some hoards of crusader bezants / [george c. miles]
TRANSCRIPT
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SOMEHOARDS
OF
CRUSADER BEZANTS
P L A T E S
XLI-XLIV) G E O R G E
C .
MILES
Probably
the only
hope of
assigning approximate
dates to
the,
various
types
of Ugancii attri samcenati,or
bezants
of
Arab type,
issued
by the
Crusaders
previous
to
A.D.
1251,and of
localizing
the
mintsat
whichthey
werestruck, liesin the cumulativeevidenceof
well
documented
hoards.
1
Unfortunately
very
few
hoards
of
these
gold
coins, whether well documented
or
not,
have
hitherto been
published.2This contribution to the
problem
summarizesthe con^
tentsof the
published hoards
and
describes some
new
ones.
The
only
published
hoards,
so farsI
know,
are the following:
1
Ahoard
(evidently)
found in the
excavations
of
Emmaus
el-
Qubeibeh and environs (northwest of Jerusalem), published by
P.
Bellarmino
Bagatti
in J
monumenti di
Emmaus
el-Qubeibeh
e
dei
dintorni
(Pubbticazioni
dello
Studium
BiblicumFranciscanuin,No. 4).,
Jerusalem,
1947, pp.159-160,165.The lot
contained eight
imitations
of al-mir
(nos.
70-77),all of the
type
of B Y 27.
Seven
obverses
and one
reverse
areillustratedinpl.46.
Several have points
above
the
elongated
dd sand sd sof the mint-date
formula.
Found
with
these
saracenati ,or at
least
in the same
trench
( vano
43), were
seven
cuttings of
gold coins with
Latin
legends (nos.
60-66,
also
Themost
recent,
an ddefinitive,classificationof
C rusader coins
of
Arabtype
is .
to be found in an
article
by P. Balog and J.
Yvon entitled
Monnaies
legendes
arabes de l'Orient Latin, in RN
1958,
pp.
133-168 (hereinafter
abbreviated B &
Y).
In generalthenumerationoftypes
employed
byBalog
and
Yvon
willbe used in the
description
of the
coins listed
in the present
article.
2
Philip Grierson'sstatement
in
ANSMN
6
(1954),
P- I
7
I
> n-8,
to the
effect
that
the B-T
bezants{B
& Y
types13-16)
are foundin
hoards
of too
late
a
date
(mid-i3th
Century)to
justify
theirattributiontoBohemundofAntioch
while
Tancred
was
acting s regent,
implies
a
knowledge
of
hoards
of
bezants
otherthanthose listedhere.Mr.Grierson's
recollection
is
un doubtedly
correct
but
such hoards appear
not to
have
been
published. Balog
and
Yvon (op. cit.,
pp. 140-141) repeat
Grierson's statement.
189
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190
GEORGE C MILES
illustrated in pl. 46 andherePlate XLIII),similarto those inhoard
no. 9, below.Noneof the coinsshowsany
sign
ofwear.
2. A
lioard
reconstructed by Philip Griersonin A rare Crusader
bezant
with
Christusvincit
legend,
ANSMN 6(1954),p.
174.
The
integrityofthishoardis by nomeans certain.
t
isreportedtohave
contained
at
least 31
coins: eight of B&5; nine of B & Y
14;
threeof B & Y15;six of B Y 27;four of B & Y 40; and one of
AgnusD
ei
type.
The
two coins
of
thishoard
in the ANS
show
no
signsofwear.
3.Another much more
doubtful
hoard ,
consisting ofonly three
pieces
andalso reconstructedbyGrierson loc.dt.}:one of B & Y
14;
one of B & Y 40; and one ofAgn-usDei type.
4. A hoard of41pieces
acquired
by the American Numismatic
Society (acc. no.57.114),said by the Beirut dealerfromwhomit was
purchased to have beenfoundin
Lattaqiyah (Laodicea).
This hoard
waspublishedbyBalogandYvoninANSMNn
(1964),
pp. 295-
301,
Deux tresors de
monnaiesd'or
des
Croises.
