h e g r e a t c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n them a n d our

o w n i n t h i s r e s p e c t . T h e r e i s p r o b a b l y no c o n d i t i o n , p a r -

t i c u l a r l y w l h e n a c c o m p a n i e d b y p y o r r h o e a , w h i c h b e a r s

i n i t s t r a i n s o m any f o r m s o f i l l l h e a l t h , s u c h a s c h r o n i c

d y s p e p s i a , c h r o n i c t o x a e m i a , n e u r i t i s , a n d v a l v u l a r h e a r t

C 3 POPULATION. T wM e D I C A L J o U c ^ M

a f f e c t i o n s , a s b a d t e e t h . B a d f e e d i n g a n d l a c k o f p r o p e rc a r e d u r i n g i n f a n c y a m i c l c l h i l d l h o o d i s w i t l h o u t d o u b t a ni m p o r t a n i t c a u s e , a n d I o f t e n w o n d e r i f t l l e f o r m i n w l x i c hb r e a d i s e a t e l l i n t h i s c o u n t r y d o e s n o t m a t e r i a l l y a s s i s t i np r o d u c i n g t h i s c o n d i t i o n ; h e r e b r e a d i s b a k e d i n t h e f o r m no f a l o a f , t h a t i s t o s a v , w i t l h a m - i n i m u m o f c r u s t , w h e r e a so n t I m e C o n t i n e n t a n d a l s o i n A m e r i c a i t i s m a d e i n l o n a o r

s m a l l r o l l s w v i t l h t h e m a x i m u m i n o f c r u s t . T h l e c r u m b i s t h l ep o r t i o n w h i c h i s m o s t a p p r e c i a t e d i n t h i s c o u n t r y , a n d

r a r e l y i s t h e c r u s t p r e f e r r e d e v e n b y t h e b e g g a r ; i f a n y

p o r t i o n o f t h e b r e a d i s d i s c a r d e d i t i s t h l e c r u s t . Thet e e t l h a r e c o n s e q u e n t l y g i v e n l i t t l e o r n o w o r k t o d o ; t h e

c r u s t , w h i c l h w o u l d s t r e n g t h e n a n d c l e a n t h e t e e t h a n dh a r d e n t h e gums i f e a t e n . i s s o s m a l l i n a m o u n t , w h i l s t t h ecrumb f o r m s a p u l t a c e o u s m a s s i n t h e m o u t h w h i c h f i l l st h e i n t e r s t i c e s o f t h e t e e t h a n d l a t e r u n d e r g o e s a c i df e r m e n t a t i o n . T l l e e n a m e l o f t h e t e e t l h , a l r e a d v o f p o o r

q u a l i t y a n d p o s s i b l y d e f i c i e n t i n a m o u n t o w i n g t o r a c l h i t i ca n d s c o r b u t i c c o n d i t i o n s i n i n f a n c y , i s d e s t r o y e d . A n o t l h e ri m p o r t a n t p o i n l t i n f a v o u r o f t h e m a xi m u m a m o u n t o f c r u s t

i s t h a t t h l e l a r g e r t l h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e c r u s t t l l e g r e a t e r t h ea m u o u n t o f m a s t i c a t i o n r e q u i r e d , w i t h r e s u l t a n t i n c r e a s e i nt h e q u a n t i t y o f s a l i v a a n d a m o r e a d v a n c e d s t a t e o f d i g e s -t i o n o f t l l e c a r b o l h y d r a t e s b e f o r e t h e y r e a c h t h e s t o m a c h ,t o t h e

g r e a t b e n e f i t o f t l r e w l h o l e p r o c e s s o f d i g e s t i o n .S y p h i l i s .

