solving the maths problem: international perspectives on mathematics education

8/3/2019 Solving the maths problem: international perspectives on mathematics education

1/27

]kcweò xldjaxl} vrkbcdj9

e`xdràxekàcvdr}vdmxewd} k`jaxldjaxem}dhtmaxek`

Djja @krre}

Gdbrtaru 2612


2/27

]kcweò xld jaxl} vrkbcdj9 e`xdràxekàc vdr}vdmxewd} k` jaxldjaxem} dhtmaxek`

Mk`xd`x}Amn`kcdhodjd`x} =

D|dmtxewd }tjjaru 8

E`xrkhtmxek` 7

Jdxlkhkckou xld rdmkjjd`haxek` xkjand }kjd krj k jaxldjaxem} mkj*vtc}kru t`xec a`h xld ehdèò k

D|dmtxewd }tjjaru


6/27


tvvdr }dmk`haru jaxldjaxem} vaxlau}xk e`mcthd a Jaxtrd OM]D a`h a Jaxl}kr Mexeyd`}lev qtacemaxek`

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Gtrxldr mk`}ehdraxek` k janeò

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k jaxldjaxem} dhtmaxek` e` Dòca`h

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7/27

7

E` xld }dwd` udar} }e`md Ahrea` ]jexl}

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xek` xlax jaxldjaxem} bdmkjd} mkj*vtc}kru kr acc }xthd`x} t`xec


8/27


< mkjvardh exl k`cu 4$ k Dòce}l}xthd`x} ,@tdch# 266% Xld}d e`xdr*àxekàc wareaxek`} hdjk`}xraxd xlaxhdmce`d a`h he}dòaodjd`x rkj jaxl*djaxem} e} `kx e`dwexabcd Wareaxek`} e`mtrremtctj# a}}d}}jd`x a`h kxldr dhtma*xek` vkcemed} jda` xld }xthu k jaxl*djaxem} e} hedrd`x hdvd`heò k` ldrdukt cewd

Xle} rdvkrx d|vckrd} hedrd`x av*vrkamld} xk jaxldjaxem} dhtmaxek` e`}dmk`haru a`h tvvdr }dmk`haru dhtma*xek` e` xld mk`xd|x k xld Wkrhdrja`Rdvkrx rdmkjjd`haxek`} Xld vavdrhra} xkodxldr rdmd`x rd}darml a`hvkcemu krn e` xld dch xk hra ktxndu xldjd} e`mctheò lu jaxldjax*em} e} ejvkrxa`x bkxl kr e`hewehtacaxxae`jd`x a`h brkahdr dhtmaxekàca`h dmk`kjem okac} a`h xld jae` mlac*cdòd} xlax le`hdr Dòca`h} }xthd`x}rkj jkrd }tmmd}}tc vdrkrja`md a`hvrkord}}ek` Xld vavdr xld` vrkwehd}d|ajvcd} k }tmmd}}tc kr veckx jaxl*djaxem} rdkrj} bdeò xreaccdh e` kxldrmkt`xred} xk }ldh ceolx k` a`h cdar` rkjvramxemd kwdr}da} xlax e} rdcdwa`x xk xldWkrhdrja` rdmkjjd`haxek`}


9/27

}darmla`h aàcu}e} k mtrremtctj a`h rd}darmlhkmtjd`x} k` }dmk`haru a`h tvvdr }dm*k`haru dhtmaxek` e` ]mkxca`h a`h LkòNkò> a`h a }jacc `tjbdr k e`xdrwed}exl ndu vcaudr} e` TN jaxldjaxem}vkcemu

Bamnorkt`h rd}darml

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d|vdrx vkcemu vavdr} rkj xld Ahwe}kru

Mkjjexxdd k` Jaxldjaxem} Dhtmaxek`,AMJD% a`h xld @tdch Gkt`haxek`Xld hd}n rd}darml ldcvdh hra ktx xldvkcemu mk`xd|x a`h xld jae` arda} kmkjvare}k` bdxdd` Dòca`h# ]mkxca`ha`h Lkò Nkò e`mctheò vdrkrjaxew*exu# vk}x*7 vaxlau} a`h xld rdcaxewdjdrex} k t`mxekàc a`h amahdjem mtr*remtctj a`h a}}d}}jd`x mk`xd`x

Ma}d }xthu rd}darmlk` avvrkamld} xk xldjaxldjaxem} mtrremtctj a`h

a}}d}}jd`x e` ]mkxca`h a`hLkò NkòE` ahhexek` xk xld hd}n rd}darml k`mtrremtctj a`h a}}d}}jd`x e` Dòca`h#xarodxdh rd}darml a} t`hdrxand` xkkbxae` a`h aàcu}d mtrremtctj hkmt*jd`x} rkj ]mkxca`h a`h Lkò NkòRd}darml hkmtjd`x} drd oaxldrdhrkj rdcdwa`x okwdr`jd`x hdvarxjd`x}rd}darml e`}xextxd} a`h xlrktol xld R]A

JdxlkhkckouVrekr xk bdoe`èò rd}darml

kr xle} vavdr ex a} aorddhexl KMR xlax ]mkxca`h a`hLkò Nkò ktch vrkwehdmkjvare}k` ma}d }xthed}k kwdr}da} avvrkamld} xkjaxldjaxem} mtrremtctj a`ha}}d}}jd`x e` }dmk`haru a`htvvdr }dmk`haru dhtmaxek`


10/27


,Rkuac ]kmedxu kr xld D`mktraodjd`x kArx}# Ja`tamxtrd} a`h Mkjjdrmd% a`hK|krh# Majbrehod a`h R]A D|ajeà*xek`} ,KMR% mk`xamx} krneò e` xld}dmkt`xred} Xld mtrremtctj hkmtjd`x}oaxldrdh a} a rd}tcx k xle} rd}darml vrk*wehdh xld jaxdreac dmd}}aru xk mkjvardavvrkamld} e` Dòca`h exl xlk}d kLkò Nkò a`h ]mkxca`h# leolceolxeò

bkxl arda} k mk`}d`}t} a`h arda} khedrd`md

D|vdrx e`xdrwed}E` krhdr xk vrkwehd trxldr mk`xd|x a`ha` kwdrwed k mtrrd`x hdbaxd} k` mtr*remtctj a`h a}}d}}jd`x avvrkamld} e`}dmk`haru a`h tvvdr }dmk`haru jaxl*djaxem} dhtmaxek`# ktr }dje*}xrtmxtrdhe`xdrwed} drd t`hdrxand` exl vkcemujandr} a`h d|vdrx} krneò e` xle} dche` Dòca`h a`h ]mkxca`h E`xdrweddd}drd a}ndh abktx9 Xlder vdr}vdmxewd k` xld jae` arda}

k hdbaxd e` rdcaxek` xk xld jaxl*djaxem} mtrremtctj a`h a}}d}}jd`x

Xlder vdr}vdmxewd k` xld jk}x ddm*xewd rdkrj} xaneò vcamd dexldr e`Dòca`h kr dc}dldrd

Ma}d }xthu ckmaxek`}Vrekr xk bdoe`èò rd}darml kr xle} vavdrex a} aorddh exl KMR xlax ]mkxca`ha`h Lkò Nkò ktch vrkwehd mkjvare*}k` ma}d }xthed} k kwdr}da} avvrkamld}xk jaxldjaxem} mtrremtctj a`h a}}d}}*jd`x e` }dmk`haru a`h tvvdr }dmk`h*

aru dhtmaxek` Xld}d mkt`xred} drdmlk}d` kr a tjbdr k rda}k`} Bkxllawd rdmd`xcu t`hdrok`d }eoèma`x mtr*remtctj a`h a}}d}}jd`x rdkrj e` krhdrxk ahhrd}} e}}td} k axxae`jd`x a`hvrkord}}ek` Bkxl vdrkrj bdxxdr xla`Dòca`h e` xld jaxldjaxem} }mkreò kxld Vrkorajjd kr E`xdràxekàc ]xthd`xA}}d}}jd`x ,VE]A% a`h Lkò Nkò e}k`d xld leold}x kwdr}da} vdrkrjdr} e`jaxldjaxem}# ra`neò xlerh e` xld jk}xrdmd`x VE]A }mkrd} ,VE]A# 266% a`hehd`xedh a} leol*axxaeèò bu xld @t*

dch Gkt`haxek` ,@tdch# 266%]mkxca`h a`h Lkò Nkò ac}k ktxvdr*

krj Dòca`h e` rdcaxek` xk jaxldjaxem}vrkord}}ek` e` tvvdr }dmk`haru dhtma*xek` Bkxl ]mkxca`h a`h Lkò Nkò acce`xk xld jehhcd bramndx k mkt`xred} e`leml bdxdd` 2 46$ k }xthd`x}mk`xe`td }xthueò jaxldjaxem} e` tv*vdr }dmk`haru dhtmaxek` ,e` Lkò Nkòxle} e} k 66$ }e`md jaxldjaxem} la}

bdmkjd mkjvtc}kru a} a rd}tcx k dht*maxekàc rdkrj}% mkjvardh xk Dòca`hleml acc} e`xk xld bkxxkj bramndx# e`leml k`cu 4$ k }xthd`x} mk`xe`td xk}xthu jaxldjaxem} ,@tdch# 266%