It
consisted
of:
nve Ftimid dinars of
al-mir
struck
at Misr, al-Mucizziyah al-
Qhirah andal-Iskandariyah,
ranging
in
date
from
508-518
H /A D
1114-1124;12of B & Y 25;thirteenof B & Y 27 and 30; andeleven
imitations of
Sulayhiddinars
of Yemen,
dated
451H /A D I059.3
None of the ^coinsinthishoard showsany signofwear.
5. Ahoard of 15 pieces acquired by the American Numismatic
Society (acc. no. 59.203), ofunknown provenance.
This
hoard also
was
published
by
Balog
and
Yvon
in
ANSMN
u
(1964),
pp.
301-
302. It consisted of: ten of B&Y 25; ftve ofB&Y27(withsome
combinationsofB&Y25 and 27obverseandreversetypes). None
of the
coins shows
any
sign
of
wear.
These are,tomyknowledge,theonly published hoards containing
saracenati.Tothislistnow may be added five more: one in the pos-
session of aEuropean
collector,
threein the collection of Dr.
Paul
Bedoukian,and onerecently
acquired
by theAmerican Numismatic
Society.
31suspectthat
theseimitationsare
ev entually
to be
classed
sCrusadercoins
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HOARDS
OF CRUSADER BEZANTS 191
6. The
hoard
in the
possession
of a
European collector
consists of
24piecesand issaid tohave beenfoundnear Aleppo.The
owner
h
s
kindly
permittedme to examine photographs
w hich
have enabled
nie
to summarizethe contentss
follows:
oneAyybid dinar ofal-'Aziz
'Uthmn,struck at
al-Qhirah
in 594
H./A.D.
1197-8;eightof B & Y
20 simulated date 506 ); seven
of B & Y 25;
eight
of B & Y 27
several varieties). The weight of the Ayybid dinar is
5.41gr. ( ) ;
the
weights
of the
Crusader pieces rnge between 3.38
and
3.98
grams.4 To judge by the photographs the coins are virtually
un-
circulated.
Fll
descriptions
follow
of the three hoards owned by Dr. Be-
doukian,to whom I am greatly indebted
for permission
to publish
them,and of the hoard recently acquiredby the AmericanNumis-
niatic
Society.
7.Bedoukian
hoard
A:
Nine
specimens, all imitations of dinars of al-mir. Provenance
unknown.
1-4. Imitations ofMisr,506H ., ending ^> -
& ^ .^&
The letters
dd and s d of
J
and
j j*
take the
form
Allspecimensof
identkal obverse and reverse dies.
Cf
B & Y 20.
1.22
mm.,3.83
gr. ~>(PLATEXLI,
i)
2. 22mm .,3.96gr.
3. 22mm.,
3.91
gr.
-
4. 22mm.,3.92gr. ->
5.
Imitation
of
Misr,516
H.,
reading:
s P C-* ^aC J I S O A
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192 GEORGE C.MILES
6.
Well
formed characters but latter part of
mint-date
foramla
meaningless: 4JU-.?- 4~**J
*
e b J I
1JU
< ^ j ^ > ^>-J\i ~ >
Cf.B Y23-24.
22mm.,
3.74
gr.
(PLATEXLI,3
7. Reasonably well formed letters
but
most
of the
legends un-
intelligible.
Type
of B Y 26.
2i
mm.,
3.95gr.
(PLATE
XLI,
4
8.Heavy, debasedletters,longexaggerated
dd
and
sd .
Typeof
B Y
27b.
23
mm.,3.53
gr.
-
(PLAT E
XLI,
5)
9.
Similar
to no. 8, but beneath
Type
of B Y 29.
23mm.,3.53gr. -
(PLATE
XLI 6)
Severalof thecoinsin
this
hoardare
weakly
struckbut thereare
practically
no
signs
of
wear.
8.Bedoukian
hoardB:
Fifteen
specimens,allimitationsofdinarsof
al-mir.
Saidtohave
been
foundin asmallvillage near Tyre in December
1965.
1.ImitationofMisr,506H.,ending 4
L-
Z C >
4 .
Cf. B Y 20.
22mm.,
3.87gr. f
(PLATE
XLI, 7)
2.
