solutions to me 'n' mineme 'n' mine social science...

Solutions to

Pullout Worksheetsfor class x

first term

Me 'n' MineMe 'n' Minesocial science

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Contents

(iii)

First Term

uniT i : HisTory [india and THe conTemporary world – ii]

4. making oF a global world Worksheets 1 to 9 ......................................................................................................................................... 4–12

5. THe age oF indusTrialisaTion Worksheets 10 to 18 .................................................................................................................................. 13–21

6. work, liFe and leisure Worksheets 19 to 27 ................................................................................................................................... 22–29

7. prinT culTure and THe modern world Worksheets 28 to 37 ...................................................................................................................................30–37

8. novels, socieTy and HisTory Worksheets 38 to 48 ....................................................................................................................................38–46

uniT ii : geograpHy [conTemporary india – ii]

1. resources and developmenT Worksheets 49 to 57 ................................................................................................................................... 47–55

2. ForesT and wildliFe resources Worksheets 58 to 64 ................................................................................................................................... 56–62

3. waTer resources Worksheets 65 to 71 ................................................................................................................................... 63–69

4. agriculTure Worksheets 72 to 78 ................................................................................................................................... 70–75

uniT iii : poliTical science [democraTic poliTics – ii]

1. power sHaring Worksheets 79 to 83 ....................................................................................................................................76–81

2. Federalism Worksheets 84 to 88 .................................................................................................................................. 82–86

3. democracy and diversiTy Worksheets 89 to 93 .................................................................................................................................. 87–91

4. gender, religion and casTe Worksheets 94 to 100 ................................................................................................................................. 92–96

uniT iv : economics [undersTanding economic developmenT]

1. developmenT Worksheets 101 to 109 ............................................................................................................................. 97–103

2. secTors oF THe indian economy Worksheets 110 to 117 ........................................................................................................................... 104–110

uniT v : disasTer managemenT [TogeTHer Towards a saFer india – iii]

• FormaTive assessmenT Worksheets 118 to 122 ........................................................................................................................... 111-112

pracTice papers 1 to 5 ......................................................................................................................113–146

History(First term)

foikameHT gn a bolg la row dl 5

Worksheet–1 1. Globalisation refers to an economic system in which there is movement of people, capital,

ideas, goods and services from one country to another. 2. Garibaldi was known as the ‘Bismarck of Italy’. 3. It is a route through which the traders moved Chinese silk from China to western countries. 4. 18 May 1848. 5. The British made canals in semi-desert regions of Punjab. Colonies were established

around these canals which came to be known as canal colonies. 6. Henry Ford was a well known car manufacturer. 7. Guyana and Trinidad. 8. The travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas

and inventions. The Indus valley civilisation had an active coastal trade linked with the present-day West

Asia around 3000 BCE. The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between

distant parts of the world. The noodles travelled to the West from China to become spaghetti. TheArabtraderstookpastatofifthcenturySicilyinItaly. 9. During the First World War, industries were restructured to produce war-related goods

like machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons, etc. on a massive scale. Entire societies were also reorganised for war. All able bodied young men above the age of 18 were conscripted into the army and the women stepped in to work in factories.

The economic links between some of the world’s largest economic powers snapped as theywerenowfightingeachother.BritainborrowedlargesumsofmoneyfromtheUSbanksaswellastheUSpublicintheformof‘Warloans’tofightthewar.USbecameaninternationalcreditor.TheUSanditscitizens,attheendofthewar,ownedmoreoverseasassetsthanforeigngovernmentsandcitizensownedintheUS.

Worksheet–2 1. Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange. Traders and travellers

introduced new crops to the lands they travelled. It is believed that noodles travelled to theWestfromChinatobecomespaghetti.ArabtraderstookpastatofifthcenturySicilyinItaly.

Manyofourcommonfoodssuchaspotatoes,soya,groundnuts,maize,tomatoes,chillies,sweetpotatoesandsoonwerenotknowntoIndiauntilaboutfivecenturiesago.Thesefoods were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered America.

2. ThePortugueseandSpanishconquestscolonisedAmericabythemid-sixteenthcentury.Europeanconquestwasnotaresultofsuperiorfirepower.Theycarriedalotofgermssuch as those of smallpox on their person.

HIST.

4 the making of a global world

6 oS c i a l S c e ni x–c e

America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against this disease that came from Europe.Smallpoxproveddeadlykiller.Onceintroduced,itkilledanddecimatedwholecommunities,pavingthewayforconquest.

3. The world changed a lot in the nineteenth century. Many economic, political, social, cultural and technological factors interacted in complex ways to transform societies and reshape relations between countries.

Onecanidentifythreetypesofmovementsor‘flows’inthetransactions.Thefirstistheflowof tradewhich in thenineteenthcenturyreferred largely to trade ingoods (e.g.,clothorwheat).Thesecondistheflowoflabour—themigrationofpeopleinsearchofemployment. The third is the movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances.

Allthreeflowswerecloselyinterwovenandaffectedpeoples’livesmoredeeplynowthanever before.

4. Population growth from the late eighteenth century had increased the demand for food grainsinBritainpushinguptheprices.Underpressurefromfarmers,thegovernmentrestricted the import of corn. These laws were commonly known as the ‘Corn Laws’. The industrialists and people living in cities forced the government to abolish Corn Laws.

5. After the Corn Laws were abolished, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated, and thousands of men and womenwerethrownoutofwork.Theyflockedtothecitiesormigratedoverseas.

6. Onecanidentifythreetypesofmovementsorflowsinthetransactions.Thefirstistheflowoftradewhichinthenineteenthcenturyreferredlargelytotradeingoods(e.g.,clothorwheat).Thesecondistheflowoflabour–themigrationofpeopleinsearchofemployment.The third is the movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances.

Worksheet–3 1. TheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)andtheWorldBankwerecreatedtomeetthe

financialneedsoftheindustrialcountries.WhenEuropeandJapanrapidlyrebuilttheireconomies, they became less dependent on the IMF and the World Bank. Thus from the late 1950s the Bretton Woods institutions, WB and IMF, began to turn their attention towards developing countries.

The newly independent countries facing problems of poverty came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers.

2. ThedevelopingcountriesdidnotbenefitfromthefastgrowththeWesterneconomiesexperienced in the 1950s and 1960s under the guidance of WB and IMF. They organised themselvesasagroup—theGroupof77(orG-77)—todemandanewinternationaleconomicorder(NIEO).NIEOmeansasystemthatwouldgivethemrealcontrolovertheir natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.

3. Despite years of stable and rapid growth, not all was well in this post-war world. From the1960stherisingcostsofitsoverseasinvolvementsweakenedtheUS’sfinancesandcompetitivestrength.TheUSdollarnownolongercommandedconfidenceastheworld’sprincipal currency. It could not maintain its value in relation to gold. This eventually led tothecollapseofthesystemoffixedexchangerates.

4. The IMF gave money to developed countries to help them reconstruct and reshape their


economy. They aimed at global stability of economies and better employment opportunities. To make this possible, they gave credit loans. They also maintained a balance in world trade.