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jd`x a`h vrkord}}ek` rdmkrh} Acxlktol]mkxca`h e} kx a} leol*axxaeèò a}Lkò Nkò# a} a mck}d `deolbktr xlaxktxvdrkrj} Dòca`h k` bkxl axxae`*jd`x a`h vrkord}}ek`# ]mkxca`h ac}kvrkwehdh a` e`xdrd}xeò mkjvare}k` exlktr k` avvrkaml xk jaxl}


11/27

16

Xle} }dmxek` r}x vrkwehd} a bred kwdr*

wed k lu jaxldjaxem} e} mk`}ehdrdh}tml a` ejvkrxa`x }tbidmx bu dhtma*xekàce}x}# vkcemujandr} a`h djvckudr}bdkrd }tjjare}eò xld jk}x }eoèma`xmlaccdòd} admxeò axxae`jd`x a`hvrkord}}ek` ax }dmk`haru a`h tvvdr}dmk`haru cdwdc}

_lu hkd} jaxl} jaxxdr;

1. Jaxl} e} `ddhdh xk dqtev vdkvcd

exl xld }necc} xldu rdqterd kr dwd*

ruhau xa}n} a`h xk varxemevaxd e` xld

mlaòeò dmk`kju.Ba}em `tjdramu a`h qta`xexaxewd }necc}ard e`mrda}eòcu dmd}}aru e` acc ikb} krxa}n} e`mctheò bthodxeò a`h haxa*la`hceò A`h xld mlaòeò àxtrd kxld e`xdràxekàc dmk`kju jda`} xlaxjaxl} }necc} a`h n`kcdhod ard e` leoldrhdja`h xla` dwdr ]med`md# Xdml`kckou#Dòe`ddreò a`h Jaxldjaxem} ,]XDJ%e`ht}xred} ard bdmkjeò e`mrda}eòcu

md`xrac xk dmk`kjem mkjvdxexewd`d}}

a`h orkxl a`h ecc vrkwehd jaù kxld ikb} k xkjkrrk kr uktò vdkvcd,Rkuac ]kmedxu# 26% D`la`meò jaxl*djaxem} qtacemaxek`} a`h vrkord}}ekàjkò Dòce}l }xthd`x} jt}x bd varx kaù ckò*xdrj }xraxdou kr TN dmk`kjeorkxl a`h xk d`}trd ktr uktò vdkvcdard abcd xk mkjvdxd kr ikb} e` a` e`xdr*àxekàc jarndx Jaù }xthd`x} ard mtrrd`xcu tàard k xld marddr ahwa`xaod}xlax }xrkò qta`xexaxewd }necc} ecc vrkweha`h 86$ k djvckudr} lawd kt`h xlaxdjvckudd} a`h vrk}vdmxewd djvckudd}

camn dwd` ba}em `tjdramu }necc} xlax ard`dmd}}aru kr krn ,MBE# 2665% Ah*dqtaxd à`meac cexdramu e} ac}k `dmd}}arkr dwdruhau xa}n} a`h hdme}ek`} ,dobthodxeò kr macmtcaxeò cka` rdvau*jd`x}% xlax ldcv vdkvcd jand rd}vk`}eba`h e`krjdh à`meac hdme}ek`}

2. OM]D a`h vk}x*17 qtacegmaxek`}

ard oaxdnddvdr} xk a raòd k leold

Mk`xd|xJaù }xthd`x} hk `kx

rdace}d xlax jaxldjaxemacamecexu ecc bd `dmd}}aru kr}tmmd}} e` a raòd k leoldrdhtmaxek` }tbidmx}

,AMJD# 2616%


12/27


dhtmaxek` }tbidmx} e`mctheò dòe*

`ddreò# v}umlkckou# }med`md} a`h

}kmeac }med`md}.

Jaù }xthd`x} hk `kx rdace}d xlaxjaxldjaxemac amecexu ecc bd dmd}}arukr }tmmd}} e` a raòd k leoldr dhtma*xek` }tbidmx} ,AMJD# 266% ]tbidmx}xlax rdqterd jaxldjaxemac n`kcdhodd|xd`h bduk`h jaxldjaxem} a`h vlu}em}

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mkjvrkje}dh

=. Dòce}l tèwdr}exed} ard }ehd*ceèò

qta`xexaxewd a`h jaxldjaxemac mk`*

xd`x bdmat}d }xthd`x} a`h }xa camn

xld rdqte}exd mk`ghd`md a`h abecexu.

Xle} la} xld vkxd`xeac xk hajaod

}xa`harh} e` Dòce}l tèwdr}exed}.

Ejvrkweò xld jaxldjaxem} mtrremtctja`h a}}d}}jd`x mktch ac}k hrewd tv}xa`harh} e` Dòce}l tèwdr}exed} ]kjdtèwdr}exed} hk `kx ahwdrxe}d xld cdwdck jaxl} ddhdh xk mkjkrxabcu }xthu

varxemtcar }tbidmx} kr dar k le`hdr*eò avvcemaxek`} Gtrxldrjkrd# rdmd`xrd}darml }tood}x} xlax tèwdr}exed} ardjaroeàce}eò jaxldjaxemac mk`xd`x e`xld hdcewdru k hdordd mktr}d} bdmat}dDòce}l }xthd`x} ard `kx mavabcd k}xthueò ex kr }kjdxejd} bdmat}d xldcejexdh jaxldjaxemac amecexu k xdaml*dr} rd`hdr} ex hemtcx kr xldj xk xdamlahwa`mdh jaxldjaxemac mk`xd`x ,Jam*

E``d}# 2665% Gkr e`}xa`md e` xld }kmeac}med`md}# qta`xexaxewd rd}darml jdxlkh}jau bd docdmxdh Ex ac}k jda`} Dòce}ltèwdr}exed} ard `kx nddveò vamd exle`xdràxekàc }xa`harh} Ex e} mkjjkàjkò}x tèwdr}exed} kwdr}da} xk rdqterdahwa`mdh jaxldjaxem} qtacemaxek`}vrekr xk bdeò ammdvxdh k`xk rdcdwa`xhdordd vrkorajjd} E` a` e`mrda}eòcu

e`xdràxekàc jarndx# xld aectrd xkhdwdckv qta`xexaxewd }necc} a`h mk`xd`xahdqtaxdcu la} xld vkxd`xeac xk hajaodxld }xa`heò k }kjd Dòce}l hdordd}ajkò}x e`xdràxekàc }xthd`x} a`h xkhe}ahwa`xaod Dòce}l orahtaxd} e` xldockbac jarndxvcamd ,Vkrnd}}# 2664%

Xld mlaccdòd} ameòjaxldjaxem}A raòd k rd}darml }xthed} lawd bdd`t`hdrxand` xk d|aje`d xld vrkbcdj}xlax bd}dx xld }xthu k jaxldjaxem}

e` Dòca`h Hraeò k` }kjd k xldjk}x rdmd`x }xthed}# xldu mk`mcthd xlaxbrkahcu ktr amxkr} e`gtd`md axxae`*jd`x a`h vrkord}}ek` Ger}xcu# a orkeòmtcxtrd k vdrkrjaxewexu e` }mlkkc}>}dmk`hcu# mtrremtctj mk`xd`x xlax hkd}`kx mkrrd}vk`h xk cdar`dr `ddh}> xlerhcu#vrkord}}ek` vaxlau} xlax hk `kx rd*}vk`h xk cdar`dr ddh}> a`h àccu a camnk }vdmeace}x xdamldr} ,kr d|ajvcd }dd9Wkrhdrja`# 26> AMJD# 26> Rkuac]kmedxu# 26%

Vdrkrjaxewexu a`h a}}d}}jd`xA}}d}}jd`x e} a` ejvkrxa`x dcdjd`xk jda}treò }xthd`x }tmmd}} ld`mkjbe`dh exl a kmt} k` xld vrkmd}}a`h wactd k cdarèò ex}dc Lkdwdr amtcxtrd k vdrkrjaxewexu e` Dòca`h}}mlkkc} la} bdmkjd rktxe`d exl xlda``tac vtbcemaxek` k cdaotd xabcd} xlaxma` hdxramx rkj kmt}eò k` lax e}bd}x kr }xthd`x} Vdrkrjaxewexu jda`}

xlax }mlkkc} ecc vrekrexe}d mrdhd`xeacjae`xae` kr ejvrkwd cdaotd xabcd vk}xek`} Xld hdme}ek`} jahd xk ja|eje}mlkkc vdrkrja`md e` cdaotd xabcd} a`kx acau} e` xld e`xdrd}x} k }xthd`xa`h lawd e` amx cdh xk mkt`xdr*vrkhtxewd vramxemd} ,_ecceaj}# 266?% K`d }vramxemd e`mcthd} d`xdreò }xthd`x} ard k` xld bkrhdrce`d bdxdd` a M a`