T l l e r e s e a r c h l e s o f W a s s e r m a n n a n d N o g u c l l i h a v ee n a b l e d u s t o e n v i s a g e t h e t e r r i b l e r a v a g e s o f s y p l l i l i smuch m o r e c o m p l e t e l y t h a n w a s p o s s i b l e b e f o r e t h e y

p l a c e d s u c h i m p o r t a n t a i d s t o d i a g n o s i s a t o u r d i s p o s a l .S y p h i l i s b e l o n g s t o a t o t a l l y d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r y o f c a u s e sf r o m t h o s e a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d , s e e i n g t l l a t i t p r o d u c e s i t sd i r e e f f e c t s i n d e p e n d e n t l y a n d u n i n f l u e n c e d b y h e r e d i t y a n d

e n v i r o n m e n t ; t h e s o u n d e s t h e r e d i t y a n d t h e m o s t i d e a le n v i r o n m e n t d o n o t r e t a r d o r m i n i m n i z e i t s e f f e c t s . - I t a l s o ,i n , t h e c a s e o f a c q u i r e d s y p h i l i s , b r i n g s d o wn i t s v i c t i m sm o s t f r e q u e n t l y i n t h e p r i m i e o f l i f e w h e n o f t e n c h i l d r e nh a v e b e e n b o r n , w l h o c o n s e q u e n t l y a r e t h r o w n d e p e n d e n to n t h e w o r l d a n d p o s s i b l y h - i a n d i c a p p e d w i t h t h e c o n g e n i t a lf o r m o f t h e d i s e a s e . T h o u g l h i t m a y a t t a c k a n y t i s s u e i n

t l l e b o d y , i t a p p e a r s t o h a v e a s e l e c t e d a f f i n i t y f o r , a n d p r o - -

d u c e s i t s mo st d i s a s t r o u s e f f e c t s u p o n , t h e n e r v o u s t i s s u ea n d t l h e v e s s e l s i n i t s v i c i n i t y . I n s a n i t y , c h i e f l y i n t l h ef o r m o f g e n e r a l p a r a l y s i s , b l i n d n e s s , a n d o r g a n i c n e r v e ,l e s i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t a b e s d o r s a l i s , a r e t h e p r i n c i p a l f o r m s ,o f t h e d i s e a s e w h i c h r e d u c e t h e p a t i e n t s t o t h e C 3c a t e g o r y . I n t h e c o n g e n i t a l f o r m w e no w r e c o g n i z e i t a sa g r e a t c a u s e o f m a l d e v e l o p m e n t , o f w a s t i n g , b l i n d n e s s ,i d i o c y , i m i i b e c i l i t y , o r o r o a n i c n e r v e d i s e a s e s , i n c l u d i n a gw h a t i s t e r m e d c o n g e n i t a l g e n e r a l p a r a l y i s .

Ho u s i n g .B a d , h o u s i n g u n d o u b t e d l y y i e l d s i t s q u o t a t o t h e C 3

p o p u l a t i o n , and b a d a s i t s e f f e c t s a r e u p o n t h e p h y s i c a lh e a l t h o f t h e i n h a b i t a n t s f r o m o v e r c r o w d i n g , i n s u f f i c i e n tl i g l h t i n g , a n d i n s a n i t a r y c o n d i t i o n s g e n e r a l l y , I b e l i e v e ,f o r r e a s o n s w h i c l h I w i l l p r e s e n t l y s t a t e , t h a t i n f i n i t e l yg r e a t e r e v i l s r e s u l t f r o m i t s i n f l u e n c e u p o n t h e m o r a lh e a l t h , p a r t i c u l a r l y o f t h e c h i l d r e n . W i t l h t h e p h y s i c a l

a s p e c t o f t h e p r o b l e m - t l i e l a c l f o f o x y g e n , t h e e x c e s s o fC 0 2 , a n d t h e p o i s o n o u s e x h a l a t i o n s o f t h e h u m an b o d y ,t h e p r e s e n c e o f s e w e r g a s f r o l m f a u l t y d r a i n s , d a m p n e s s ,a n d t h e a b s e n c e o f s u n l i g l h t , w i t h t h e i r r e s u l t s , p o o r