Japan and otherwestern countrieswere helped by these institutions in postwarreconstruction and to help them have stable economies.

5. Untilwellintotheeighteenthcentury,ChinaandIndiawereamongtheworld’srichestcountries.TheywereimportantinAsiantrade.However,fromthefifteenthcentury,Chinais said to have restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation. Importance of the Americas increased gradually and it moved the centre of world trade westwards and Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade.

Ontheotherhand,untilthenineteenthcentury,povertyandhungerwerecommoninEurope.Citieswerecrowdedanddeadlydiseaseswerewidespread.Religiousconflictswerecommon,andreligiousdissenterswerepersecuted.Therefore,thousandsfledEuropefor America.

6. Traditionally, countries liked to be self-sufficient in food.But innineteenth-centuryBritain,self-sufficiencyinfoodmeantlowerlivingstandardsandsocialconflict.

Population growth from the late eighteenth century had increased the demand for food grain in Britain pushing up food grain prices. The government also restricted the import of corn. The laws allowing the government to do this were commonly known as the ‘Corn Laws’. Industrialists and urban dwellers forced the abolition of the Corn Laws.

After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated, and thousands of men and womenwerethrownoutofwork.Theyflockedtothecitiesormigratedoverseas.

As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. From the mid-nineteenth century, faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes, and therefore more food imports. Around theworld— inEasternEurope,Russia,AmericaandAustralia—landswerecleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand.

Worksheet–4 1. The depression affected Indian trade. (i) Indian imports as well as exports almost halved between 1928 and 1934. (ii) As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged. (iii) Wheat prices fell by 50% (iv) Although agricultural prices fell sharply yet the colonial government refused to reduce

revenue demands. (v) The prices of raw jute also crashed to about 60%. (vi) The peasants were under heavy indebtedness. (Anythreepointstobeexplained) 2. (a) The important inventions like the railways, steamships and the telegraph triggered

the economic growth in nineteenth-century. (b) Colonisation stimulated new investments and improvements in transport. (c) Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and

quicklyfromfarawayfarmstofinalmarkets. (d) The development of refrigerated ships helped in many ways. It enabled the transport

of perishable foods over long distances.


(e) Animalswerenowslaughteredforfoodatthestartingpoint(America,AustraliaorNewZealand)andthentransportedtoEuropeasfrozenmeat.

(f) This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe. Demand increased drastically as now it was much more affordable. Better living conditions and nutritious diet promoted social peace.

3. (i) Rinderpest was carried by infected cattle imported by British. (ii) Rinderpestspreadlikeforestfire. (iii) Within a few years, it affected the whole of Africa killing 90% of the cattle. (iv) The loss of cattle forced the Africans into the labour market. (v) ThescarceresourceswereundertheEuropeancolonizerswhoconqueredandsubdued

Africa. Anyotherrelevantpoint. (Anyfourpointstobeexplained) 4. TheFirstWorldWarboostedtheUSeconomy.TheUSbecameaninternationalcreditor.

After a shortperiod of economic trouble in the years after thewar, theUSeconomyresumed its strong growth in the early 1920s.

OneimportantfeatureoftheUSeconomyofthe1920swasmassproduction.Themovetowards mass production had begun in the late 19th century, but in the 1920s it became acharacteristicfeatureofindustrialproductionintheUS.Awell-knownpioneerofmassproduction was the car manufacturer Henry Ford. He adopted the ‘assembly line’ method of production which would allow a faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles.

Mass production lowered costs and prices of engineered goods. As wages of workers increased, they could now afford to purchase durable comsumer goods such as cars. There was also a spurt in the purchase of the refrigerators, washing machines, radios, etc. all through a system of ‘hire purchase’. There was also a boom in house construction and homeownership,financedbyloans.

Thehousingandconsumerboomofthe1920screatedthebasesofprosperityintheUS.Large investments in housing and household goods seemed to create a cycle of higher employments and incomes, rising consumption demand, more investment and yet more employment and incomes.

Worksheet– 5 1. After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply

than it could be produced within the country. As foods prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. From the mid-nineteenth century, faster

industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes, and therefore more food imports. Around theworld— inEasternEurope,Russia,AmericaandAustralia—landswerecleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand.

Railways were needed to link the agricultural regions to the ports. Harbours were built andmorelandwasbroughtundercultivation.Morehomesandsettlementswererequired.CapitalflowedfromfinancialcentressuchasLondon.ThedemandforlabourinAmericaand Australia led to migration.

Around 50 million people emigrated from Europe to America and Australia in the nineteenth century in search of a better future.

Thus by 1890, a global agricultural economy had taken shape, accompanied by complex changesinlabourmovementpatterns,capitalflows,ecologiesandtechnology.Foodnolonger came from a nearby village or town, but from thousands of miles away. It was transported by railway and by ships


2. The railways, steamships, the telegraphs were important inventions without which we cannot imagine the transformed nineteenth-century world. Colonisation stimulated new investments and improvements in transport: faster railways, lighter wagons and larger shipshelpedmovefoodmorecheaplyandquicklyfromfarawayfarmstofinalmarkets.

The trade in meat can be cited as a good example of this connected process. Till the 1870s, animals were shipped live from America to Europe. They were slaughtered when they arrived there. This process had numerous problems. Live animals took up a lot of ship space.Manyofthemeitherdiedorfellillandbecameunfittoeat.Asaresult,meathadbecome an expensive luxury and the European poor never afforded to buy it.

With the development of a new technology, namely refrigerated ships, it became possible totransporttheperishablefoodsoverlongdistances.NowanimalswereslaughteredforfoodatthestartingpointinAmerica,AustraliaorNewZealand—andthentransportedtoEuropeasfrozenmeat.ThisreducedshippingcostsandloweredmeatpricesinEurope.Now, thepoor inEurope could consumeamore varieddiet.Better living conditionspromoted social peace within the country and support for imperialism abroad.

3. In India, in the nineteenth century, indentured labourers were hired by agents engaged by European employers under contracts which promised return travel to India after they hadworkedfiveyearsontheiremployer’splantation.

Recruitment agents were paid a small commission by employers. Many migrants agreed to take up work hoping to escape poverty or oppression in their home villages. Agents temptedtheprospectivemigrantsbyprovidingfalseinformationaboutfinaldestinations,modes of travel, the nature of the work, and living and working conditions.

Many a times, migrants were not even told that they were to go on a long sea voyage. Sometimesagentsevenforciblyabductedlesswillingmigrants.

But, once on the job, workers discovered their own ways of surviving. Many of them escaped into the wilds, but if they were caught, they faced severe punishment.

4. In thepre-industrialperiod, thefinecottonsmade in Indiawereexported toEurope.With industrialisation, British cotton manufacturers and industrialists demanded that the government impose restrictions on cotton imports from India and protect their local industries. As a result, tariffs were imposed on cloth imports into Britain and the entry offineIndiancottonsintoBritainbegantodecline.