OM]D orahd ,ed xld bkrhdrce`d bdxva}}eò a`h aeceò% e`xk d|ajeàxek`jtcxevcd xejd} a`h exl jtcxevcd vrkdr} _lec}x xle} ja|eje}d} xld `tjbdmla`md} bkrhdrce`d }xthd`x} lawd xk vxle} vrkmd}} hkd} kx dmd}}arecu ldcvxldj cdar` a`h od`te`dcu ejvrkwd a`ma` e` amx oewd re}d xk kr rde`krmd `dxewd ddceò} abktx xld }tbidmx

Darcu d`xru e} ac}k mkjjk` vram*xemd> e` 266 $ k }xthd`x} }exxeòOM]D Jaxldjaxem} drd 4 kr uktò,AMJD# 26% ]xthd`x} cendcu xk oaeva}} ard kxd` d`xdrdh darcu e` krhdr }mlkkc} xk ba`n xlder orahd} a`h xldherdmx cdarèò dkrx} xkarh} kxldr idmx} ]xthd`x} lk lawd ba`ndh orak` xld ba}e} k darcu d`xru mkjvcdxd x}xthu k jaxldjaxem} ax 8+4 udar} a`h ard vkxd`xeaccu hdvrewdh k a` dwdleoldr orahd lah xldu bdd` oewd` xldkvvkrxtèxu xk mk`xe`td cdarèò a`hxlder d|ajeàxek` ax 4 kr 7 ,AMJD26% Vrkd}}kr Ace}k` _kc he}mt}}xld vrekrexe}axek` k e`}xextxekàc mrdhxeac} kwdr cdar`dr `ddh} e` hdxaec e` xlrdmd`x _kc Rdvkrx ,26% a`h leolce

xld `doaxewd ejvamx xle} e} laweò k` jaxldjaxemac n`kcdhod a`h }necc} kDòce}l }xthd`x}

Mtrremtctj mk`xd`x

Mktr}d a`h d|ajeàxek` mk`xd`x la}bdd` mrexeme}dh kr aeceò bkxl }xrto*oceò a`h leol*axxaeèò }xthd`x} acen]xthd`x} lk }xrtoocd exl jaxldjaem} e` }dmk`haru }mlkkc} ddh mk`xd`xlax ecc }tvvkrx ba}em tjdramu a`hrdcdwa`x kr xld krnvcamd a`h dwdru*hau ced Jkrd abcd }xthd`x} `ddh xk b

ahdqtaxdcu vrdvardh kr xld }xthu kjaxldjaxem} ax A*cdwdc a`h bduk`hD|vdrx} arotd xlax OM]D Jaxldjaxea} mtrrd`xcu mk`mdewdh hkd} `kx jda}a jaxldjaxemac au k xle`neò a`hrdarh} ammtramu kwdr gaer ,Wkrhdrj26% Arda} k jaxl} leml ard jkrmkjvcd| }tml a} acodbra# jkhdcceò#e`wd}xeoaxek` a`h rda}kèò ard `kx o}tmed`x xdamleò xejd a`h ard dwd`

86$kg djvckudr}

lawd kt`h xlaxdjvckudd} a`h vrk}vdmxewddjvckudd} camn dwd` ba}em

`tjdramu }necc}


13/27

12

awkehdh xk jand xejd kr jkrd rktxe`dxa}n} dmd}}aru xk va}} xd}x} E` xldckò*xdrj xle} rdhtmd} xld jaxldjaxemacabecexu a`h mk`hd`md k }xthd`x} lk`ddh bkxl xejd a`h mlaccdòd} xk ora}vxld }tbidmx a`h jand} aù xra`}exek` xkA*cdwdc acc xld jkrd hemtcx Mk`xd`xac}k aec} xk vrkwehd }xthd`x} exl jkrdba}em tjdramu a`h à`meac cexdramu

}necc} ammkrheò xk xld mk`mdr`} k dj*vckudr kroaè}axek`} e`mctheò xld MBE,MBE# 2665%

Vaxlau}

E` mk`xra}x xk kxldr KDMH mkt`xred}#k`cu 4$ k Dòce}l }xthd`x} mk`xe`td}xthueò jaxldjaxem} ax A*cdwdc ,@t*dch# 266% Xld rda}k`} kr xle} md`xrdarkt`h xld cejexdh tjbdr k vk}x*7vaxlau} a`h xld aectrd xk hd}eo`vaxlau} xlax maxdr xk a raòd k `ddh}]xthd`x} lk hk `kx amledwd a M eÒM]D Jaxldjaxem} htreò }dmk`harudhtmaxek` ard kxd` rdqterdh xk rd*xandxlder OM]D Jaxldjaxem} ,}kjdxejd}rdvdaxdhcu% a} a rdqterdjd`x kr d`xru xktvvdr }dmk`haru dhtmaxek` ax acc Xlddjvla}e} k` amledweò a va}} e` OM]DJaxldjaxem} e} t`hdr}xa`habcd oewd`xld deolx ex marred} e` trxldr dhtmaxekà`h xld krnvcamd Btx kr uktò vdkvcdlk lawd acrdahu }xrtoocdh exl OM]DJaxldjaxem} e` }dmk`haru }mlkkc# xldvrk}vdmx k rdvdaxeò xld }ajd d|ajeà*xek` jtcxevcd xejd} e` tvvdr }dmk`harudhtmaxek` re}n} trxldr hajaoeò xlder

axxexthd xk xld }tbidmxUktò vdkvcd lk hk `kx amledwd a

B ax OM]D ma` `h ex hemtcx xk oae` avcamd k` a OMD jaxldjaxem} mktr}d a}a B orahd e} t}taccu xld jeèjtj d`xrurdqterdjd`x kr }xthueò jaxldjax*em} ax A*cdwdc Acxdràxewd qtacemaxek`}kr }xthd`x} lk a`x kr `ddh xk }xthujaxldjaxem} vk}x*7 btx ard t`cendcukr tàbcd xk }xthu OMD Jaxldjaxem}ard }marmd lkdwdr# a} Ace}k` _kc a`hkxldr} lawd `kxdh ,_kc# 26% Xldd d|e}xeò `k`*OMD qtacemaxek`}

}tml a} Grdd ]xa`heò Jaxldjaxem}Qtacemaxek`} ,G]JQ}% camn mtrrd`muajkò}x djvckudr} a`h LD+GD e`}xext*xek`} xlax vrddr jkrd xrahexekàc OM]D}a`h A*cdwdc} Xldrd ard `k jaxldjaxem}qtacemaxek`} leml }vdmemaccu maxdr krwkmaxekàc mktr}d} ,AMJD# 26%

Xdamleò

Xld ejvamx k leol qtacexu xdamldr} e}}eoèma`x A orkeò bkhu k dwehd`md}lk} xlax wareaxek` e` xdamleò qtacexula} a jaikr ejvamx k` ktxmkjd} a`hxlax# acc kxldr xleò} bdeò dqtac# xldhedrd`md bdxdd` laweò a` d|mdccd`xa`h a bah xdamldr e} dqtewacd`x xk k`dOM]D orahd ,evvr# 266% Ex e} xldrdkrd

mk`mdrèò xlax xldrd e} }tml a }lkrx*aod k }dmk`haru jaxldjaxem} xdamldr}exl }vdmeace}x n`kcdhod ,do a jaxl}hdordd% Ex e} d}xejaxdh xlax tv xk k`de` }e| }dmk`haru jaxldjaxem} xdamldr}lawd xra`}drrdh rkj a`kxldr }tbidmxa`h 24$ k jaxl} xdamldr} lawd `k vk}xA*cdwdc qtacemaxek` e` rdcaxdh }tbidmx},Wkrhdrja`# 26% Ackò}ehd }vdmeace}xn`kcdhod# jaxl} xdamldr} jt}x e`mrda}*eòcu t`hdr}xa`h xld ddh} k djvckudr}a`h xdaml exl xldj e` je`h

Xld au krarhXld mlaccdòd} kr ejvrkweò jaxl*djaxem} amledwdjd`x a`h vrkord}}ek` e`Dòca`h xldrdkrd md`xrd k` a}}d}}jd`x#mtrremtctj# vaxlau} a`h xdamleò axxk ndu vdrekh} k dhtmaxek`9 OM]Da`h tvvdr }dmk`haru dhtmaxek` Xldkcckeò }dmxek`} k xle} vavdr eccd|aje`d rktxd} kr ahhrd}}eò xld}dmlaccdòd} Xldu ecc ac}k mkjvard xldTN }u}xdj exl }u}xdj} e` ]mkxca`h a`hLkò Nkò Dòca`h hdd} e`xdràxekàc`krj} k` amledwdjd`x a`h vrkord}}ekè` jaxldjaxem}# bdeò k`d k k`cu }e|

KDMH mkt`xred} xlax aec xk dhtmaxd}xthd`x} e` jaxldjaxem} t`xec xldu ard< udar} kch A} jtml k xld hrewd krmlaòd la} md`xrdh k` xld arotjd`x}xlax Dòce}l }xthd`x} a`h e`}xextxek`}ard bdeò ktxvdrkrjdh bu e`xdràxekàc`deolbktr} a`h xld `ddh} k xld `de`xdràxekàc dmk`kju# xldrd e} wactd e`d|ajeèò lk jkrd }tmmd}}tc mkt`*xred} avvrkaml jaxldjaxem} dhtmaxek`kr 8 5 udar kch} Xld Wkrhdrja`Rdvkrx rdmkjjd`haxek` xk jand }kjdkrj k jaxldjaxem} mkjvtc}kru t`xec