d e v e l o p m e n t , c h r o n i c a n a e m i a s , c a t a r r h a l c o n d i t i o n s ,t u b e r c u l o s i s , a n d c h r o n i c r h e u m a t i s m - y o u a r e b r o u g h t i nd a i l y c o n t a c t , a n d c a n r e a l i z e m o r e f u l l y p e r l h a p s t l h a n I ,t h e e x t e n t o f t h e i r d e g e n e r a t i v e i L f l - e n c e . I w i s h t h e r e -f o r e t o e m p h a s i z e t h e i m p o r t a n c e o r t h e m o r a l , o r r a t h e rt h e i m m n o r a l , a s p e c t o f o v e r c r o w d i n g a n d i t s i n f l u e n c e u p o nt h e m e n t a l i t y o f t h e p e o p l e a s j u d g e d f r o m m y s t a n d p o i n ta s a p s y c h i a t r i s t o f o v e r t h i r t y y e a r s ' e x p e r i e n c e .

S e x m t a l E x c e s s e s .I w a n t y o u f o r a f e w m o m e n t s t o c o n s i d e r w i t l h m e t l l e

f u n c t i o n o f r e p r o d u c t i o n . We know a s a b i o l o g i c a l f a c tt h a t t h e f u n c t i o n o f r e p r o d u c t i o n i s i m p l a n t e d b y N a t u r e

f o rt h e

s o l e p u r p o s e o f c o n t i n u i n g t l l e s p e c i e s , a n d t oensure t h a t t h e a c t s o f c o m b i n i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y e l e m e n t ss h o u l d b e p e r f o r m e d , N a t u r e f u r t h e r p r o v i d e d t h a t t h ea c t s h o u l d b e a c c o m p a n i e d b y t h e s e n s e o f p l e a s u r e ;w i t h o u t t h i s i n s u r a n c e a n i m a l l i f e w o u l d h a v e l o n g s i n c ed i e d o u t . I t i s o n l y o n r a r e o c c a s i o n s t h a t t h e s e x u a l a c b

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CAUSES OF OUR C 3 POPULATION.'

i s e n g a g e d i n f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f i t s t r u e f u n c t i o n . I t i sr a t h e r l o o k e d upon a s a w e l l o f p l e a s u r e w h i c h c a n b ed r a w n upon t o an u n l i m i t e d e x t e n t w i t h o u t i n c u r r i n g a nyp e n a l t y . N a t u r e , however, i m u p o s e s a p e n a l t y f o r t h ea b u s e s o f any o f t l l e f u n c t i o n s i t h a s c r e a t e d , w h e t h e rt h a t a b u s e b e p o s i t i v e o r n e g a t i v e , a n d t h o u g l h t h er a n g e o f e x c e s s i v e u s e a n d i n s u f f i c i e n t u s e may v a r yi n i n d i v i d u a l s , N a t u r e u s u a l l y g i v e s w a r n i n g s i g n s t ot h e i n d i v i d u a l c o n c e r n e d b e f o r e i m p o s i n g t h e f u l l p e n a l t y .Yo u a r e a l l a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e n a t u r e o f t h e p e n a l t i e sa t t a c l h e d t o t h e a b u s e o f m o s t o f t h e b o d y f u n c t i o n s ,a s y o u r d a i l y l i f e i s o c c u p i e d i n w a r n i n g y o u r p a t i e n t s , a n din e n d e a v o u i - i n g t o l e s s e n t l e e f f e c t s a n d c o u n t e r a c t t h ep e n a l t i e s t h e y h i a v e i n c u r r e d , b u t f e w o f you p r o b a b l ym e a l i z e t h e n a t u r e a n d e x t e n i t o f t h e p e n a l t y N a t u r e i n f l i c t s

f o r a b u s e o f t h e s e x f u n c t i o n . I do n o t propose, on t h i so c c a s i o n t o e n u n c i a t e any t l l e o r i e s as t o t h e p a t h o l o g i c a ls t a t e s w l h i c h mayensue a s t h e r e s u l t o f a b u s e o f t h e organso f g e n e r a t i o n , b u t I purpose making an ex c a t h e d r a s t a t e -m n e n t b a s e d upon my c l i n i c a l e x p e r i e n c e , a n d s h o w i n g h o w ,i n my o p i n i o n , t h e d e p r a v e d m o r a l i t y a n d p e r n i c i o u s h a b i t ss o f r e q u e n t l y a c q u i r e d d u r i n g c h i l d i l o o d a n d e a r l y y o u t l ,f o s t e r e d b y o v e r c r o w d i n g , l e a d t o t h e m e n t a l , m o r a l , a n dp l h y s i c a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f t h e race. I am f u l l y c o n v i n c e df r o m my o b s e r v a t i o n s o f , and t l l e c l o s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e