British manufacturers started searching for overseas markets for their factory-made cloth. Indian textiles now faced stiff competition from such cheap machine made products in the international markets. There was a gradual decline of Indian cotton exports, from some 30 per cent around 1800 to below 3 per cent in the 1870s.

While exports of manufactures from India declined, export of raw materials increased. The share of raw cotton exports rose from 5 per cent to 35 per cent between 1812 and 1871.

Worksheet– 6 1. Yes, it is true because in this war about 60 million people died, and millions were injured.

Of60millionpeoplediedinthiswar,mostofthepeoplediedawayfromthebattlefield.More civilians died in comparison of soldiers. This war caused a lot of destruction to world’seconomyaswellaseconomiesofdifferentcountries.CountrieslikeUKwereonthe verge of bankruptcy. Reconstruction of the world promised to be long and expensive.

Most of European countries and many Asian countries were destroyed by war and aerial bombardment.


2. Inthelate19thcentury,BritishmanufacturersfloodedtheIndianmarket.Rawmaterialand foodgrains exports from India to Britain and the rest of the world increased. But the value of British exports to India was much higher than the value of British imports from India. Britain had a ‘trade surplus’ with India.

Britainusedthissurplustobalanceitstradedeficitswithothercountries–thatis,withcountries from which Britain was importing more than it was selling to. By helping Britain balanceitsdeficits,Indiaplayedacrucialroleinthelate19thcenturyworldeconomy.

3.

THE MAKING OF A GLOBAL WORLD 27

Ans.


Chapter test

1. 1929-30 2. Germany,Austria-HungaryandOttoman-Turkey 3. It was a deadly cattle disease. It spread in Africa in 1880s. 4. Pasta 5. Africa was a country with rich resources and minerals. Europeans went there in search

of these and made colonies in Africa. They forced Africans who had become very self sufficientby changing inheritance laws, banning themovement ofmine-workersandtaking advantage of rinderpest, the cattle plague which devastated 90% of the African cattle. This shows how Africans were forced to become slaves in their own country and reflectsthedarkersideofcolonialism.

6. FactorsthatcausedthegreatdepressionintheUS: (a) There was mass agricultural over production. However, the rate of consumption level

waslessincomparison.Tomaintainthenetprofitfarmerssuppliedinmassnumberstothemarketwhichaddedtothesurplus.Thisbackfiredleavingpeoplejobless.

(b) TheUShadgivenloansandlenderspanickedatthefirstsignoftrouble.Theytookback loans and people who were unable to pay these loans were displaced from their homes. The Europeans countries too suffered a set back as they were unable to return loans.

7. In the nineteenth century thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers migrated to work on plantations, in mines, and in road and railway construction projects around the world. In Indiatheywerehiredundercontractsforfiveyearsforplantationworkandtheywouldreturn back home once the contract and work was over. Most Indian indentured workers camefromthepresent-dayregionsofeasternUttarPradesh,Bihar,centralIndiaandthedrydistrictsofTamilNadu.Thecircumstancesthattookshapeinthemid-19thcenturycompelled them to migrate. Cottage industries declined, land rent rose, lands were cleared for mine and plantations. All this affected the lives of the poor people. Many believed indenture was nothing but a ‘new system of slavery’ as the living and working conditions of labourers were harsh and they had few legal rights.

Formative assessment

Worksheet– 7

1. germs of small pox 2. International Monetary Fund; World Bank; global economic stability; employment 3. China; southeast Asia; gold; silver 4. World war; household 5. Indian imports; 50 percent 6. USA 7. Carribean islands; Fiji 8. EI Dorado; El Dorado 9. Punjab; canal colonies 10. assembly line


Worksheet– 8

1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. T

Worksheet– 9

1. The picture tells us about the indentured labourers and they were given numbers instead of names. An indentured labourer was a bonded labourer who had signed a contract to workforanemployerforaspecificperiodoftimeandtopayforhispassagetoanewcountry. A labourer most often was a daily wage worker.

2. Thelabourersweregivenidentificationnumbersbecauseitwaseasytoremembernumbersand not names. The owners by giving numbers could also keep a count on the number of indentured labourers he had.

3. TheirmaindestinationwasCaribbeanIslands(Trinidad,Guyana,Surinam,Mauritiusand Fiji)

4. They developed new cultural forms in which people of all races and religions joined.

13foegaeHT udni Ts lar si Ta oi ni

HIST.

5 the age of industrialisation

Worksheet– 10 1. Richard Arkwright 2. The British did not allow cotton weavers to export their products. 3. In the year 1917 in Calcutta 4. Seth Hukumchand 5. Cotton industry 6. James Watt 7. Mathew Boulton 8. America 9. In India 10. Bird Heiglers and Co., Andrew Yule, Jardine Skinner 11. SteamEngineincreasedproductivityandefficiencyofindustries.Therewere80steam

engines in cotton industries, 9 in wool and the rest in mining, canal works and iron works.

Worksheet– 11 1. A number of products could be produced only with hand labour. Many goods with intricate

designsandspecificshapescouldbeonlyhandmade.Aristocratsandbourgeosiepreferredrefinedandclassyproductswhichwerehandmade.

2. Peoplemovedfromvillagestocitiesinlargenumbersbuttheycouldnotfindjobseasily.Seasonaljobscouldbeeasilyfoundbuttheaveragedailyincomeofworkersgotreducedandfinallythewagesandlivingconditionsremainedpoor.

3. After 1840, several kinds of constructions and building activities started in cities. They included road building, tunnel making, construction of drainage, sewage drains and railways.Theyprovidedjobopportunities.

4. Before the advent of machines, industries like silk and cotton from India dominated the textiles market in the world. The cotton produced were coarser in many countries, but thefinervarietiesoftencamefromIndia.Apredominantsearouteoperatedthroughthemainpre-colonialports.SuratontheGujaratcoastconnectedIndiatotheGulfandRedSea Ports; Masulipatnam on the Coromandel Coast and Hooghly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.

5. When the cotton textile industries began expanding in England the company was keen on expanding control over Indian trade.

When they established political control over Bengal and Carnatic they could assert their monopoly tight and eliminate competition.

6. In the 18th century, Indian merchants and bankers controlled the network of export trade.Theyfinancedandcarriedgoodsandsuppliedtoexportersintheports.By1750sthis control was breaking down and the European Companies gradually gained power by securing a number of concessions from local courts and over a period of time new ports controlled by European Companies emerged.

Worksheet– 12

1. (i) As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside.


(ii) At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactured goods in Indian markets as well. Thus, exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early 19th century.

(iii) At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. But by 1850, cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent ofthevalueofIndianimports,andbythe1870sthisfigurewas50percent.

(iv) Thus, export market collapsed and the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports. Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were very cheap. This again became a major cause for the decline of the Indian textile industries.

2. Cotton weavers faced several problems: (i) Their export market collapsed and the local market shrank, being glutted with

Manchester imports. Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them. By the 1850s, several weaving regions of India declined.

