some considerations for drought monitoring systems – a ...spatial data challenges in continental...
TRANSCRIPT
Some Considerations For Drought Monitoring Systems – A Spatial Perspective
from Australia
Some Considerations For Drought Monitoring Systems – A Spatial Perspective
from Australia
Associate Professor Kevin McDougallProgram Leader, GIS/Remote Sensing
Australian Centre for Sustainable Catchments
Overview of PresentationOverview of Presentation
• Australian Overview – Key Australian Agencies• Information in Australia Supporting Drought Monitoring• Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP)• Spatial Information Challenges in Early Warning Systems• The Concept of Spatial Data Infrastructure and its Role in
Building Comprehensive Systems• Citizen Volunteered Geographic or Spatial Information• Conclusions
Australian OverviewAustralian Overview
• Australian continent has one of the most variable rainfall climates in the world
• Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) has a Drought Watch service since 1965
• Agriculture suffers first and most severely• BoM provides regular Drought Statements
Sources of Spatial Data in AustraliaSources of Spatial Data in Australia
• Bureau of Meteorology – primary meteorological data including location of recording stations – rainfall, temperature and river gauges, climate and climate models
• Soil and Geology – Geosciences Australia compiled from state level
• Hydrology – Geosciences Australia and State mapping agencies• Digital Elevation Models (DEM) • Satellite Imagery – USA, Japan and European Sensors
Crop Yield Crop Yield Prediction Prediction and Forecastingand ForecastingMODISMODIS
LandsatLandsat
Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP)Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP)
• Monitors the state and trend of terrestrial water balance of Australian Continent
• Joint effort by CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Bureau of Meteorology and Bureau of Rural Science
• Project has run since 2005• Uses past history (climatologies) and present state of soil
moisture and water• Gridded mapping system with spatial resolution of 5km• Data provided through a web interface• Weekly (near real time), historical monthly (1900 to
present) and 3 monthly climatologies
AWAP Data and ModelsAWAP Data and Models• Utilises a water balance model using data fusion• Examines change in state of precipitation, transpiration, soil
evaporation, surface runoff, deep drainage and leaching• Gridded data from BoM precipitation, solar irradiance, air
temperatures• Soil properties from Australian Soils Atlas (over 700 soil types)• Vegetation Fraction cover from satellite• Observed hydrological outflows from unimpaired catchments• Land Surface Temperature – from NOAA- AVHRR and AATSR• Enables understanding of trends in water balance
AWAP OutputsAWAP Outputs
• Relative soil moisture in upper (typically 0.2m)• Relative soil moisture in lower layer (typically 0.2m to 1.5m)• Rainfall maximum daily temperature• Evaporation• Transpiration
AWAP PortalAWAP Portal
Soil Moisture (Upper Layer)Soil Moisture (Upper Layer)
Jan 2011 July 2011
Soil Moisture (Lower Layer)Soil Moisture (Lower Layer)
Jan 2011 July 2011
PrecipitationPrecipitation
Jan 2011 July 2011
Local DischargeLocal Discharge
Soil EvaporationSoil Evaporation
Maximum TemperatureMaximum Temperature
Spatial Data InputsSpatial Data Inputs
Spatial Data Challenges in Continental ModellingSpatial Data Challenges in Continental Modelling
• Data Paucity – no data, poor spatial distribution and gaps• Data Heterogeneity – multiple sources, multiple scales, multiple
standards, differing systems and formats• Data Quality – lack of quality assured data• Data Access – lack of sharing or capacity to share existing data• People and Institutional Systems
So what are the possible solutions?
Utilise Multiple Sensors and SourcesUtilise Multiple Sensors and Sources
• Remotes Sensors with Global or Continental coverage– MODIS (or Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-
radiometer) revisits every 1-2 days– NOAA – Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
(AVHRR) – twice daily coverage– Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR)
Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Trends and Importance for Early Warning Systems
Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Trends and Importance for Early Warning Systems
• Spatial Data is now becoming a essential component of our lives – key spatial data such as transport, hydrology, elevation, vegetation are now integrated into our lives eg GPS guidance, Google maps
• Mapping agencies now treat as an infrastructure similar to roads, electricity etc
• Established by governments, primarily at national and state levels and Global initiatives
• Global Spatial Data Infrastructure – bringing spatial data together from local to global
Digital Maps SDI Ver 1
1980 1990 2000
Internet
Information & Communication Age
Digital MappingSeamless / Scalable / Multi-dimensional
2010
SDI Ver 3SDI Ver 2
Spatial Data Now UbiquitousSpatial Data Now Ubiquitous
• Since 2005/6 – access to user-friendly web based spatial information portals has increased dramatically
• Google Earth and Google Maps is probably the most significant development in access to spatial information for the public
• Yahoo maps
Technology Driving ChangeTechnology Driving Change
• In 2000 developing countries accounted for around one-quarter of the world’s 700 million mobile phones by the beginning of 2009 that share had grown to three-quarters but the number had risen to over 4 billion.
• MySpace, YouTube and Facebook had over 400 million visits in the last 2 months – 6 years ago they didn’t exist
• 5 years ago we were talking about convergence – it’s here plus more• Average American teenager sends over 2,200 text message a month• iTunes Apps Store opened in July 2008 there are now over 350,000
Apps available
Citizen or User Volunteered Spatial InformationCitizen or User Volunteered Spatial Information
• Coined Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) by Mike Goodchild and others
• Examples include – Wikimapia– Open Streetmaps– GeoCommons
• Ordinary people become spatial sensors or reporters• Millions of potential sensors• Meteorological volunteers have leading the way
OpenStreetMapOpenStreetMap
WikimapiaWikimapia
Crowd Mapping and Social NetworkingCrowd Mapping and Social Networking
Crowd Map of Queensland Floods
Tweets on #qldfloods
Some Issues in Volunteered or Citizen Geographic Information
Some Issues in Volunteered or Citizen Geographic Information
• Non-geographic/spatial users supplying data• Large variations in quality• Greater level of subjectivity• Multiple entries• Possible IP issues and legal issues• Existing data standards not designed for ad-hoc users• Metadata variable
Conclusions and Challenges Conclusions and Challenges
• Spatial information and digital mapping is now more accessible than ever before
• Data integration and quality issues remain a significant challenge
• Greater use of mobile technologies and positioning systems to improve the currency and positional quality
• Citizens and users will increasingly have an important role to play in information collection and/or validation