Imitation
of
Misr,
506
H .,
ending
*,
4JLJ-
C~*
4 ..
Cf. B Y 20.
22
mm.,3.78gr.
(PLATE
XLI,8)
3.
Imitation
of
Misr,
506
H.,ending j J L U w ? -\
4
nnulets
at 4
and 8
o'clock
in
double border enclosing inner margin.
Cf
.B Y 20.
23mm., 3.85gr. \EXLI,9)
4 .Imitation of
Misr,
506
H.,
ending
0 C ~ > 4 X - . Cf.
B Y 25.
23
mm.,
3.71
gr. \E
XLI, 10)
5. Similar to no. 4, same obverse die, differentreverse die.
22mm.,
3.85gr. 4 ,
(PLATE
XLI,
n
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HOARDS OF CRUSADER
BEZANTS 193
6.Imitation ofMisr,506
H .,
ending 41* L*. Leiters dd and s d
take the
form:
Cf. B Y 25.
22mm.,3.94gr. aniends
o . l l
U
o
C f .B Yao.
2i
mm.,3.83gr./ (PLATEXLII,3]
11.
Imitation ofMisr, 516 H., ending j^v.^-jS C 4 X * . Cf,
B Y20.
21 mm.,3.88gr.\EXLII,4)
12.Imitation
of
Misr,516H.,ending
j
^
^^
t
-
Cf.B Y20.
22
mm.,3.67gr. \EXLII,5)
13.Imitation
of Misr,
date
?,
ending
**. Cf
.
B Y 25.
Ddancj
sd:
li3
22mm.,3.70
gr. \E
XLII, 6)
14. Imitationof
Misr,
date?,ending (no
word
*).
Cf. B
Y25,
Dd
and
sd:
m
22mm.,
3.81
gr./ (PLATEXLII,
7)
15.Imitation
of
Misr,date ?,ending
(no
word 4X * ) .Cf.B
Y25,
D d
and
sd:
ll
23
mm.,3.40
gr. \E
XLII,8}
Theentire hoard appears to be virtually uncirculated.
3
otes
3
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I
9
4
GEORGE C.
MILES
9.Bedoukian hoard
C :
This hoardis of particular interest
s
it contains, in addition to
15 saracenati
10
cuttings ofgold coins
with
Latin legendsof a type
knownonly
from
seven specimensin the Conventof the Flagellation
in
Jerusalem (see hoard no.i,
above).
The dealer from whom Dr.
Bedoukian obtained
the
hoard reported that
it was found
near
Marash
in
December
1965 and that the 25
pieces constitute
the
entire
hoard. The saracenati all imitations of al-mir, are the
following:
1. Imitation,probably of adinar ofal-Iskandariyah,with
many
errorsin the
mint-date
formula,ending >j u*?
Cf.
B Y23-24.
2i
mm.,
3.88
gr. 4
(PLATEXLII,
9)
2.Crude Imitation
of
al-mir, without recognizable mint
ordate.
Cf.
B Y
27-33.
22mm., 3.36
gr.
-> (PLATEXLII,10)
3. Similar to no. 2, but beneaththe reverse:
.
Cf. B & Y 32.
23
mm., 3.39
gr.
4 (PLATEXLII,
n)
4. Similar
to no.
2,
but
beneath
the
reverse
. ..
Cf.
B & Y27-33
22
mm.,
3.27gr. \EXLII,
12)
5-12.Similar to no. 2, but beneath the obverse *.Cf. B & Y 28.
5.
24
mm.,
3.37gr.
\ 23
mm., 3.38
7.
23 mm.,
3.50
gr.
f
8.
23mm., 3.22gr.
9 .23
mm.,
3.40gr. (PLATEXLIII,
i)
10.
22
mm.,
3.45 gr.
f
11.23mm., 3.35gr. ->
12.
23mm., 3.36
gr.
\.Similar to no. 2, but be
13.23mm.,3.56
gr.
\23
mm., 3.30
gr.
->
15.
23mm.,
3.45
gr.
4 (PLATE
XLIII, 2)
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HOARDS OF CRUSADER BEZANTS
195
Nos.