< }lktch ac}k bd mkjvardh exl kwdr*}da} rdqterdjd`x}


14/27


Bdkrd d|ajeèò e`xdràxekàc av*

vrkamld} xk rdkrj k jaxldjaxem}dhtmaxek`# xle} }dmxek` k xld vavdr eccmlarx xld raòd k qtacemaxek` a`hmtrremtctj rdkrj} e` }dmk`haru a`htvvdr }dmk`haru jaxldjaxem} xlax lawdacrdahu bdd` xreaccdh e` Dòca`h kr ardmtrrd`xcu bdeò vrkvk}dh

]dmk`haru jaxldjaxem}Xld ]jexl ,2668% a`h Xkjce`}k` ,2668%rdvkrx} vawdh xld au kr rdxle`n*eò xld 8*5 jaxldjaxem} mtrremtctjexlxld aej k ejvrkweò axxae`jd`x

a`h vrkord}}ek` ]jexl rdmkjjd`hdhxlax xldxld` xlrdd*xedr OM]D Jaxl*djaxem} a} rdvcamdh bu a xk*xedr}u}xdj xlaxvrkwehdh acc }xthd`x} exlxld kvvkrxtèxu xk amledwd a va}} ]jexlac}kd`mktraodh he}mt}}ek`} abktxjaneò OM]D Jaxldjaxem} a hktbcdaarh ,}ejecar xk OM]D ]med`md% Audar caxdrxld Qtacemaxek`} a`h Mtr*remtctj Atxlkrexu ,QMA% cat`mldh ex}

Jaxldjaxem} Vaxlau} Vrkidmx. Xle}

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Jaxldjaxem} qtacemaxek`} ,lemlawd a kmt} k` t`mxekàc }necc}%}lktch bd rkccdh*ktx e` krhdr xk mraxd `d cdar`dr vaxlau} xlax eccehd` a`h e`mrda}d varxemevaxek` adòaodjd`x e` jaxldjaxem}

Xld hdwdckvjd`x k jkrd ddmxewdMVH kr mtrremtctj cdahdr} e` krhxk }tvvkrx xld hd}eo` k mtrremtcavaxlau} a`h vdhaokou leml t}dxld awaecabcd }texd k jaxldjaxem}qtacemaxek`}

]tvvkrxeò leol*amledwe o }xthd`hdwdckv ordaxdr amecexu kr acodbraaod 7 a`h kr xle} xk bd rdgdmxdh ae`md`xewe}dh xlrktol a}}d}}jd`x

Jaxldjaxem}e` }dmk`haru

dhtmaxek`Xld ]jexl ,2668% a`h

Xkjce`}k` ,2668% rdvkrx}vawdh xld au kr rdxle`neòxld 85 jaxldjaxem}mtrremtctj exl xld aej kejvrkweò axxae`jd`x a`hvrkord}}ek`


15/27

18

Gtrxldr }mrtxeù k qtacemaxek`}bkxl e` xdrj} k aàcu}e} k a}}d}}*jd`x hd}eo` a`h }xthd`x rd}vk`}d},@kud}# 266%

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a`h vrkbcdj }kcweò Lkdwdr xldrd rd*jae`} a mk`}d`}t} ajkò}x d|vdrx} a`hrd}darmldr} xlax a }eòcd aarh e} `kx xkr vtrvk}d a`h }lktch bd rdvcamdh bua hktbcd aarh a} }kk` a} vk}}ebcd ,krd|ajvcd }dd9 AMJD# 26> Wkrhdrja`#26> @kud}# 266% Hedrd`x jkhdc}lawd bdd` }tood}xdh kr lax a xk*OM]D }u}xdj jeolx ckkn cend Xld jk}xmkjjk` ard ktxce`dh bdck

Kvxek` 19 a }ejvcd hktbcd aarh

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a}}tjd xlax a ar ordaxdr krnckah a}e`wkcwdh e` amledweò a hktbcd aarh a`hxld aectrd k a hktbcd aarh xk rdmko*è}d rdcaxewd }xrdòxl} ,do a }xthd`xlk e} xacd`xdh ax t`mxekàc jaxl} btxcd}} mavabcd ax xldkrdxemac jaxl}% QMA`kxdh xlax kr jaù k xld}d rda}k`}#xld OM]D ]med`md ,Hktbcd Aarh%lah vrkwdh t`vkvtcar a`h a} bdeòexlhra` ,@kud}# 266% Xle} jkhdcla} cexxcd }tvvkrx e` xld jaxldjaxem}mkjjtèxu xkhau

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d|ajvcd }dd9 BBM# 266?% Xld Ahwe}kruMkjjexxdd k` Jaxldjaxem} Dhtmaxek`,AMJD% a`h xld QMA bkxl qtd}xek`dhldxldr OM]D ktch bd ammdvxdh bumkccdod} a} a oaxdnddvdr qtacemaxek`kr A*cdwdc jaxldjaxem} bdmat}d xldamahdjem kmt} k OM]D 2 ktch jandex xld jkrd axtrac }xdvveò*}xk`d xkahwa`mdh }xthu Xldrd a} ac}k mk`mdr`xlax }kjd }mlkkc} ktch k`cu kdrOM]D xld da}edr kvxek` e` krhdrxk ja|eje}d cdaotd xabcd vdrkrja`md

Kvxek` =9 a ce`ndh vaer+

xe` OM]D}]e`md ]dvxdjbdr 266# xe` OM]D} eÀvvcemaxek`} k Jaxldjaxem} a`h Jdxl*kh} e` Jaxldjaxem} lawd bdd` veckxdh buktr d|ajeàxek`} bkarh}1 Vrkmed`mue` ba}em xdmlèqtd} e} rdqterdh e` bkxlmktr}d} }k xldu }lard rktolcu =6$ mkj*jk` mk`xd`x Xld rdjaeèò }uccabt}kr Avvcemaxek`} e} hd}eo`dh xk ahhrd}}xld camn k t`mxekàc jaxl} }necc} a`hdòaodjd`x ajkò }xthd`x} bu ahhrd}}*eò rdac krch vrkbcdj} a`h }tvvkrxeòxld hdwdckvjd`x k }necc} }tml a} haxa

la`hceò a`h à`meac cexdramu D|ajvcd}e`mcthd bdeò abcd xk marru ktx d`xdrvre}dmacmtcaxek`} e`mctheò avvrdmeaxek` a`hhdvrdmeaxek`> t}eò jaxldjaxem} e` xldmk`xd|x k hkjd}xem à`md e`mctheòcka` rdvaujd`x} a`h d|mlaòd raxd}>a`h t}eò vrkbabecexu xk d}xejaxd re}n,KMR# 266% Xld Jdxlkh} }uccabt}kmt}d} k` jkrd krjac mk`xd`x e`mcth*eò acodbra# rda}kèò a`h odkjdxru a`hvrkwehd} xld kt`haxek`} }xthd`x} ecct}taccu ddh xk }xthu jaxldjaxem} axA*cdwdc D|ajvcd} k mtrremtctj mk`xd`x

e`mcthd t}eò acodbra xk mk`}xrtmx a`h}tvvkrx arotjd`x}> t}eò wdmxkr}> a`ht`hdr}xa`heò a`h t}eò mermcd xldkrdj},KMR# 266%

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jaikrexu k }xthd`x} ecc xand bkxl qtaemaxek`} Xld ce`ndh vaer la} bdd` avkvtcar kvxek` ajkò}x xld jaxldjaxem} mkjjtèxu a`h rdmdewdh xld d`hkr}jd`x k xld Wkrhdrja` Rdvkrx ,26%

K`cu

14$kg }xthd`x}mk`xe`td }xthueò

jaxldjaxem} e` tvvdr}dmk`haru dhtmaxek`

Tvvdr }dmk`harujaxldjaxem}K`cu 4$ k }xthd`x} mk`xe`td }xthue`jaxldjaxem} e` tvvdr }dmk`haru dhtmaxek`# e` }xarn mk`xra}x xk xld jaikrexuk KDMH mkt`xred} ,@tdch# 266%Xle} e} e` `k }jacc varx bdmat}d vaxl*au} kr jaxldjaxem} axdr }dmk`haru}mlkkc ard }k cejexdh ]xthd`x} lk aecxk oae` a va}} e` }dmk`haru dhtmaxekàrd kxd` mk`}eo`dh xk rd*xaneò xlderOM]D e` krhdr xk oae` d`xru xk tvvdr}dmk`haru dhtmaxek` Xld jae` rktxdkr mk`xe`teò xld }xthu k jaxldjaxeme} OMD Jaxldjaxem} a`h OMD Gtr*xldr Jaxldjaxem}# bkxl k leml ard