p r e v i o u s h l i s t o r i e s o f , t l l o u s a n d s o f cases, t h a t e x c e s s i v ed r a i n on t h e s e x u i a l g l a n d s a t any a g e l e a d s t o m e n t a ld e t e r i o r a t i o n , v a r y i n g i n d e g r e e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e amounto f e x c e s s , t h e n a t u r e o f t h e f e e d i n g , a n d t l l e h e r e d i t a r yn e r v e s t a b i l i t y i n any p a r t i c u l a r case; a n d f u r t h e r , t h a t i tt h e d r a i n i s s e t up i n e a r l y y o u t h , t h e p e r i o d when t h em ax i m u m p h y s i c a l a n d m e n t a l b u i l d i n g i s t a k i n g p l a c e ,p a r t i a l , i f n o t c o m p l e t e , a r r e s t o f m e n t a l d e v e l o p m e n tf o l l o w s . I n some r a r e i n s t a n c e s t h e i n t e l l i g e n t a n d o b s e r -v a n t p a r e n t h a s r e c o g n i z e d t l l e c a u s e o f t h l e c h a n g e , b u tc o m l m o n l y t h e c h i l d i s s a i d t o b e " o u t g r o w i n g i t s s t r e n g t l ho r t o b e "o v e r - s t u d y i n g . " A t y p i c a l h l i s t o r y o f a v er y l a r g en n u m b e r o f my c a s e s w r o u l d b e a s f o l l o w s : Up t o t h e a g e o f1 2 or1 3 t l l e c l i l d was b r i g l h t , c l e v e r , i i n t e l l i g e n t , a n d a l w a y sl h e l d a h i g l h p o s i t i o n i n c l a s s , t h e n g r a d u a l l y b e c a m e d u l l ,f o u n d i t i n c r e a s i n g l y d i f f i c u l t t o m e m o r ize , memory b e c a m el e s s r e l i a b l e and s h i o w e d c u r i o u s l a c u n a e ; a p a t h y g r a d u a l l yb e c a m e more p r o n o u n c e d , p o s i t i o n i n c l a s s d r o p p e d a t e a c l

e x a m i n a t i o n , was p r on e t o f i t s o f s u l l e n n e s s a n d b a d t e m p e r .f o r m e r l y u n l k n o w n , a n d t h o u g h a t o ne t i m e p r o m i n e n t i ng a m e s , t e n d e d t o b e c o m e r e t i r i n g a n d t o b e g i v e n t o s e e k i n gs o l i t u d e . C o n s t i p a t i o n was a s o ur c e o f much t r o u b l e ,t h e c o m p l e x i o n b e c a m e m u d d y , a n d i t was o b v i o u s t o t l l ep a r e n t s t l h a t t h e h e a l t h was s u f f e r i n g f r o m s o m e c a u s e .