(ii) Bythe1860s,weaversfacedanotherproblem.Theycouldnotgetsufficientsupplyofrawcottonofgoodquality.WhentheAmericanCivilWarbrokeoutandcottonsuppliesfromtheUSwerecutoff,BritainturnedtoIndia.Asrawcottonexportsfrom India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up. Indian weavers were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at very high prices. In such a situation weaving industries could not survive.

(iii) By the end of the nineteenth century, weavers and craftspersons faced yet another problem.FactoriesinIndiabeganproductionandthemarketbegantobefloodedwith machine goods. This again posed a problem before the weavers.

3. (i) Living in unhygienic slums was very dangerous for the poor. (ii) Slumswereharmfulnotonlytotheslumdwellersbutalsotothegeneralpublic. (iii) Inslums,therewasalwaysfearoffirehazards. (iv) After the Russian revolution of 1917, it was felt that the people who are slum dwellers

may not rebel. (Anyfourpointstobeexplained) 4. (i) There was no shortage of labour at that period of time. (ii) Installationofmachineryrequiredlargecapitalinvestmentwhichtheindustrialists

did not want to invest. (iii) Inseasonalindustries,onlyseasonallabourwasrequired. (iv) Intricatedesignsanddifferentsamplesrequiredhumanskillsonly. (v) In Victorian Age, the aristocrats and other upper class people preferred articles made

by hand. Any other relevant point. (Anyfourpointstobeexplained)

5. IndustrialproductioninIndiawereincreasedduringthefirstworldwarduetofollowing: (i) The First World War gave a boost to Indian industries. (ii) The British mills were busy with production of war materials to meet the needs of

army.


(iii)Manchester imports into IndiadeclinedSunddenly Indianmillshadavasthomemarket to supply.

(iv) As the war prolonged Indian factories were called upon to su;;y war needs also such asJutebags,clothforuniformofsoldiers,tents,leatherboots,etc.,andlotsofotheritems.

(v) Newfactoriesweresetupandoldonesorgainsedmultipleshifts,duringthewaryearsIndian industries boomed.

6. After World War I the British manufacturers could not capture their old position in the IndiamarketbecausetheywereunabletomoderniseendcompetewithU.S.GermanytheJapan.TheBritisheconomycrumbleafterthewar.Cottonproductiondeclinedandexportof cotton cloth fell down. Local industrialists re-established their position by substituting foreign manufactures and selling goods in home market.

Worksheet– 13

1. There were two problems: (a) Their export market collapsed and the local market shrank being glutted with the

Manchester imports. —goodswereproducedbymachinesatthelowerprice,theimportedgoodswereso

cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them. (b) By1860s,weaversfacedanewproblem,theycouldnotgetsufficientsupplyofraw

cottonofgoodquality. —WhentheAmericanCivilWarbrokeoutandthecottonsuppliesfromtheUSwere

cut off, Britain turned to India and as the exports increased the prices shot up. —WeaversinIndiawereforcedtobuyitatveryhighprices. (c) FactoriesinIndiabeganfloodingthemarketwithmachine-madegoods. 2. First factories set-up in India: — ThefirstcottonmillthatcameupinIndiawassetupin1854. — In1855,inBengal,firstjutemillwasestablished. — InthenorthIndiatheElginmillwassetupinKanpurin1860. — AcottonmillcameupinAhmedabadin1861. — In1874,firstspinningandweavingmillwassetupinMadras. 3. Factories needed workers and their demand was increasing. — Inthemostindustrialregionsworkerscamefromthedistrictsaround.Peasantsand

workerswhofoundnoworkinthevillage,wenttoindustrialcentres.(over50%workersin Bombay cotton industry in 1911 came from the neighouring district of Ratnagiri)

— Workerstravelledgreatdistancesinthehopetogetworkinthemills. 4. Gettingjobswasalwaysdifficultbecause: (a) the number of job seekers was more than the jobs. (b) entry into mills was restricted. (c) theJobberstarteddemandingmoneyandgiftsforgettingthemjobs. 5. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. He was often an old and

trusted worker who got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle and provided them money in times of crisis.


6. (a) This phase of industrialisation took shape in the 17th and 18th century. (b) Merchants in towns moved to villages to persuade artisans to produce for an

international market. (c) Poorpeasantsandartisansinvillagesbeganworkingforthemerchantsfromtheir

houses to make a little extra income. (d) This system is generally called the domestic system or family based production using

primitive tools and backward methods of production. 7. After 1840, several kinds of constructions and building activities started in cities. They

included road building, tunnel making, construction of drainage, sewage drains and railways. They provided job opportunities.

Worksheet– 14

1. (a) Before the age of industrialisation, silk and cotton goods made in India dominated the international market in textiles.

(b) OthercountriesproducedonlycoarsercottonbutfinervarietiescamefromIndia. (c) The American merchants took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and

CentralAsiaandtheBalesoffinecottonwerecarriedoncamelbackviatheNWFP,through mountain passes across deserts.

(d)Seatradeoperatedthroughthepre-colonialports—SuratonGujaratcoastconnectedIndiatotheGulfandRedSeaports;MasulipatnamontheCoromandelcoastandHooghlyinBengalhadtradelinkswiththeSouth-eastAsianports.

(e) AvarietyofIndianandmerchantsbankerswereinvolvedintheexporttrade–financingproduction, carrying goods and supplying exporters.

(f) Supplymerchantslinkedtheporttownstotheinlandregions.theygaveadvancestoweavers, procured woven cloth and carried supply to the ports.

(g) At the ports the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

(h) By 1750, this network was breaking down. 2. TheEuropeancompaniesgraduallygainedpower,firstsecuringavarietyofconcessions

from local courts then the monopoly rights to trade. (a)ThisresultedinthedeclineofoldportsofSuratandHooghly. —exportsfromtheseportsfelldramatically,creditthathadfinancedearliertrade

began drying up, and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt. (b)WhileSuratandHooghlyportsdecayedBombayandCalcuttaportsgrew. (c) Trade through new ports came to be controlled by the European companies in their

ships. (d) Those who wanted to survive, had to now operate within the network shaped by

European trading companies. 3. (a) Initially the indian industries did not decline as the British cotton industries had not

yetexpandedandIndianfinetextileswereingreatdemand.Sothecompanywaskeenon expanding the textile exports from India.

(b) As cotton industry developed in England, the industrial groups pressurised the government in impose import duties on cotton textiles so that their own goods could be sold in their home market without facing any competition from outside. This affected Indian textiles because India was the largest exporter of textiles to England.


(c) British industrialists persuaded East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets.AstheBritishgoodsfloodedthemarkets,Indiantextilesindustrywashithard.Indianhand-madegoodscouldnotcompetewithfinemachinemadegoods.Handmadegoods were more expensive than machine made goods which were easier to sell.

(d)TherewasagreatscarcityofgoodqualityrawcottoninIndiaasthesewereexportedto England for their factories. Indian textiles began to decline because weavers were unable to pay such high price for the raw cotton. From an exporter of fextiles, India became an exporter of raw cotton.