}xthedh bu leol*amledweò }xthd`x} lklawd a }xrkò e`xdrd}x e` xld }tbidmx a`hjeolx dcc mlkk}d xk }xthu jaxldjax*em} e` leoldr dhtmaxek` Xld kvxek`}ard cejexdh kr }xthd`x} rd*xaneò xlderOM]D kr kr }xthd`x} lk lawd `k e}lxk }xthu a` amahdjem jaxl} A*cdwdc a}a vrdmtr}kr xk leoldr dhtmaxek` a`h hk`kx maxdr kr a raòd k abecexu cdwdc}kr marddr a}veraxek`} ,AMJD# 26%Hdbaxd e` Dòca`h e} xldrdkrd md`xrdhk` lk vaxlau} kr hedrd`x cdwdc} kabecexu a`h e`xdrd}x e` jaxldjaxem} jeo

bd bdxxdr maxdrdh kr e` tvvdr }dmk`harudhtmaxek`

OMD Jaxldjaxem} a`h OMD Gtrxldr

Jaxldjaxem}

Xld d|e}xeò OMD Jaxldjaxem} a`hOMD Gtrxldr Jaxldjaxem} kmt} kàmahdjem jaxldjaxem} a} a vrdmtr}kr xk}xthueò jaxldjaxem} kr rdcaxdh }tbidme` leoldr dhtmaxek` OMD Jaxldjax*


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em} e`mcthd} mkjvtc}kru tèx} e` vtrdjaxl} exl kvxek`} xk }xthu }xaxe}xem}kr jdmlaèm} OMD Gtrxldr Jaxldjax*em} e`xrkhtmd} a raòd k `d a`h jkrdmkjvcd| mk`mdvx} e`mctheò luvdrbkcemt`mxek`}# mkjvcd| `tjbdr}# vkcarmkkrheàxd}# a`h hedrd`xeac dqtaxek`}Kwdracc xld}d qtacemaxek`} ard weddha} avvrkvreaxd kr xld }xthd`x} xldu ard

}drweò acxlktol AMJD la} rdmkj*jd`hdh xlax xldu vcamd ordaxdr djvla}e}k` vrkbcdj*}kcweò# jkhdcceò a`h xldmk`}xrtmxek` a`h mkjjt emaxek` k reo*krkt} jaxldjaxemac arotjd`x} xk d`}trd}xthd`x} ard dcc*vrdvardh kr jaxl*djaxem} e` leoldr dhtmaxek` ,AMJD#26%

OMD T}d k Jaxldjaxem}

Mtrrd`xcu bdeò veckxdh# OMD T}d kJaxldjaxem} la} bdd` hd}eo`dh xkjddx xld ddh} k }xthd`x} lk a`xxk mk`xe`td }xthueò jaxldjaxem} e`tvvdr }dmk`haru dhtmaxek` btx lawd `kxamledwdh a leol d`ktol orahd xk }xthuOMD Jaxldjaxem} a`h+kr OMD GtrxldrJaxldjaxem} E` xld va}x# }xthd`x} exla M ax OM]D a`h }xthd`x} lk lawdkt`h xld xrahexekàc A] mktr}d xkkhdja`heò lawd }xkvvdh }xthueò jaxl*djaxem} mkjvcdxdcu OMD T}d k Jaxld*jaxem} vrkwehd} a `d vaxlau kr xld}d}xthd`x}# vrkweheò xldj exl a` kvvkr*xtèxu xk }xthu jaxldjaxemac xkvem} e`vramxemac# rdac*ced mk`xd|x} Mtrremtctjmk`xd`x e`mcthd} ndu mk`mdvx}# vdr}kàc

à`md a`h hdme}ek` jaxldjaxem} ,AQA#266 kxldre}d xldrd e}a haòdr xlax xld qtacemaxek` ecc camnxld mtrrd`mu a`h nthk} k xld jkrd xra*hexekàc OMD Jaxldjaxem} e` }tbidmx}xlax ecc rdqterd }kjd jaxldjaxem} btx

hk `kx rdqterd OMD Jaxldjaxem}

Grdd*}xa`heò Jaxldjaxem}

Qtacegmaxek`} ,G]JQ}%

Grdd*}xa`heò Jaxldjaxem} Qtacema*xek`} ard a }texd k jaxldjaxem} qtace*maxek`} awaecabcd ax cdwdc # 2 a`h = Xldudrd eèxeaccu hd}eo`dh a} a jda`} kjddxeò xld ddh} kr jaxldjaxem} tèx}a} varx k vrd*wkmaxekàc vrkorajjd}btx drd qtemncu ehd`xedh a} a qtacema*xek` xlax ktch bd dqtaccu t}dtc xk }tv*vkrx }xthd`x} k` amahdjem vrkorajjd},@kud}# 266% E` xle} au xldu lawd bdd`t}dh xk brehod xld oav bdxdd` OM]Da`h A*cdwdc jaxldjaxem} a`h ma` xuve*maccu bd xand` bu leol*amledweò }xthd`x}lk lawd mkjvcdxdh xlder OM]D darcuXle} vrkwehd} a vaxlau kr leol*axxae`*eò }xthd`x} xk mk`xe`td jaxldjaxem}dhtmaxek` a`h da}d xlder xra`}exek` e`xktvvdr }dmk`haru jaxldjaxem} GJ]Q}ax cdwdc} a`h 2 ma` bd t}dh e` mkjbeà*xek` xk kbxae` a OM]D e` T}d k Jaxl*djaxem} Xle} a} a t}dtc vaxlau kr}xthd`x} lk lah aecdh xk oae` a va}}e` OM]D Jaxldjaxem} ax ndu }xaod 8

a`h kr }xthd`x} lk ktch `kx e}l xkvrkord}} xk cdwdc = }xthu k jaxldjaxem}a`h ktch `h xld kmt} k` avvcemaxek`}wactabcd

Lkdwdr# Kqtac lawd rdmd`xcu hdmeh*dh xlax axdr xld mkjvcdxek` k xld veckxvdrekh xle} qtacemaxek` ma` k ckòdrbd hd}eoàxdh a OM]D a`h ecc e`}xdahbd kdrdh a} a Mdrxemaxd e` xld T}d kJaxldjaxem} D|vdrx} e`mctheò AMJDlawd arotdh xlax xle} e} a }drekt} bckxk vk}x*7 vaxlau} Xle} e} bdmat}dxld Mdrxemaxd qtacemaxek` ecc cendcu

}xrtoocd e` xld jarndxvcamd exlktx xldnthk} k xld OM]D cabdc a`h ex} rkcd a} aoaxdnddvdr xk }tb}dqtd`x kvvkrxtèxed}e` LD a`h xld krnvcamd ,@kud} 266%

Xld Wkrhdrja` Rdvkrx ,26% rdmkj*jd`hdh xld ejvcdjd`xaxek` k a JaxtrdOM]D awaecabcd kr vk}x*7 }xthd`x} lklawd `kx amledwdh a M orahd kr abkwde` jaxldjaxem} a} a` acxdràxewd xkrdvdaxeò xld }ajd OM]D Jaxldjaxem}

mtrremtctj }xthedh e` }dmk`haru dhtmxek` Xld e`xd`hdh kmt} k a JaxtrdOM]D k` t`mxekàc a`h kxldr jkrdwkmaxekàc dcdjd`x} k jaxldjaxem}jand} xle} rdmkjjd`haxek` }ejecar xxld OM]D vrdwekt}cu kdrdh xlrktolG]JQ} cdwdc a`h 2

Jaxl} kr mexeyd`}lev

Xld Wkrhdrja` Rdvkrx ,26% ac}krdmkjjd h} xld mrdaxek` k a jaxl}vaxlau kr }xthd`x} lk ard xaneòqtacemaxek`} xlax e`wkcwd `k jaxldjem}# do xlrdd kr ktr ltjaèxed} A*cddc}# e` rdmkoèxek` k xld ejvkrxa`x rjaxldjaxem} la} kr acc tvvdr }dmk`h}xthd`x} e` hdwdckveò a`h jae`xaeè`tjdramu a`h à`meac cexdramu }necc}Xle} mktr}d ktch bd hd}eo`dh xk d`}acc }xthd`x} mk`xe`td xld }xthu k jadjaxem} e` krj} xlax ecc bd t}dtc xkxld krnvcamd ,}k xldrd ktch cendcu a }xrkò kmt} k` t`mxekàc }necc}% a`dwdruhau xa}n} ,do à`meac jaxl}# hla`hceò% Xldrd }ddj} xk bd }kjd mkjkàcexu bdxdd` xle} a`h xld ahwa`G]JQ qtacemaxek`

Xld ktr aarheò kroaè}axek`} veckxld OM]D Jaxldjaxem} c e`ndh vaer ard AQDhd|mdc# KMR a`h _IDM