' T ' l l e c h i l d was g i v e n more a t t e n t i o n , was k e p t more c l o s e l yu n d e r o b s e r v a t i o n , was g i v e n t o n i c s a n d s p e c i a l f o o d , a n df o r a t i m e i m p r o v e d , b u t d i d n o t r e t u r n t o t h e f o r m e r .s t a n d a r d , a n d t h e progress a t s c h o o l was s l o w . A f t e rl e a v i n g s c h o o l f o u n d d i f f i c u l t y i n s e t t l i n g t o a ny k i n d o fw o r k , n e v e r s t a y e d i n a ny p l a c e l o n g , s o m u e t i m e s l e f ta b r u p t l y ; was p o o r l y c o n t r o l l e d , g i v e n t o i m p L u l s i v e a c t s ,l h a d b e e n " w a l k i n g o u t " f o r some t i m e , o r w a s a p p r o a c h i n gm a r r i a g e , o r had b e e n r e c e n t l y m a r r i e d ; or p e r h a p s , i ft h e p a t i e n t was a f e m a l e , h a d t h e f i r s t b a b y , - when t h ec o m p l e t e m e n t a l bre a kd own t o o k p l a c e . C l o s e i n v e s t i g a -t i o n r e v e a l s t h a t k n o w l e d g e o f sex m a t t e r s l h a d b e e na c q u i r e d a t a very e a r l y a g e , d u e p o s s i b l y t o o b s e r v i n gt h e c o n d u c t a n d h e a r i n g - t h e re m a r k s o f a d r u n k e nparent o r s l e e p i n g i n t h e s a m e r o o m w i t h t h e p a r e n t s , o r ,s l h a r i n g t l l e b e d w i t h o l d e r e h i l d r e n o r grown p e o p l e , l h a db e e n i n i t i a t e d i n m a s t u r b a t i o n w h e n 1 0 o r 1 2 ; - p o s s i b l y h a do f t e n p r a c t i s e d t i m e h a b i t i n . c o n c e r t w i t h o t h l e r c l h i l d r e n ,l h a d b e e n c h e c k e d , and f o r a t i m e t h e h a b i t h a d b e e na r r e s t e d , d u e t o i n c r e a s e d a t t e n t i o n r e c e i v e d , p o s s i b l ys u p p l a i n e n t e d b y ^ r e l i g i o u s i n f l u e n c e o r a change o f e n -

v i r o n m e n t t o o ne o f g r e a t e r s o c i a l p u r i t y ; o c c a s i o n a l g r o s sl a p s e s l h a d o c c u r r e d , f o l l o w e d b y i m p u l s i v e n e s s a n di r r a t i o n a l i t y , l e a d i n g t o c h a n g e o f o c c u p a t i o n o r p l a c e o fe m p l o y m e n t ; more f r e q u e n t a b u s e s b r o u g l h t a b o u t b y t h es e x e x c i t e m e n t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h " w a l l i i n g o u t , " or t h eg r e a t e r excess o f n o r m a l s e x u a l i t y o f e a r l y m a r r i e d l i f e , or

t h a t f a c t o r , ) i l u s t h e s t r e s s o f c h i i l d b i r t h , r e s u l t e d i n - t h em e n t a l a t t a e k w h i c h we r e c o g n i z e b y t h e t e r m d e m e n t i a

p r a s c o x . I f t h e e x c e s s e s a re n o t c o m m e nc e d u n t i l a f t e ra d o l e s c e n c e l h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d - i n o t l h e r w o r d s , u n t i la f t e r t l l e b o d y b u i l d i n g and m e n t a l d e v e l o p m e n t a re com-p l e t e d - t l l e n t h e r e d u c t , i o n i s n o t s o g r e a t , b t u t t h e b a l a n c e

i n t h e bank o f h e a l t l h mav have been b r o u g h t so low t h a t

T THE BRmL MEDICAL J O U R S ERN" 1 0 - 2 3

t h e b i l l s p r e s e n t e d b y o t h e r f o r m s o f s t r e s s c a n n o t b e m e t .A p e r s o n o f e i t n e r sex w h l o h a d b e c o m e a d i s c i p l e o f O n a nc o m m o n l y i n d u l g e s i n t h e l h a b i t v e r y - m u c h more f r e -q u e n t l y t l l a n t h e n o r m a l s e x u a l a c t w o u l d , f o r o b v i o u sr e a s o n s , b e p o s s i b l e ; a n d I h a v e h a d q u i t e a l a r g e numbero f c a s e s u n d e r m y o b s e r v a t i o n w h e r e t h e h a b i t a c q u i r e db e f o r e , m a r r i a g e h a s b e e n more or l e s s p e r s i s t e d i n a f t e rm a r r i a g e . T h e s e