4. Early entrepreneurs of India: In the 18th century during the opium trade there were many Indian junior players in this trade. — havingearnedthroughthistrade,someofthesehadavisionsofdevelopingindustrial

enterprises in India. — capitalwasaccumulatedthroughothertradenetworks.SomemerchantsfromMadras

traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa. — therewereotherswhowerenotdirectlyinvolvedinexternaltradebutoperatedwithin

Indiacarryinggoods,transferringfundsbetweencities,bankingmoneyandfinancingtraders. When the opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up their industries.

Examples: (a) In Bengal Dwarkanath Tagore had set up six joint stock companies in 1830s and 40s. (b) InBombayParsislikeDinshawPetitandJamsetjeeNusserwanjeeTatabuilthuge

industrial empires in India. (c) SethHukumchand,aMarwaribusinessmanhadsetupthefirstIndianjutemillinCalcutta

in 1917, so did the father and grandfather of the famous industrialist G.D. Birla. When colonial control tightened, the space for Indian merchants became limited and

they were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods and were to export onlyrawmaterialsandfoodgrains–rawcotton,opium,wheatandindigowererequiredby the Britishers. They were also gradually edged out of the shipping business.

Worksheet– 15

1. We agree with the fact that industrialisation gave rise to capitalism and imperialism. In industrialisation two things are very much necessary for industries. First one is raw material for continuous and uninteruppted production of industries and second thing is markettosellthefinishedormanufacturedproductofindustries.Industrialisedcountriesused the policy of protection for their industries so that new industries could be saved from stiff competition. That’s why heavy taxes were imposed on imported goods. In this way, these industrieswere developed.Next problemwhich these industrial nationsfaced was problem of market. They chose those countries where industrialisation had not reached yet. That’s why industrial nations began to occupy those nations. Hence, European countries made different colonies in Asia and Africa. In this way, they began earningtwo-wayprofit.Firstonewascheaprawmaterialandsecondonewasmarketforindustrialproduce.Soafterlookingatthiswecansaythatindustrialisationgaverisetocapitalism and imperialism.


2. Urbandevelopmentisdirectlyrelatedtothecostofecologyandenvironment.Citiesarehaving factories, houses and other institutions and these can be made at the expense of naturalconditions.Naturalandcleanairorwaterisbeingpollutedbyurbanwaste.Noisepollution is also a commonly seen in urban areas.

Examples: (i) Industrial revolution came in England in the 18th century which took great pace in

19th century. It led to widespread use of coal in cities and in factories. Industrial cities like, Leeds, Manchester, etc. had hundreds of chimneys which spewed poisonous smoke into the sky. It led to many skin and other problems.

(ii) People raised their voice against pollution and they wanted to control pollution through legislation. It was not easy because industrialists were hardly in favour of spending money on technology to control pollution. But Leeds, Manchester and Derby made laws by 1840’s to control pollution.

3. The World War I began in 1914 A.D. and ended in 1919 A.D. This war changed the economic life of the people in Britain. The city of Manchester was unable to recapture its earlier position in the Indian market. British economy crumbled after the war because of loss of wealth in war and then it was unable to compete and modernise with Germany, JapanandUSA.USprovidedloantoBritaintostrengthenhereconomy.

Agricultural and industrial production decreased and unemployment increased. Export ofcottonclothfromBritaincollapsedbecausecottonproductioncollapsed.Notonlythis,local industries of British colonies consolidated their position and it adversely affected the British export to its colonies.

4. Merits: (i) It led to invention of new technology with which life of the people became very easy. (ii) Newinventionsledtoadventofarticlesofleisure.Withthesearticleslifeofthepeople

became very easy. 3. Large scale production of articles led to reduced prices of things. Even common men

were able to buy all those articles of leisure. 4. It led to invention of modern means of transport and communication and world trade

or globalisation increased. Demerits: 1. Because of industrial revolution, new industries with large scale production were

developed. It led to destruction of small scale and cottage industries. 2. With the destruction of small scale and cottage industries, artisans and handicraftsman

became unemployed. They moved towards urban areas and as a result, urban areas became overcrowded.

3. Industrial revolution gave rise to capitalism. Large scale production, availability of cheap raw material and markets led to accumulation of wealth. It gave rise to capitalism.

4. Industrial revolution and capitalismalso gave rise to imperialism.Need of rawmaterialandsearchofmarketledtoconquestofdifferentcountriesandit ledtoimperialism.

5. It led to development of many social problems like poverty, unemployment, slums, over crowdedness in urban areas, destruction of cottage and small scale industries etc.


Worksheet– 16 1.

3

1

2

Newcastle

Manchester

London


2.

1

2Bombay

(a) Madras

Calcutta(Bengal)

Chapter test

1. Flying shuttle was a mechanical device for weaving. 2. Cotton textile industry, Metallic industry 3. AtKanpur 4. Astheconstructionworkintensified,railwaystationscameup,roadsbuilt,employment

opportunities greatly increased.


5. Merits: (i) It led to invention of new technology with which life of the people became very easy. (ii) Newinventionsledtoadventofarticlesofleisure.Withthesearticleslifeofthepeople

became very easy. (iii) Large scale production of articles led to reduced prices of things. Even common men

were able to buy all those articles of leisure. (iv) It led to invention of modern means of transport and communication and world trade

or globalisation increased. 6. (i) As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about

imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside.

(ii) At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Thus, exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early 19th century.

(iii) At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. But by 1850, cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent ofthevalueofIndianimports,andbythe1870sthisfigurewas50percent.

(iv) Thus, export market collapsed and the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports. Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were very cheap. This again became a major cause for the decline of the Indian textile industries.

7. (a) This phase of industrialisation took shape in the 17th and 18th century. (b) Merchants in towns moved to villages to persuade artisans to produce for an

international market. (c) Poor peasants and artisans in villages began working for the merchants from their

houses to make a little extra income. (d) This system is generally called the domestic system or family based production using

primitive tools and backward methods of production.


Worksheet– 17 1. SpinningJenny 2. gomasthas 3. carding;twisting 4. Richard Arkwright 5. proto-industrialistation 6. 1854 7. thearistocratic;bourgeoise 8. SuratandHooghly 9. Krishna;Saraswati 10. 1800 and 1810

Worksheet– 18 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. T


HIST.

6 work, life and leisure

Worksheet– 19

1. Leeds and Manchester 2. Clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals, printing and stationery and precision

goods like surgical instruments, watches. 3. EbenezerHoward 4. Bombay is given the name Mayapuri 5. Tokyo,NewYork,Chicago 6. Bombay, Calcutta and Madras 7. KingCharlesII 8. DadaSahebPhalke 9. Cotton textile industries 10. Malabarhill,Narimanpoint,Colaba 11. Chawls were multi-storeyed accomodation. 80% of Bombay population lived in chawls.

In each tenetment at least 4 to 5 people stayed. High rents forced workers to share accomodation with their relatives and caste fellows. They lived in unhygienic conditions; mostofthemmadetheirfoodandwashedclothesandsleptonthestreetsnearby.Liquorshops and Akharas were found in the neighbourhood.