5-12
and
13-15
are so
poorly
struck
thatcomparison
of
dies
is
virtually
impossible. Allthe
coins
sliow
a
littlewear.
The ten cuttings of irregulr shape, some
roughly rectangular,
others wedge-shaped, of uneven thiekness and ofirregulr weight
(ranging between 1.08 and o.34grams) all bear fragments of the
obverse and reverse types, and on some one or more Latin letters are
preserved. The types are reconstructed in Figs.
and 2. I have
arbitrarilycalledthe first ofthesetwo designs the obverse, and if the
Fig.i Fig. 2
tentatively proposed reconstruction of the legends has any validity
this would
appear to be the proper designation.
Surrounding
the
double linear borderare the traces of alegendonbothobverseand
reverse.
The
original diameter appears
to
have been about
24
mm.,
approximately
the
size
of the
bezant. None
of the
fragments joins
with
another.
The ten
fragments
are
described
on
page196.
These cuttings
are
similar
to the
seven pieces from Emmaus el-
Qubeibehdescribedandillustratedby
Bagatti
and nowpreservedin
the Convent of the Flagellation in Jerusalem (see hoard no.
i).
WhenDr. Bedoukianshowedmehiscuttings Irecalled havingseen
the
Emmaus pieces during
a
visit
t
o Jerusalem
in 1963, and inre-
sponseto
my
request
Father
Aug. Spijkerman OFM haskindly sent
me
photographs
of
these
cuttings.
Their
weights, respectively 0.57,
0.52, 0.69, 0.59, 0.54, 0.58 and 0.64grams,are more uniform than
those of the present hoard. Bagatti wrote (p. 158), Dalla parte
dellastella
abbiano
le
lettere:
+
A
J A 1C V |
S
L |A
N
|A |V S
3
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HOARDS OF CRUSADER BEZANTS 197
Bagatti
suggested thattheobverse
might
carryaname beginning
with A,
such
s
Amalrico,
andthatthe
reverse might
be
intended
to
read De
Hierusalem.
Some
correspondences
between the letters
preservedon the
Emmaus
specimens andthoseon thespecimensin
thepresent hoardcan bediscerned,buttherearesomeconflicts.One
is
indeedtempted
to
reconstructA M A L R IC V SR EX
on the
obverse,
but
neither S-D on no. nor I ?) V on no. 8 of ourhoard fit. Nor, for
that
matter, does the S- Lon an Emmaus hoard fragment
PLATE
XLIII, 17).
A s for the reverse, D E
IERVSLEM
or the
like)
seems
quite possible, except for the embarrassmentof the X on no. 6 of our
hoard
and on one of the
Emmaus hoard
PLATE
XLIII,
18) and,
even
moretroublesome,the
clear
TA on our no. 8. ThelettersTA might
belong
to
C I V I T A S ,
but
that would
be
unlikely
on a
gold
coinand
furthermore
itwouldnotsuittheother preservedletters.
Quite obviously
w e are
dealing with
an
unknown type
of
C rusader
coin,but
who
issued the type andwherearequestions
that
cannot
be answered with any
confidenceuntil
more such cuttings or intact
coins
are
found.
If we are in
fact dealing with
an
Amalric,King
of
Jerusalem, the only possible candidate is Amalric, son of Fulk,
1163-1174.Theletterformsare notunlikelyfor theperiod,butsuch
an early date for an experimental gold Crusader coin with Latin
legends
would
be
really extraordinary.
The
similarity
of the
reverse type
to the
reverses
of two
copper
issues illustrated
by
Schlumberger (pl. III, 17
and 18)is
pointed
out
by Bagatti and also has been brought to my attention by Philip
Grierson.
Schlumberger suggested Antioch, or perhaps Tripoli, and
comparedthe headon theobverseto
that
ofBohemudIV and
R ay~
mond-Rupin first quarterof theI3thc.);hecited alsotwoprobably
related coinsillustrated
by de
Saulcy Numismatique des
Croisades,
pl.VIII,
nos.
8 and 9). The
design, Schlumberger
feit,was
probably
of
Islamic origin. Griersonhasdrawnmyattentionto the
resemblance
oftheletterKtothatletter atAntioch.