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17

Xle} }dmxek` k xld rdvkrx ecc kdr

e`xdràxekàc vdr}vdmxewd} rkj ]mkxca`ha`h Lkò Nkò k` rdkrj k jaxldjax*em} dhtmaxek` e` }dmk`haru a`h tvvdr}dmk`haru dhtmaxek` exl a varxemtcardjvla}e} k` rdkrj} jahd xk ehd`}xthd`x vaxlau} a`h brkahd` xld av*vcemaxek` k jaxldjaxem} Xld ma}d }xth*ed} ecc }xarx bu ktxceèò xld }xaxd kjaxldjaxem} mtrremtctj a`h a}}d}}jd`xe` }dmk`haru dhtmaxek` bdkrd jkweòk` xk mlarx xld ca`h}mavd e` tvvdr }dm*k`haru dhtmaxek` e` bkxl ]mkxca`h a`hLkò Nkò

Ma}d }xthu9 }dmk`harudhtmaxek` mtrremtctj a`ha}}d}}jd`x e` ]mkxca`h]mkxca`h} dhtmaxek` }u}xdj la} rd*md`xcu t`hdrok`d a rahemac kwdrlatcxk vrkwehd xdamldr} a`h }xthd`x} exljkrd rddhkj a`h gd|ebecexu @d oteh*a`md kr mca}}rkkj xdamleò n`k` a}xld Mtrremtctj kr D|mdccd`md a}

e`xrkhtmdh e`xk }mlkkc} e` ]dvxdjbdr

266 Xld Mtrremtctj kr D|mdccd`mde} cd}} vrd}mrevxewd xla` xld vrdwekt}mtrremtctj a`h la} a `d djvla}e} kè`xdr*he}mevceàru cdarèò a`h vdr}k`*ace}axek` ,]mkxxe}l Okwdr`jd`x# 266 xld `ddhxk vrkwehd mcdardr vrkord}}ek` vaxlau}xlrktol }dmk`haru a`h tvvdr }dmk`harudhtmaxek`> xld arotabcd `ddh xk vrkwehda bdxxdr baca`md bdxdd` amahdjem a`hwkmaxekàc n`kcdhod a`h }necc}> a`hxk d`}trd a}}d}}jd`x a`h mdrxemaxek`bdxxdr jddx xld waredxu k cdar`dr `ddh},]mkxxe}l Okwdr`jd`x# 266


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a} be*cdwdc# acckeò }xthd`x} xk bdxatolx ax hedrd`x }vddh} a`h vrkord}}ld` xldu ard rdahu Gkr }kjd }xthd`x}#xle} jeolx e`wkcwd krneò xkarh}@axekàc 8 kr xk udar}# lec}x xldjk}x abcd }xthd`x} ecc bd abcd xk buva}}@axekàc 8 a`h @axekàc 4 acxkodxldra`h bdoe` }xthueò kr xlder Leoldr e`xlder bd}x }tbidmx} ,]mkxxe}l Okwdr`jd`x#

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Xld Jaxldjaxem} Leoldrkmt}d} k` amahdjem jaxl}

e`mctheò

jkrdmkjvcd|dcdjd`x} k xld @axekàc 4

mtrremtctj

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Xld }xrtmxtrd a`h mtrremtctj kjaxldjaxem} qtacemaxek`} ax @axekàc

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itèkr }dmk`haru dhtmaxek` xld aej} kbidmxewd} k xld mtrremtctj e`mcthd xjaxldjaxem} xatolx a`h cdar`dh }lktbd avvcemabcd a`h rdcdwa`x xk txtrd }ed}# krnvcamd} a`h dwdruhau cewd}# aodjvla}e}eò xld `ddh kr }xrkò t`mxekàc a`h amahdjem mk`xd`x Xldrd eac}k a` djvla}e} k` maxdreò xk hedr`ddh} a`h e`xdrd}x} xlrktol xld mrdax

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1

t`hdr}xa`he o xejd# xejdxabcd}# xejd

jaàodjd`x a`h }kmeac ejvcemaxek`}k vt`mxtacexu>

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mla`md a`h t`mdrxae`xu mk`mdvxk vrkbabecexu# lk }xaxe}xem} ma` bd

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a}}d}}dh d|ajeàxek` Gkr ahtcx cdar`*dr}# xld dcdjd`x k e`xdràc a}}d}}jd`xktch hra tvk` krn mkjvcdxdh e`mkccdod# djvckujd`x kr kxldr amxewexed}Xle} qtacemaxek` ecc vrkwehd }tv*vkrx kr }xthd`x} kr ahtcx cdar`dr} lklawd }xrtoocdh e` dhtmaxek` kr a`x xkvrkwehd mdrxemaxek` k `tjdramu krdjvckujd`x ,Xedr`du# 2665% Lkdwdr#xle} qtacemaxek` jeolx }tdr rkj }eje*car nthk} hemtcxed} xk Dòca`h} Grdd*}xa`heò Jaxldjaxem} Qtacemaxek`},G]JQ}% leml ard t`cendcu xk bdleolcu*rdoarhdh bu djvckudr} a`h leoldrdhtmaxekàc e`}xextxek`} mkjvardh xkjae`}xrdaj jaxldjaxem} qtacemaxek`},e` xle} ma}d# @axekàc 8+4%

Xld @d ]dèkr]dmk`haru }xrtmxtrdT`hdr xld `d amahdjem }u}xdj# accLkò Nkò }dmk`haru }xthd`x} ardd|vdmxdh xk mkjvcdxd xlrdd udar} kitèkr }dmk`haru dhtmaxek` kcckdhbu xlrdd udar} k }dèkr }dmk`harudhtmaxek`. ]xthd`x} ard rdqterdh xk

}xthu ktr mkrd }tbidmx} ,Mle`d}d ca`*otaod# Dòce}l caòtaod# jaxldjaxem}a`h cebdrac }xthed}%# a`h k`d xk xlrdddcdmxewd }tbidmx} rkj a xkxac k }tbidmx arda}. ]xthd`x} ma` ac}k }xthukxldr cdarèò d|vdred`md} e`mctheòad}xldxem# vlu}emac a`h marddr} dhtma*xek`# a`h mkjjtèxu }drwemd. ]xthd`x}ma` ac}k xand vrd*wkmaxekàc avvcedhcdarèò mktr}d} xlax mkrrd}vk`h xkckmac cabktr jarndx `ddh} a} dcdmxewd}tbidmx} e` ]dmk`haru 4 a`h ]dmk`h*aru 7 ,gàc xk udar}%.

A} a vdrmd`xaod k xkxac mca}}rkkj

e`}xrtmxek`# mkrd }tbidmx} ecc mk`}tjd84*44$ k xld mtrremtctj# dcdmxewd}tbidmx} *=$# a`h Kxldr CdarèòD|vdred`md} ,jkrac a`h mewem dhtma*xek`# mkjjtèxu }drwemd# vlu}emac hd*wdckvjd`x# ad}xldxem hdwdckvjd`x# a`hkrn d|vdred`md% 4*=4$ hdvd`heòk` xld }mlkkc a`h }xthd`x.,MHM# ?%

Ma}d }xthu9 tvvdr }dmk`harudhtmaxek` mtrremtctj a`ha}}d}}jd`x e` Lkò NkòE` 2665 Lkò Nkò kwdrlatcdh xldamahdjem }xrtmxtrd k }dèkr }dmk`harudhtmaxek`# e`xrkhtmeò xld @d ]dèkr]dmk`haru ,@]]% amahdjem }xrtmxtrd a`mtrremtctj T`hdr xle} }u}xdj# }dmk`h*aru }mlkkc }xthd`x} xand k`cu k`d rkt`h

k àc d|ajeàxek } ,raxldr xla` d|*ajeàxek`} ax 4+7 a`h ?+


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jaèvtcaxd jkrd mkjvcd| acodbraemd|vrd}}ek`} a`h rdcaxek`}# a`h avvcuxld n`kcdhod a`h }necc} xk krjtcaxda`h }kcwd rdac*ced vrkbcdj} a`h it}*xeu xld wacehexu k xld rd}tcx} kbxae`dh,@tjbdr} a`h acodbra%

krjtcaxd a`h rexd odkjdxrem vrkk}e`wkcweò 2*hejd`}ekàc }lavd} exlavvrkvreaxd }ujbkc}# xdrje`kckou

a`h rda}k`} ,Jda}trd}# }lavd a`h}vamd% e`xdoraxd xld n`kcdhod e` }xaxe}xem}

a`h vrkbabecexu xk }kcwd rdac*ced vrkb*cdj} ,Haxa la`hceò% ,MHM# 266?%

Xld Mkjvtc}kru Varx vtrvk}dcu bctr}xld amahdjem a`h vramxemac hdjarma*xek` xk d`}trd acc }xthd`x} lawd a hewdr}draòd k a}}kmeaxdh }necc} Daml }tbidmxarda e`mcthd} amahdjem a`h avvcemaxek`}mk`xd`x xlax aej} xk vrkwehd }xthd`x}exl t`hdr}xa`heò k d}}d`xeac jaxl*djaxem} mk`mdvx} ackò}ehd xld abecexu xkvtx xle} n`kcdhod xk t}d e` xld krch#do xk t}d rda}kèò xk }kcwd vrkbcdj}kr avvrkaml à`meac hdme}ek`} ,MHM#266?% Xld djvla}e} k` xld wactd k ama*hdjem a} dcc a} t`mxekàc }necc} kr acc}xthd`x} rdoarhcd}} k abecexu e} e` mk`*xra}x xk Dòca`h a`h ]mkxca`h ldrd xlddjvla}e} la} bdd` k` xld ejvkrxa`md kqtacemaxek`} xlax vrekrexe}d t`mxekàc}necc} kr cd}} abcd }xthd`x}