p e o p l e ,when met

b yt h e

o r d i n a r y t r i a l s ,w o r r i e s , a n d d i f f i c u l t i e s o f l i f e , c a n o f f e r no r e s i s t a n c e , b u td e v e l o p n e u r a s t l h e n i a , p s y c l h a s t h e n i a o r m e l a n c l h o l i a . I nt h e g r e a t b u l k o f ca s es t h e y r e c o g n i z e t h e c a u s e o f t h e i rt r o u b l e , a n d m a y t r y t o f i g h t a g a i n s t i t ; s o m e m a y p r e v a i l ,b u t w i t h o t h e r s t h e f o r c e o f l h a b i t a n d t l l e s e x i m p u l s ei s t o o s t r o n g f o r t h e i r w e a k e n e d w i l l p o w e r . , a n d t h e i rn e u r a s t h e n i a , p s y c l h a s t h e n i a , o r m e l a n c h o l i a b e c o m e m o r em a r k e d , w l h e n t h e y a r e l a b e l l e d a s s u f f e r i n g f r o m a" n e r v o u s b r e a k d o w n . " To t h i s c l a s s b e l o n g a l a r g e p r o -

p o r t i o n o f t l i e s o - c a l l e d s h e l l - s l l o c k c a s e s . I n s o m ef u l m i n a t i n g c a s e s , u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f s u d d e n s t r e s s ,r e a l o r i m a g i n a r y , t h e p a t i e n t s u d d e n l y c o m m i t s s u i c i d e ,o r w e l h a v e a d o u b l e t r a g e d y o r some b i z a r r e a c t b r i n g i n gt l l e c a s e u n d e r p u b l i c n o t i c e , a n d i t i s t h e n s a i d t o b e

" a c a s e o f t e m p o r a r y i n s a n i t y . "

B u r e a t e r a c y .T h e s e a r e , in m y o p i n i o n , t l l e p r i n c i p a l f a c t o r s w h l i c he n t e r i n t o t h e c a u s a t i o n o f o u r C 3 p o p u l a t i o n . The

q u e s t i o n a t o n c e a r i s e s , A r e we a s a n a t i o n , a n d w e o f t h em e d i c a l p r o f e s s i o n i n p a r t i c u l a r , as t l l e r e a l c u s t o d i a n o ft h e h e a l t h o f t l l e p e o p l e , c o m b a t i n g t l l e s e a d v e r s e f o r c e ss u c c e s s f u l l y ? I f e a r t h e answer must b e i n t h e n e g a t i v e ,f o r t h o s e o f us w l h o s p e n d o u r l i v e s i n c l o s e c o n t a c t w i t ho ne o r o t l h e r s e c t i o l n o f i t m u s t , I t h i n k , a d m i t t l h a t i ti s i n c r e a s i n g o u t o f p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e r e s t o f t h e com-m u n i t y . The e n o r m o u s g r o w t l l o f b u r e a u c r a c y i n r e c e n ty e a r s , a t e n o r m o u s l y i n c r e a s e d c o s t , l h a s n o t , i n m y o p i n i o n ,a d d e d t o o ur e f f i c i e n c y i n a n y b r a n c e l h o f p u b l i c l h e a l t l h .E v e r y b r a n c h o f t h l e p r o f e s s i o n i s b e i n g p i g e o n - h o l e d e a c hi n t o i t s o w n w a t e r t i g h l t c o m p a r t m e n t , p r e s i d e d o v e r b y anarmy o f c l e r k s a n i d g o v e r n e d b y l a y b o d i e s w h l o s e c l h i e fc o n c e r n i s t o s e e t l l a t e v e r y m a n s h a l l d o I l i s work i ne x a c t l y t l l e same w a y a s e v e r y b o d y e l s e . I t p u t s ap r e m i u m o n a c t i o n , s t u i l t i f i e s i n d i v i d u a l i t y , k i l l s p r o g r e s s ,