There was enough scope for entertainment in the chawls.

Worksheet– 20 1. (a)Theywerepaidlowwages. (b)Theyweremadetoworkforlonghours. (c)Therewerenolawstopreventexploitationofyoungchildreninfactories. 2. There were a number of jobs available such as shop keeping, artisan work, soldier, casual

labour, sheet selling, begging, etc. There were dockyards, industries for making metal and engineering goods, footwear,

printing, stationery, watches, surgical instruments, electrical goods, cars, etc. 3. The London survey found out that one million Londoners were very poor and lived upto the

age of 29 years. They died in workhouse, hospital or lunatic asylum. The survey indicated that one lakh rooms were needed to house the poorest people.

4. Because the houses in which the poor lived were a threat to public health. They were overcrowded, badly ventilated and lacked sanitation. There was a feeling among the rich that this situation would create social disorder and rebellion.

5. Workers’ mass housing schemes were created to prevent the London poor from turning rebellious.

They decided to take the responsibility for housing the working classes between the two worldwars.Onemillionsingle-familycottageswerebuilt.

23efilkrow ldna ie ers u,

6. TheLondonUndergroundRailwaypartiallysolvedthehousingcrisisbycarryinglargemassesofpeopletoandfromthecities.Theveryfirstsectionoftheundergroundintheworldopenedon10thJanuary1863betweenPaddingtonandFarringtonstreetinLondon.Onthatday10000passengerswerecarried,withtrainsrunningevery10minutes.By1880, the expanded train service was carrying 40 million passengers a year.

Frequentserviceconnectedsuburbstocity(CentralLondon). It was a mass transportation system carrying as many as 40 million passengers per year.

It helped in decongestion of city. The population of city became more dispersed. It resulted in better planned suburbs. It reduced social distinction in long run. It became

most important feature of modern metropolis. People were afraid to travel in London. Undergroundbecauseitwasseenaspolluting,fullofcigarettesmoke,coal,dust,foulfuelfromgaslamp.Londonundergroundwasseenashealthhazardandironmonster.People did not like the mass that was created by the construction of London underground. It resulted in displacement of poor people as their houses were destroyed.

Worksheet– 21

1. The city of Bombay became the principal port of the English East India Company. It was an important centre of cotton textiles. It became an important administrative centre of western India. It emerged as a major industrial centre in the 19th century.

2. Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency in 1819. Large trading communities of traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers had settled in Bombay.

Whenthefirsttextilemillswerestartedin1854,alargenumberofpeoplefromnearbydistrict of Ratnagiri came to work in Bombay mills.

3. There were several reasons for more and more people migrating to Bombay. (a)Itwasanimportantrailwayjunction. (b)FamineinKutchmadealargenumberofpeoplemigrate. (c) Therewerealotofemploymentopportunitiesinindustries,filmworld,etc. 4. They were called ‘chawls’. The chawls were built by private landlords, merchants, bankers

and building contractors looking for ways to earn money from migrants. These had small one room accomodation with a public toilet.

5. Henry Mayhew wrote about the conditions of London labour and compiled a list of those who made a living from crime. Many poor people lived their life stealing leads from roofs, food from shops, lumps of coal, clothes drying on hedges.

There were many cheats, tricksters, pickpockets and petty thieves in London. High penalties were imposed on the criminals and in order to reduce such activities, the authorities gave work to the deserving poor.

Even small children indulged in theft as there was more money in it. 6. Many steps were taken to clean up London. Attempts were made to decongest localities,

green the open spaces, reduce population and landscape the city. Large apartment blocks were built. Rent Control Act was introduced.

TheideaoftheGardenCitywasgivenshapebyEbenezerHowardwhodesignedthecityofNewEarswick.

Onemillionsingle-familycottageswerebuiltforworkingclasses. London underground, over a period of time, decongested London.


7. Industrial cities of Leeds, Bradford and Manchester remained polluted because of the coal smoke from the chimneys of factories. The sky was grey and there was a perennial smogoverthecity.Legislationswerepassedtoimprovethesituation.SmokeAbatementActs of 1847 and 1853 were important measures taken in order to resolve the problem. But the factory workers rarely followed rules sincerely and the problem continued.

Worksheet– 22

1. (a) TheCityofBombayImprovementTrustfocusedonclearingpoorerhomesoutofthecity centre.

(b) Inordertoexpandthecityandtocopewiththeproblemoflandscarcity,reclamationprojects were taken up from 1784.

(c) ThegreatseawallprojectwasundertakenwiththeapprovaloftheBombaygovernor,WilliamHornbytopreventfloodinginthelowlyingareas.

(d)Reclamationof landfromtheseaundertakenbyprivatecompaniese.g.BackBayReclamation took up a project to reclaim land from the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar hill to the end of Colaba. The hills around Bombay were levelled. The city,thus,expandedby22squaremiles.BombayPortTrustbuiltadrydockbetween1914–1918andtheearthexcavatedwasusedtobuildtheBallardEstateandthereafterthe famous Marine Drive was developed.

2. HarishchandraSakharamBhatwadekarshotawrestlingmatchattheHangingGardensinBombayin1896tomakethefirstmovie.

It was followed by Raja Harishchandra in 1913 made by Dadasaheb Phalke. Around1925,Bombaywasseenasafilmcapitalandfilmswereproducedfortheentire

country. In 1947, the investment amounted to 756 million and by 1987, it provided employment over 5 lakh people.

ThefilmindustrywasmadeupofmigrantsfromLahore,Calcutta,Madras.PeoplefromPunjabgreatlycontributede.g.IsmatChugtai,SaadatHasanMantoandothers.

3. City development has taken place everywhere at the expense of ecology and the environment.Naturalfeatureswereflattenedtomakespaceforfactories,housing,etc.The refuse and waste pollute the air and water and the noise of cities also add to pollution. These features are common to the cities of England, India or any other part of the world.

4. Calcutta was built on marshy land and thus there is fog and when combined with smoke from the burning of coal, it generates black smog resulting in high levels of pollution. The common people used dung and wood as fuel. The industries used steam engines run on coal. The railways also proved polluting. The rice mills of Tollygunge burnt rice husk andthatcreatedanairfilledwithblacksoot.Smokenuisancelegislationwaspassedin1863andfinallytheinspectorsoftheBengalSmokeNuisanceCommissionmanagedtocontrol industrial pollution.

Worksheet– 23

1. TheLondonUndergroundRailwaypartiallysolvedthehousingcrisisbycarryinglargemassesofpeopletoandfromthecities.Theveryfirstsectionoftheundergroundintheworldopenedon10thJanuary1863betweenPaddingtonandFarringtonstreetinLondon.


Onthatday10000passengerswerecarried,withtrainsrunningevery10minutes.By1880, the expanded train service was carrying 40 million passengers a year.

Frequentserviceconnectedsuburbstocity(CentralLondon). It was a mass transportation system carrying as many as 40 million passengers per year.