Anotherquestion is why these coins were cutinto fragments.
Pre-
sumably they were traded
for
certain numbers
of
silver
or
billion
deniers,
but they would havehad to beweighed at
least
thoseof
thepresent hoard. Thoseof theEmmaus hoard wouldseemtohave
been
cut to
conformwith
a fixed
Standard.
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198 GEORGEC.MILES
10. Ahoardof12
saracenati
20
grostournois
ofPhilip IV ofFrance,
9 grosof the CountsofTripoliand 4 demi-grosofCyprus. Acquired
by the
American
Numismatic
Society
in
1966
(acc.
no.
66.197).
Accordingto the
dealer,
the
pcrson
from
whom
the
hoard
was
ob-
tained
declared
thatit had
been
foundin a
broken earthenware
pot
near the walls of the
citadel
of Ras Shamra. The coins here described
are
saidto
have
constituted theentire hoard.
a)
Saracenati
The
saracenati
are all
imitations
of
dinars
of
al-mir.
i
ImitationofMisr,506
H .,ending
A I -
.
Annuletsat
12,
3 and
8
o'clock
in
double borderenclosinginner margin
ofobverse.Cf.
B Y 25.
23mm .,3.78gr. (PLATEXL IV,i)
2-7.
Crude
imitationsofal-mir, withoutrecognizablemintordate.
Cf.
B Y
27-33.
2.23mm.,
3.49
gr. f
(PLATEXLIV,
2)
3.
23
mm.,
3.45
gr \ 23mm.,
3.43
gr.
5.
23
mm.,3.50
gr. -
6.23mm.,3.55gr \ 23
mm.,
3.53gr
B Y 29.
8.22mm.,3.77gr.
(PLATE
XLIV,3)
9.23mm.,3.50gr
\
23mm.,3.77gr.
11.23
mm., 3.52
gr.f
12.
22 mm., 3.77 gr. ->
Nos.
2-12
are all so
poorly struck
that
comparison
of
dies
is
virtually impossible.
All the
saracenati
are
weakly struck
and
appear
to be
slightlyworn.
. .
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BOARDS OF
CRUSADER BEZANTS
199
b)France Philip IV
A.
Gros
tournois
a
l'O rond,
datable
to1285,1302 and
April
1305.
x~2 0bv :
PbILIPPVS ?
B H I C Y V :S I Y S H O S B B S B H I IM IIIMI
IBV.XPI
Rev.:fi&YVKQHVSCIVIS
at12
o'clock.
1. 26
mm.,
4.08
gr./ (PLATE
XLIV,4)
2.26
mm.,
4.00gr.
/*
Cf .
J. Lafaurie, Les Mo nnaies des Ro is deFrance Hugues Capet
Louis XII (Paris,
1951),
no. 217.
3.O bv.
sno.i,but V X P I
Rev.: s
no.
i,
but W
KO NV
S and nopelletson
neur-de-lis
at 12o'clock.
26
mm.,
4.01gr.\.
O bv.
Rev.
5.O bv.
Rev.
6.O bv.
Rev.
7.O bv.
Rev.
8.
O bv.
Rev.
g.O bv.
Rev.
10.
Ob v.
Rev.
s
no. 3,
different die.
s
no. 3, but
Y V K Q N V S "
sno. 3, different die.
s
no. 4,
different die.
26
mm.,
3.99gr.
sno.but
BH1IICY.V.
andI f cV X P I .
sno.i,
different die.
26mm.,3.97
gr,\sno. 6,
s
no.
i,
different die.
26 mm.,4.04gr, \5mm.,
s
no.
i,
different die.
s
no.i,but no pellets on fleur-de-lis at 12 o'clock.
s
no.i,but Kf i - *
sno. 8,
different die.
s
no.
i,
but
PMMPPVS
+ K B X
s
no. 3, but
Y V K O N V S *
26mm.,3.92
gr,
25
mm.,
4.00gr,
24
mm.,
3.94gr,
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12/25
200
GEORGEC.MILES
ii.
Obv :s
no.
i,butPbIfcIPPVS
Rev :s
no. 3, but
"SVKOHVS
27
mm.,
4.00
gr.