a n d w r i t e s i n n u m e r a b l e r e p o r t s . R t e p o r t s a r e t h e l i f e b l o o do f b u r e a u c r a c y . T h e r a p i d g r o w t l h o f m e d i c a l k n o w l e d g en e c e s s a r i l y means m o r e s p e c i a l i z a t i o n , a s i t i s u t t e r l y i m -p o s s i b l e f o r a n y o ne man t o k e e p i n t o u c l h w i t l h i t s i n c r e a s i n gr a m u i f i c a t i o n s , a n d t l l e r e f o r e , t o o b t a i n r e s u l t s i n a n y w a yc o m m - i e n s u r a t e w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e i n m e d i c a l k n o w l e d g e ,- w e n e e d g r e a t e r f a c i l i t i e s f o r t e a m - w o r k , so t h a t s p e c i a lk n o w l e d g e i n a n y d i r e c t i o n m a y b e m o r e r e a d i l y b r o g l i h tt o b e a r u p o n a n y p a r t i c u l a r p r o b l e m a t t l l e e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l et i m e . One o f t h e g r e a t e s t d i f f i c u l t i e s i n c o n n e x i o n w i t l h myo w n s p e c i a l i t y i s t l l e l o n g d u r a t i o n o f t h e a t t a c k a n d t h ep r o g r e s s w h i c l h t h e d i s e a s e h a s made b e f o r e i t r e c e i v e s t I m es p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n w i c l l i t r e q u i r e s , w i t l h t l l e c o n s e q u e n t l yr e d u c e d c l h a n c e s o f r e c o v e r y , a n d t h e g r e a t e r m e n t a ls c a r r i n g s h o u l d r e c o v e r y t a k e p l a c e . I f o u r s p e c i a l l k n o w -l e d g e c o u l d o n l y b e b r o u g h t t o b e a r u p o n t l l e c a s e w l h e nt h e e a r l i e s t m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f t l l e d i s o r d e r s l i o w t l l e m -s e l v e s , enormous b e n e f i t

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p a t i e n t a n dt o t l l e l n a t i o n as a w l h o l e . I l h a d t h e g r e a t p l e a s u r e o fb e i n g p r e s e n t a t t l l e m e e t i n g a t D a r t f o r d w l h e n L o r dDa w s on p r o p o u n d e d t h e s c h e m e f o r m u l a t e d b y t h e c o u n c i lo v e r w i c h l h e p r e s i d e d , w i t h w h i c h I f o u n d m y s e l f i na b s o l u t e a g r e e m e n t . I b e l i e v e t l l a t t l l e s o l h e m e o f h , h o s p i t a lc e n t r e s , i f e f f i c i e n t l y e s t a b l i s l h e d , w o u l d m a t e r i a l l y a s s i s ti n s o l v i n g t h e p r o b l e m o f o u r C 3 p o p u l a t i o n

AT Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y D r . F r a n c i s G . B l a l e h a s beena p p o i n t e d p r o f e s s o r o f m e d i c i n e , D r . Edward A l b e r t Parkp r o f e s s o r o f p e d i a t r i c s , and D r . A r t h u r M . M o r s e p " r o f e s s o ro f o b s t e t r i c s a n d g y n a e c o l o g y .A SCHOOL f o r h e a l t h o f f i c e r s h a s be en e s t a b l i s h e d b y

t h e A m e r i c a n Re d C r o s s i n C r a c o w , a n d l a s b e e n v e r ys u c c e s s f u lt h e r e . I t g r e w o u t o f a n e e d f o r a w e l l - t r a i n e dP o l i s hp e r s o n n e l t o a s s i s t i n c a r r y i n g o u t t h e c h i l d - w e l f a r ework o f t h e A n m e r i c a n Re d C r o s s i n P o l a n d . I t i s s t a t e dt h a t t h e s c h o o l w i l l p r o b a b l y t a l k e a p l a c e a s p a r t o f t h ee d u c a t i o n a l c u r r i c u l u m o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C r a c o w , andi t s h o u l d h a v e a w i d e i n f l u e n c e i n a r o u s i n g p u b l i c i n t e r e s t ,t h r o u g h o u t P o l a n d i n t h e n u m e r o u s l h e a l t h p r o b l e m s o ft h a t c o u n t r y ,

DEC- 1 7 , I g 2 l ]