It helped in decongestion of city. The population of city became more dispersed. It resulted in better planned suburbs. It reduced social distinction in long run. It became

most important feature of modern metropolis. People were afraid to travel in London. Undergroundbecauseitwasseenaspolluting,fullofcigarettesmoke,coal,dust,foulfuelfromgaslamp.Londonundergroundwasseenashealthhazardandironmonster.People did not like the mass that was created by the construction of London underground. It resulted in displacement of poor people as their houses were destroyed.

2. (i) London was a colossal city with a population of about 675,000. By 1750, one out of everyninepeopleofEnglandandWaleslivedinLondon.Overthenineteenthcentury,Londoncontinuedtoexpand.TherewerefivemajortypesofindustriesinLondonwhich employed large numbers of migrants.

(ii) During the First World War London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods, and the number of large factories increased until they accounted for a nearly one-third of all jobs in the city.

(iii) AsLondongrew,crimeflourished.Nearly20,000criminalswerelivinginLondoninthe 1870s.

(iv) Factories employed large numbers of women in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. With technological developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs andwere forced toworkwithinhouseholds.So far childrenwereconcerned, they had to do low-paid work.

3. Industrialisation changed the form of urbanisation in the modern period. The city of London becameapowerfulmagnetformigrantpopulation.Thefivemajortypesofindustrieswhichemployed large numbers were clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, printing and stationery and precision products such as surgical instruments, watches, and objects of precious metal. The number of large factories increased during the First World War. It started manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods and offered work to job-seekers.

OnthecontraryIndiancitiesdidnotgrowinthenineteenthcentury.Theurbanisationwas slow due to the colonial rule in India. In the early 20th century, only 11 per cent of Indians were living in cities and were residents of the three Presidency cities. They hadmajorports,warehouses,homesandoffices,armycamps,educationalinstitutions,museums and libraries. Bombay was the premier city of India. It was one of the three presidency cities in colonial India under British rule. It was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control which was transferred to the British in 1661. Gradually, it became an important administrative centre as well as a major industrial centre. Due to the expansion of textile industries large communities of traders, bankers, artisans and shopkeepers came to settle down in Bombay.

4. WhenLondonflourished,crimealsogrewrapidly.Thepolicewerebotheredaboutlawandorder, the philanthropists were worried about public morality, and industrialists wanted


a hard-working and orderly labour force. To get rid of crime, criminal’s activities were watched, and their ways of life were examined. The people who were involved in crime like cheating,stealing,robbingetc.werenamedas‘Criminals’.Onstudyingtheircasehistory,it was discovered that these people were involved in such acts to support their families andmadealivingfromcrime.Somewereindulgedinactivitieslikestealingleadfromroofs, food from shops, lumps of coal, and clothes drying on hedge while others who were more skilled at their jobs were the cheats and tricksters, pickpockets and petty thieves.

In order to control the crime the authorities imposed high penalties for crime and offered work to those who were considered the ‘deserving poor’.

Worksheet– 24

1. ManycitieswerecarefullyplannedandorganisedunlikeBombay.Forinstance—modernSingapore.ThoughtodaySingaporeisasuccessfulrich,andwellplannedcity,amodelfor city planning worldwide but until 1965, it was overcrowded, lacked sanitation facility, had poor housing and poverty.

The changes occurred when the city became an independent nation in 1965 under the leadershipofLeeKuanYew,President of thePeople’sActionParty.Ahugehousingand development programme was undertaken. The tall housing blocks which were well ventilated and serviced, are examples of good physical planning.

The buildings also redesigned social life: — Crimewasreducedthroughexternalcorridors. — Theelderlypeoplewereinhabitedalongsidetheirfamilies. — ‘Voiddecks’oremptyfloorswereprovidedinallbuildingsforcommunityactivities. — Migrationintothecitywasstrictlycontrolled. — Socialrelationsbetweenthethreemajorgroupsofpeople(theChinese,theMalays

andtheIndians)werealsowatchedtoavoidracialconflict. — Newspapersandjournalsandallformsofcommunicationandassociationwerealso

strictly controlled.

2. LouisNapoleonIII (anephewofNapoleonBonaparte)whenbecameemperorin1852undertook the work of rebuilding of Paris. He proposed Baron Haussmann, the chief architect of thenewParis for this purpose. Soon,Haussmannbegan rebuilding andresphaping the entire city of Paris. It is, therefore, called the Haussmanisation of Paris.

Nodoubtithascreatedsomeproblemforthepoor,butmorethanthatithaschangedthe face of Paris. Development of a nation can’t compromise in the interest of a lesser sectionofpeople.So,wheneverdevelopmenttakesashapeitaffectssomepeople,butin the interest of nation it is necessary. The way in which Haussmann rebuilt Paris is reallypraiseworthy.Straight,broadavenuesorboulevardsandopenspaceshavebeenre-designedand full-growntreeshavebeentransplanted.Notonly theshapebut thesystem has also been reconstituted. Policemen have been employed, night patrols have been started and bus shelters and tap water have been introduced. All these are in the interestofanationandpeopleatlarge.Sowecanunderminethepainsandsufferingsofthepoorforthat.Thegovernzmentwillsurelytakestepsfortheirrehabilitation.


3.

WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE 65

Ans.


Chapter test

1. Marine Drive and Ballard Estate

2. Kolkata

3. Iron monsters

4. Tenements are over-crowded houses/apartments meant for poors of a large city.

5. Urbanisationisthedevelopmentofacityortownonthebasisofexpandingofpopulationand trade.

6. To get recognition for their union.

7. The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant population, even though it did not have large factories. London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of a graving number of semi skilled and sweated outworkers, of soldiers and servants, of casual labourers, street sellers, and beggars.

Apart from the London clockyard, 5 major types of industries employed large numbers: clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, precision products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metals.

DuringtheFirstWorldWar(1914–1918)Londonbeganmanufacturingmotorcarsandelectrical goods and the numbers of large factories increased until they accounted for 1/3 of all jobs in the city.

8. The better off city dwellers continued to demand that slums be cleared away. But gradually largerandlargernumberofpeoplebegantorecognizetheneedforhousingforthepoor.

The vast mass of one room houses occupied by the poor were seen as a serious threat to public health, they were overcrowded, badly ventilated and lacked sanitation.

There was a widespread feat of social disorder, especially after the Russian Revolution in 1917. Workers mass housing schemes were planned to prevent the London poor from turning rebellious.

9. TheLondonUndergroundRailwaypartiallysolvedthehousingcrisisbycarryinglargemassesofpeopletoandfromthecities.Theveryfirstsectionoftheundergroundintheworldopenedon10thJanuary1863betweenPaddingtonandFarringtonstreetinLondon.Onthatday10000passengerswerecarried,withtrainsrunningevery10minutes.By1880, the expanded train service was carrying 40 million passengers a year.

Frequentserviceconnectedsuburbstocity(CentralLondon).