D|xd`hdh Varx

]xthd`x} lk ard jkrd abcd e` jaxl*

djaxem} kr ddh jkrd jaxldjaxemacn`kcdhod a`h }necc} xk vrdvard kr xldertxtrd }xthed} a`h marddr} ma` mlkk}d xkd|xd`h xlder }xthu xk e`mcthd a jkh*tcd rkj xld D|xd`hdh Varx Jkhtcd ,Macmtct} a`h ]xaxe}xem}% kmt}d} jkrdk` jaxldjaxemac avvcemaxek`}# ldrda}Jkhtcd 2 ,Acodbra a`h Macmtct}%vcamd} jkrd djvla}e} k` jaxldjaxemacmk`mdvx} a`h n`kcdhod ,MHM# 266?%]xthd`x} lk ktch cend xk cdar` jkrdjaxldjaxem} jau mlkk}d xld jkhtcdleml bd}x }tex} xlder e`xdrd}x} a`h `ddh}

Xld @]] rdqterd} acc }xthd`x} xk }xthujaxldjaxem} t`xec leoldr dhtmaxek`#trxldr dhtmaxek` kr djvckujd`x mkj*jd`md} Ex vrkwehd} k`cu k`d qtacema*xek` kr xle} xlax jt}x bd }xthedh buacc }xthd`x}9 xld Lkò Nkò Hevckjak ]dmk`haru Dhtmaxek` Xle} awkeh}vrkbcdj} k nthk} xlax lawd vcaotdh`k`*OM]D kr A*cdwdc qtacemaxek`} }tmla} G]JQ} a`h Mdrxemaxd} e` Dòca`h

Lkdwdr# xld Lkò Nkò }u}xdj e}je`htc k ahhrd}}eò hewdr}d cdar`dr`ddh} a`h xlt} acck} rda}kàbcd gd|*ebecexu exle` xld Hevckja mtrremtctj xk}tvvkrx hedrd`x cdar`dr vaxlau}

Xld @]] jand}jaxldjaxem} mkjvtc}kru

kr acc }xthd`x} bdmat}dk xld }tbidmx} dmk`kjemejvkrxa`md a`h xld ced*}necc}a`h brkahdr vrkbcdj*}kcweòabecexed} ex ldcv} }xthd`x}hdwdckv


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26

Xle} }dmxek` k xld rdvkrx breò} xkodxl*

dr hdbaxd} abktx jaxldjaxem} rdkrj e`Dòca`h rde`weokraxdh bu xld Wkrhdr*ja` Rdvkrx ,26% a`h dwehd`md rkjavvrkamld} xk jaxldjaxem} dhtmaxek` e`]mkxca`h a`h Lkò Nkò bdkrd kdreòa }dred} k rdmkjjd`haxek`} kr jkweòkrarh

Gt`mxekàc a`hamahdjem}necc}D`}treò xlax qtacemaxek`} ard btecxarkt`h cdar`dr} ddh} e} mrtmeac xkcdar`dr dòaodjd`x a`h axxae`jd`x

e` }dmk`haru jaxldjaxem} dhtmaxek`Xldrd e} rdcaxewd mk`}d`}t} xlax }tvvkrx*eò xld hdwdckvjd x k bkxl t`mxekàca`h amahdjem }necc} }lktch bd varx kaù OM]D Jaxldjaxem} kdr Itèkr}dmk`haru dhtmaxek` e` Lkò Nkòe`mkrvkraxd} bkxl t`mxekàc a`h ama*hdjem mk`xd`x kr acc }xthd`x} Xld a*wktrdh avvrkaml e` ]mkxca`h e} }vcexxeòjaxldjaxem} e`xk xk }dvaraxd qtacema*

xek`}# exl k`d kmt}eò k` amahdjem

jaxldjaxem} a`h xld kxldr k` t`mxek`kr ced }necc} Xld d|vdmxaxek` ldrd e}xlax xld breolxd}x jaxldjaxem} }xthd`xktch bd d`mktraodh xk }xthu kr bkxlqtacemaxek`} a`h xlax Ced}necc} Jaxl*djaxem} vrkwehd} kxldr }xthd`x} exlahdqtaxd jaxldjaxemac }necc} kr dj*vckujd`x a`h dwdruhau }extaxek`} Xle}e} cendcu xk bd k varxemtcar avvdac xkdjvckudr} lk lawd vrdwekt}cu mrexeme}dxld cejexdh jaxldjaxemac n`kcdhodk djvckudd} ,MBE# 266?% Xld ]mkxxe}ljkhdc dmlkd} xld ce`ndh jaxld

He}mt}}ek`Xld ]mkxxe}l jkhdc dmlkd}

xld ce`ndh jaxldjaxem}OM]D} mtrrd`xcu bdeòveckxdh e` Dòca`h lemlla} amledwdh }xrkò }tvvkrxajkò}x d|vdrx} a`hvk}exewd darcu ddhbamn rkjvarxemevaxeò }mlkkc}

,@kud}# 2616%


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jaxem} OM]D} mtrrd`xcu bdeò veckxdh e`Dòca`h leml la} amledwdh }xrkò }tv*vkrx ajkò}x d|vdrx} a`h vk}exewd darcuddhbamn rkj varxemevaxeò }mlkkc},@kud}# 266%

Gcd|ebcd a`h be*cdwdcqtacegmaxek`}T}dr*md`xrdh qtacemaxek`} xlax ard

kmt}dh k` cdarèò raxldr xla` vdr*krjaxewexu ma` ac}k bd hdcewdrdh xlrktola jkrd gd|ebcd avvrkaml xk a}}d}}jd`xXle} mktch e`wkcwd a mktr}dkrn a`he`*mca}} a}}d}}jd`x avvrkaml ,a} vdrxld ]mkxxe}l @axekàc 8 qtacemaxek`%kr cdar`dr} lk `ddh jkrd xejd a`h}tvvkrx exl jaxldjaxem} Be*cdwdcvaxlau} leml acck cdar`dr} xk jkwdbdxdd` qtacemaxek`} hdvd`heò k`xld d|xd`x k xlder vrkord}} ,a} exl xldgd|ebcd avvrkaml xk jkweò bdxdd`@axekàc 8 a`h @axekàc 4% acck rkkjkr ejvrkwdjd`x ajkò}x }xthd`x}a`h d`}trd xlax acc }xthd`x} ard abcd xkamledwd xld leold}x orahd vk}}ebcd E`*mrda}dh gd|ebecexu ac}k oewd} jkrd }vamdkr }xthd`x} xk hdwdckv a`h hdjk`}xraxdjaxldjaxemac gaer }kjdxleò d|vdrx}lawd }tood}xdh e} k` xld hdmce`d ajkò}xDòce}l }dmk`haru }mlkkc }xthd`x} ,Wkr*hdrja`# 26%

Mkjvtc}kru jaxldjaxem}t`xec 1 ba}em arexljdxem a`h kxldr amahdjemjaxldjaxem} ard arotabcu a` ejvkrxa`xdaxtrd k mktr}d mk`xd`x kr acc tvvdr}dmk`haru }xthd`x} a`h varxemtcarcu

kr xlk}d lk lawd `kx amledwdh OM]DJaxldjaxem} Xlk}d kwdr}ddeò xld vk}x*7 qtacemaxek` ca`h}mavd e`mctheòjkkxdh `d qtacemaxek`} }tml a} xldJaxtrd OM]D a`h a Jaxl} kr Mexeyd`*}lev qtacemaxek` }lktch mk`}ehdr lkxldu ma` e`mkrvkraxd a`h hdcewdr xld}d}necc} xkk


23/27

22

Jaxldjaxem} n`kcdhod a`h qtacema*

xek`} ard e`mrda}eòcu ejvkrxa`x oaxd*au} xk trxldr a`h leoldr dhtmaxek`# krmrtmeac ced*}necc} a`h e` krhdr xk rd}vk`hxk dmk`kjem mlaòd Btx xld au jaxl*djaxem} e} xatolx a`h a}}d}}dh e` Dò*ca`h la} `kx acau} ndvx vamd exl xld}dmlaòd} kr exl xld ddh} k cdar`dr}a`h la} cdx k`d e` ktr ahtcx} t`mxek`*accu e``tjdraxd ,Wkrhdrja`# 26% Xle}hdmce`d e} bu k jda`} a` e`xdràxekàc`krj> jaxldjaxem} axxae`jd`x a`hvrkord}}ek` e` orkeò dmk`kjed} }tmla} Mleà a`h E`hea e`mrda}d} udar k` udar

