some basics of strength of materials
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
STRENGTH OF MATERIALSTERM PAPER
By Daniel Robert. S Mohammed Mubeen. A
![Page 2: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Strength Of Materials : Mechanics of materials, also
called strength of materials, is a subject which deals with the behavior of solid objects subject to stresses and strains.
The study of strength of materials often refers to various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts.
![Page 3: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Rigid Body: A rigid body is defined as a body on
which the distance between two points never changes whatever be the force applied on it.
Practically, there is no rigid body.
![Page 4: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Deformable body:
A deformable body is defined as a body on which the distance between two
points changes under action of some forces when applied on it.
![Page 5: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Stress :
Stress is the applied force or system of forces that tends to deform a body.
![Page 6: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Tensile stress: A force that attempts to pull apart or
stretch a material. Example :
![Page 7: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Ductile behavior: Ductility is a solid material's ability to
deform under tensile stress.
Copper wires
![Page 8: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Compressive stress: A force that attempts to squeeze or
compress a material.
Here, the UTM is testing a concrete block.
![Page 9: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Brittle behavior: A material is brittle if, when subjected
to stress, it breaks without insignificant deformation.
Glass is a good example.
![Page 10: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Young’s Modulus: Young's modulus, also known as
the tensile modulus or elastic modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of an elastic material.
Named after a British Scientist THOMAS YOUNG
Its unit is “pa” or N/m2
![Page 11: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Thomas Young:
![Page 12: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Shear Stress:
Skating
![Page 13: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Strength of A Material: Strength is the ability to resist
deformation. The strength of a component is usually
considered based on the maximum load that can be borne before failure.
![Page 14: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Poisson’s Ratio: Poisson’s ratio, named after Simeon
Poisson, is the negative ratio of transverse to axial strain.
When a material is compressed in one direction, it usually tends to expand in the other two directions perpendicular to the direction of compression.
This phenomenon is called the Poisson Effect.
![Page 15: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Simeon Poisson:
![Page 16: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Thermal Stress:
Baking
![Page 17: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Thermal stress:
Thermal stress acting on the rails.
![Page 18: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Stiffness: Stiffness is the rigidity of an object the
extent to which it resists deformation in response to an applied force
Golf bats have high stiffness
![Page 19: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Axial Load: Axial loading occurs when an object is
loaded so that the force is normal to the axis that is fixed.
![Page 20: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Co-efficient of thermal expansion:
The degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material's co-efficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with temperature.
![Page 21: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Tensile strength: Tensile strength (TS) or ultimate
strength, is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before failing or breaking. Tensile strength is not the same as compressive strength and the values can be quite different.
![Page 22: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Bending: Bending (also known as flexure)
characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element.
![Page 23: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Stability of a structure: Structural stability can be defined as
the power to recover equilibrium.
![Page 24: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Compressive strength: Compressive strength is the capacity of
a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size.
![Page 25: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Thin shell:
egg shell.
![Page 26: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Spherical Shell:
Spherical container carries Oil, Acid and chemicals.
![Page 27: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Glue joint:
The wooden boards are joint using glue.
![Page 28: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Propped Cantilever:
A traffic signal post
![Page 29: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Overhanging beam:
World’s largest overhanging roof- Busan Cinema Center (South Korea)
![Page 30: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Hardened Materials:
High Speed Steel tools
![Page 31: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Helical springs:
Helical springs used in suspension
![Page 32: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Strain Strain, represented by the Greek
letter ε, is a term used to measure the deformation or extension of a body that is subjected to a force or set of forces.
The strain of a body is generally defined as the change in length divided by the initial length.
ε = ΔL/L
![Page 33: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Buckling of column:
Columns buckle due to over weight.
![Page 34: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Cup & Cone Fracture:
Cup & cone fracture in tension testing
![Page 35: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Sagging:
Sagging In bridge occurs due to weight of people.
![Page 36: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Hogging:
Hogging happens in pole vault stick due to his Weight.
![Page 37: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Heterogeneous material:
Gun bullets made with two different materials.
![Page 38: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Simply supported Beam:
The central horizontal beam is a simply supported beam.
![Page 39: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Bi-Axial Load:
In safety Nets, Tension acts in both X & Y directions.
![Page 40: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
UDL:
Water’s weight is distributed uniformly all over the dams.
![Page 41: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Inclined plane:
Inclined planes used for transporting objects
![Page 42: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Homogeneous material:
Wood
![Page 43: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Deformation due to self weight:
The bar attains elastic deformation due to self weight.
![Page 44: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Short column:
Short column in car parking.
![Page 45: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Cylindrical shells:
Body of an airplane.
![Page 46: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Strain energy:
Pogo sticks uses the strain energy for jumping.
![Page 47: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Continuous beam:
Danyan Kunshan Grand Bridge
![Page 48: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Change in volume:
![Page 49: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Cantilever beam:
Cantilever house.
![Page 50: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Fatigue load:
The thermal load applied on the rails continuously.
![Page 51: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Three point bending:
![Page 52: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Simple bar:
Baseball bat.
![Page 53: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
UVL:
The loads in the strings of suspension bridge varies uniformly.
![Page 54: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Isotropic material:
Connecting rod – material property doesn't depend on direction.
![Page 55: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Bending moment:A bending moment is the reaction
induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is applied.
![Page 56: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Fixed beam:
Stonehenge in England
![Page 57: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Stepped bar:
Stepped Bolt
![Page 58: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Tapered Bar:
Key used in Lathe
![Page 59: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Uni-axial load:
Kite Surfing
![Page 60: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Long Columns:
Columns in White House
![Page 61: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Elastic Deformation:
Archery
![Page 62: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Plastic deformation:
Destruction of buildings
![Page 63: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Shear Load:
Ironing !
![Page 64: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
THANK YOU
![Page 65: Some basics of Strength Of Materials](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/58f9adf7760da3da068b9dbb/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
References: www.wikipedia.com www.britannica.com www.engineersedge.com