\Ob
Rev :asno.
3, but
YVOHVS*
26mm., 4.09gr. N ^
13.Obv :s
no.i,
butP& ILIPPVS'-*and
H *V
J R w . :
sno. 3, but
VBONVSv
25
mm.,
3.96gr.
B.
Gros
tournois"
l'O
long,"
1290
1.Obv :
9 P f e I& IPPVSKBX
BHIICVVSI
I1HI
IIIKIIMI:H V.X FT
w.:
SVVKOHVSCIVIS
26mm.,4.00gr./*
(PLATE
XLIV,
5)
Ci.Lafaurie, no.218.
2.
O w .
and
Rev
:
s
no.
i,
different
dies.
25
mm., 4.08
gr.\O
26mm.,
3.93
gr. \.G ro
i.obv :*PM LIPPVS*KEX
BH1ICTV
SI
-H OHN
11HI
IIKI
III
IHAf.XFI
w.: d f VKOHVS*
CIVIS
26mm.,3.90
gr.
f (PLATEXLIV,
6)
Cf.Lafaurie, no.219.
2.Obv and
.Rev.
:sno.
i,different
dies.
26mm.,
4.02
gr.f
3.0 z > .and ew .:
s
no.i, different dies.
26
mm.,
3.98
gr.
j
4.Obv and .Reu.:sno.i,different dies.
25mm.,3.88
gr.
All
these gros toiwnoisarevirtually uncirculated.
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HO RDS
OFCRUS DER BEZ NTS 20
c) Counts of
Tripoli
Bohevmmd VI
1252-1275
1.G ros.
Obv.:
Rev.: C I - V - I Y S Y E I P O L ' I
26mm.,4.15gr. 4 (PLATE
XLIV,7)
Cf.Schlumberger,Num ismatiqiie
de
l O rient
Latin
p.
105,
pl. IV,
19.
Bohemund VII
1275-1287
2.
Gros.
Obv. :S12PVIMVS BOMVHI5s COM .
and
J R e ; . :
s
no. 2, different
dies.
25
mm.,
4.12gr./ ,pierced
8.O bv :
S P V I M V S * B O C M V H 1 I V S . C : O M S
j?
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14/25
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HOARDS
OF CRUSADER BEZANTS
2
Hoard
No
2
3.
4.
5.
6
7.
.
9
10.
Provenance
El-Qubei-
beh
Unknown
Unknown
Latta-
qiyah
Unknown
Near
Aleppo
Unknown
Near
Tyre
Near
Marash
Ras
Shamra
Samcenati
Al-mir
type
B &Y 27
Al-Mustansir
types
B _ Y , 5 ,
14,
15
Al-Amirtype
B Y 2 7
St.Louis type
B
&Y 40
Al-Mustansir
type
B&Yi4
St.Louis type
B Y 40
Al-mirtypes
B Y 25, 27, 30
Al-Amirtypes
B Y 25, 27
Al-mirtypes
B Y
20, 25,
27
Al-mirtypes
B Y 20,
23,
24,
26, 27, 29
Al-mirtypes
B Y 20, 25
Al-rnir
types
B Y 23, 24,
27-33
Al-Amirtypes
B Y 25 ,
27-33
Associated
Coins
Crusader
gold
cuttings
Agmts Dei
type
Agmts
Dei
type
Ftimiddinars
None
Ayybiddinar
None
None
Crusader
gold
cuttings
Philip IV
Bohemund
VI
Bohemund
VII
HenryII
Dates
of
Assoc
Coins
I3th
c. ?
ca. 1253?
ca.
1253?
508 518 H./
A D III4 24
594 H./A.D.
1197
i3th
c. ?
1275-1324
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XL
OIN GE OFB SIL II
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18/25
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XLI
Hoardno.7:1 6
CRUSADER HOARDS
Hoardno.
8:7 12
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20/25
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XLII
Hoard
no.
8:1 8
RUS DER
BOARDS
Hoard
no. 9: 9 12
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22/25
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10
11
12
13
17
14
18
CRUSADER HOARDS
Hoardno
9:1 12 Hoard
no 1:13 lSj
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24/25
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XLIV