,Ntd`ye# 266


24/27


a`h axxae`jd`x ard rd}vk`heò xk mlac*cdòd} arkt`h jaxldjaxem} _lecdDòca`h ma``kx a`h }lktch kx }ejvcuejvkrx jkhdc} xlax avvdar xk krnkwdr}da}# d ma` ehd`xeu xld t`hdrcueòvre`mevcd} a`h avvrkamld} xlax jand krbdxxdr jaxldjaxem} n`kcdhod a`h }necc}ajkò vkvtcaxek`} Xld ma}d }xthed} e`xle} vavdr a`h vrdmdheò he}mt}}ek` e`

xle} }dmxek` k xld rdvkrx leolceolx }kjdk xld avvrkamld} xlax jeolx e`krj kroewd }xrdòxl xk ktr k` rdkrj}9 Xld `ddh xk vrkwehd gd|ebcd# be*cdwdc

qtacemaxek`} xlax acck }xthd`x} xkvrkord}} ax xlder k` }vddh a`h aejkr xld leold}x vk}}ebcd orahd ,a} vdr@axekàc 8 a`h 4 e` ]mkxca`h% K` xle}ba}e} xld ce`ndh vaer k jaxldjaxem}OM]D} mtrrd`xcu bdeò veckxdh }lktchbd rkccdh ktx amrk}} Dòca`h

Tvvdr }dmk`haru dhtmaxek` }lktchd|xd`h bduk`h rd*xand} dwd` kr}xthd`x} lk lawd `kx oae`dh OM]DJaxldjaxem}

Gtrxldr mk`}ehdraxek` k janeòjaxldjaxem} mkjvtc}kru kr acc }xt*hd`x} e` tvvdr }dmk`haru dhtmaxekè} `ddhdh a`h }lktch hra k` LkòNkò} @]] d|vdred`md

Xld ejvkrxa`md k e`mkrvkraxeòt`mxekàc a`h amahdjem dcdjd`x} ,e`*mctheò arexljdxem% e` }dmk`haru a`htvvdr }dmk`haru dhtmaxek`

Hd}eoèò a}}d}}jd`x arraòdjd x}xlax cejex vdrkrjaxewexu# kr e`}xa`mdxlrktol }kjd dcdjd`x k xdamldr*

cdh a}}d}}jd`x kr }xthd`x} }xthueòkt`haxek`*cdwdc qtacemaxek`}

Rdmkoè}eò xlax xkk jtml hewdr}exue` qtacemaxek`*xuvd ma` bd mk`t}eòkr }xthd`x}# dhtmaxek`*vrkwehdr} a`hdjvckudr} a`h xlax hewdr}exu e` mtr*remtctj mk`xd`x ma` bd a bdxxdr rktxdkr jddxeò hewdr}d cdar`dr `ddh} ,a}exl xld ]mkxxe}l Leoldr a`h LkòNkò} @]]%

K`md xld veckx a`h dwactaxek` k xldce`ndh vaer OM]D} e} mkjvcdxd# xldjaxldjaxem} mkjjtèxu }lktch mkjd

xkodxldr kwdr a k`d kr xk hau vdrekhxk mk`}ehdr xld beo vemxtrd a`h cdar`*eò rkj kwdr}da}# a`h hdwdckv hdè*xewd rdmkjjd`haxek`} kr xld txtrdk jaxldjaxem} dhtmaxek` e` Dòca`h

Xld rdmd`x gtrru k vkcemu amxew*exu k` jaxldjaxem}# a`h e` varxemtcarxld Wkrhdrja` Rdvkrx# }lk} xlaxktr vrkbcdj exl jaxl} mk`xe`td} xk

vrdkmmtvu vkcemujandr} a`h dhtma*xekàce}x} Xld ehda} a`h d|ajvcd} rkjlkjd a`h kwdr}da} xlax ard ktxce`dh e`xle} vavdr }lktch vrkwehd }kjd kkh krxlktolx# e` }kjd e`}xa`md} }xrdòxldèòxld ma}d kr e`xd`hdh rdkrj} a`h e` kxl*dr} vrkweheò `d a`h }kjdxejd} mlac*cdòeò xle`neò Bkxl ecc bd dmd}}aruxk rdace}d xld okac k mrdaxeò a krch

mca}} jaxldjaxem} dhtmaxek` kr acc


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28

Ahwe}kru Mkjjexxdd k` Jaxldjaxem} Dht*maxek` ,266% Vk}x*17 e` 2617

Ahwe}kru Mkjjexxdd k` Jaxldjaxem}Dhtmaxek` ,26% Jaxldjaxemac @ddh}9 xldjaxldjaxemac ddh} k cdar`dr}

Ahwe}kru Mkjjexxdd k` Jaxldjaxem}Dhtmaxek` ,26% Jaxldjaxemac @ddh} e` xld_krnvcamd a`h e` Leoldr Dhtmaxek`

AMJD ,26% Darcu a`h Jtcxevcd D`xru xkOM]D Jaxldjaxem}> awaecabcd ax amjd*tnkro

Ahwe}kru Mkjjexxdd k` Jaxldjaxem} Dht*maxek` ,26% Jaxldjaxemac @ddh} ]tjjaru

AQA ,266 lxxv9++`d}bbmmktn++le+dhtmaxek`+7=56?=}xj

Bcamn# M# Mla`# W# JamCarhed# I a`h CJtrrau ,2665% Rd}darml k` xld mk`}tcxaxek`k` xld d|x od`draxek` k axekàc qtacema*xek`} e` ]mkxca`h# Ev}k} JKRE kr xld ]mkxxe}lOkwdr`jd`x

Brk`# J# Brk`# V a`h Bebbu# X ,266?%E ktch raxldr hed9 Axxexthd} k 17*udar*kch}xkarh} xlder txtrd varxemevaxek` e` jaxl*djaxem}# Vrkmddheò} k xld Brexe}l ]kmedxu krRd}darml e`xk Cdarèò Jaxldjaxem}# Wkctjd2?

Mla`# D ,266% Mlaòd} k xld Amahdjem

]xrtmxtrd k Lkò Nkò Tèwdr}exed} e` 2612#]uh`du9 At}xracea

Mcexk`# I a`h Jter# R ,266% Rkkj krejvrkwdjd`x9 evvr} rd}vk`}d xk xld }mlkkc}lexd vavdr# evvr9 Ck`hk`

Mtrremtctj Hdwdckvjd`x Atxlkrexu ,MHM%,266?% Jaxldjaxem}9 Mtrremtctj a`h A}}d}}*jd`x Otehd,]dmk`haru 8*7%# LN]ARO

LJED ,2667% Ejvrkweò ]mkxxe}l Dhtma*xek`# a rdvkrx bu LJED k` e`}vdmxek` a`hrdwed 2662*2664# Ceweò}xk`d# LJED

LJED ,2665% Ejvrkweò ]mkxxe}l Dhtma*xek`# a rdvkrx bu LJED k` e`}vdmxek` a`h

rdwed 2664*266


26/27

Abktx xld R]A

Gkr kwdr 246 udar} xld Rkuac ]kmedxu krxld d`mktraodjd`x k Arx}# Ja`tamxtrd}a`h Mkjjdrmd ,R]A% la} bdd` a mrahcd kd`ceolxd`jd`x xle`neò a`h a krmd kr }kmeacvrkord}}. Ktr avvrkaml e} jtcxe*he}mevceàru#vkcexemaccu e`hdvd`hd`x a`h mkjbe`d} mtxxeòdhod rd}darml a`h vkcemu hdwdckvjd`x exlvramxemac amxek`.

_d d`mktraod vtbcem he}mktr}d a`h mrexemachdbaxd bu vrkweheò vcaxkrj} kr cdaheòd|vdrx} xk }lard `d ehda} k` mk`xdjvkrarue}}td}. Ktr vrkidmx} od`draxd `d jkhdc} krxamnceò xld }kmeac mlaccdòd} k xkhau a`h ktrkrn e} }tvvkrxdh bu a 2?#666 }xrkò Gdcck}lev amledwdr} a`h e`td`mdr} rkj dwdru gdch exla rdac mkjjexjd`x xk vrkord}}ewd }kmeac mlaòd.

Abktx xld atxlkr

Djja @krre} e} xld mtrrd`x A}}kmeaxd Herdmxkrkr xld Mk``dmxdh Mkjjtèxed} vrkidmx ax xldR]A. Vrdwekt}cu }ld a} a` R]A ]dèkr Rd}darmGdcck k` mewem dòaodjd`x a`h }kmeac it}xemd.

Vrekr xk ikeèò xld R]A# Djja la} krndh a} aRd}darml Gdcck ax xld E`}xextxd kr Vtbcem VkcemuRd}darml ,evvr%# a vtbcem vkcemu mk`}tcxa`x# ard}darmldr xk a ltja` reolx} kroaè}axek` a`ha} xld Vrd}ehd`x k K|krh Tèwdr}exu ]xthd`xTèk`.


27/27

Xld Rkuac ]kmedxu gkr xld d`mktraodjd`xkgArx}# Ja`tgamxtrd} a`h Mkjjdrmd

< Ikl` Ahaj ]xrddxCk`hk` _M2@ 7DY.88 ,6%26 ?5=6 4114

Rdoe}xdrdh a} a mlarexu e` D`oca`ha`h_acd} k 212828

Mkvureolx R]A 2612

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