It was a mass transportation system carrying as many as 40 million passengers per year. It helped in decongestion of city. The population of city became more dispersed.

It resulted in better planned suburbs. It reduced social distinction in long run. It became most important feature of modern metropolis. People were afraid to travel in London. Undergroundbecauseitwasseenaspolluting,fullofcigarettesmoke,coal,dust,foulfuelfromgaslamp.Londonundergroundwasseenashealthhazardandironmonster.People did not like the mass that was created by the construction of London underground. It resulted in displacement of poor people as their houses were destroyed.



Worksheet– 25 I. 1. The London Underground Railway partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large

masses of people to and from the cities. 2. 10 Jan, 1863, Paddington and Farrington street. 3. The compartment was full of passengers who were smoking pipes. The gas lamps gave

foul smell of sulphur. The atmosphere was full of sulphur and coal dust and suffocating. 4. Charles Dickens wrote that houses were demolished, streets were broken with deep pits

and trenches and heaps of construction material could be seen everywhere.II. 1. This famous resort provided facilities for sports, entertainment and refreshment for

the well-to-do. There were cultural events such as operas, theatres and classical music performances.

2. The working class met in pubs to have a drink, exchange views and sometimes to organise for political actions.

3. Libraries, museums and art gallaries were established in 19th century to inculcate a spirit of pride among the people.

4. After the coming of the railways and transport, taverns went into decline. Pubs were established near railway stations and bus depots.

Worksheet– 26

A. Ebenezer Howard An architect 1852 Plan to create better and planner quality of citizens

Baron Haussmann French Civic Paris the forcible reconstruction Planner of cities to enhance their beauty and impose order.

Raymond and Barry Parker

B. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T

Worksheet– 27 1. dockyards; industries 2. publichealth;firehazards;socialorder 3. 10 January 1863; Paddington; Paddington; Farrington 4. Bloody Sunday of November 1887 5. motor cars; electrical goods 6. the opera; the theatre; classical music events 7. the industrial sector 8. Bombay; Gujarat 9. Arthur Crawford 10. The Bengal smoke Nuisance commission


HIST.

7Print Culture and the modern world

Worksheet– 28

1. Kitagawa Utamaro 2. In China, Japan, and Korea. 3. Raja Ram Mohan Roy 4. Diamond Sutra 5. Tokyo was known as Edo. 6. The Bible 7. Magazines for workers. 8. Rashsundari Devi. 9. B.R. Ambedkar, Jyotiba Phule, E.V. Ramaswaminayakar. 10. This Act provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials

in the vernacular press. 11. The system of hand printing is known in China from 594 AD. It was printed by rubbing

paper against the inked surface of wood blocks. As both sides could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side.

12. PrintingtechnologywasfirstdevelopedinChina,JapanandKorea.Inthebeginning,bookswere printed in China by rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks. For a very long time, the imperial state of China was the major producer of printed material. In China, civil services examinations were conducted to recruit its bureaucratic personnel. The imperial state sponsored the large scale printing of textbooks for this examination. As the number of candidates for the examinations increased, the volume of print also increasedin16thcentury.By17thcentury,urbanizationpavedwaytodiversifieduseofprint inChina.Printwasno longer limited to scholarsandofficials.Businessmenused print in their day-to-day life because they collected trade related information from all over the world. Fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces and romantic play became the staple for the reading public. Reading acquired the status of a preferred leisure activity. Rich women began to read and many of them began publishing their poetry and plays.

Worksheet– 29

1. The printing press helped scientists and philosophers views propagate with pace and made them accessible to the people easily. The ideas of scientists and philosophers now becamemoreaccessible to the commonpeople.Ancient andmedieval scientific textswerecompiledandpublished,mapsandscientificdiagramswerewidelyprinted.Whenscientists like IsaacNewtonbegan to publish their discoveries, they could influencescientifically-mindedreaders.ThewritingsofthinkerssuchasThomasPaine,Voltaireand Jean Jacques Rousseau were also printed and read.

31tlucnirp aeru dn et ht ...

2. By the seventeenth century, as urban culture bloomed in China, print began to be used by more and more people. Reading increasingly became leisure activity. Fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays were read with great interest. Rich women began to read, and many women began publishing their poetryandplays.Wivesofscholar-officialspublishedtheirworksandcourtesanswroteabouttheirlives.Withtheadvancementsinthetechnology,Westernprintingtechniquesandmechanicalpresseswereimportedinthelatenineteenthcentury.Shanghaibecamethe hub of the new print culture and from hand printing there was a gradual shift to mechanical printing.

3. Illustrated collection of paintings depicted elegant urban culture involving artists, courtesans and teahouse gatherings. Books on women, musical instruments, calculations, teaceremony,flowerarrangements,properetiquette,cooking,famousplacesetc.wereprinted.

4. Gutenberg adapted the existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press was his model for the printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the lettersofthealphabet.HepublishedtheBibleasthefirstprintedbook.

5. No,manuscriptscontinuedtobeproducedtillwellaftertheintroductionofprinttillthelate19thcentury.Manuscriptscouldnotbeusedonadailybasisastheyweredifficultto use, expensive and fragile.

6. The printing revolution changed the attitudes and hence the lives of people. People came to know about the happenings in the colonial society. Many books were critical of existing social and religious practices. A large number of people were now able to partake in the debates and discussions. People from different parts of India were able to connect with each other.

7. Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses in 1517 and posted it on the doorstep of a church in Wittenberg and it marked the beginning of ‘Protestant Reformation’.

Manochchio, in the 16th century began reinterpreting the message of Bible and this enraged the church. They brought out an Index of Prohibited Books in 1558 to prevent the spread of anti-Christian ideas.

Worksheet– 30I.1. Womenbecameimportantreadersaswellaswriters.Pennymagazinesweremeantfor

women.Thereweremanualsforteachingproperbehaviourandhousekeeping.NovelsofJaneAusten,Bronttesisters,GeorgeEliotbecamepopularamongwomen.Thesenovelsdefinedwomenasapersonwithwill,strengthofpersonality,determinationandpowerto think.

2. The print culture created the conditions in which French Revolution took place. The print popularised the ideas of Enlightenment and was critical of tradition, superstition and despotism.TheyattackedthesanctityofthechurchandthedespoticruleoftheKing.Itcreated a culture of dialogue and debate in which all norms, values and institutions were debated. The literature of the time criticised the lifestyle of royalty and challenged the social order.

II.1. (a) He wanted to encourage printing and wanted people to come forward and do it in Calcutta.

(b) It can help in the following ways: advertisements of products, exchange of information and knowledge, circulars to employees etc.


2. (a) He wanted to publish a newspaper which would provide information on topics of localinterest,generalutility,scientificinvestigation,speculationsconnectedwithantiquityetc.

(b) In Marathi language. 3. (a)BegumRokeyaSakhawatHosseinwasaneducationistandliteraryfigure. (b) Accordingtoher,Islamgavewomenequalrightstobeeducatedanditiswrongtosay

that educated women will go astray.

Worksheet– 31

1. Booksellers employed pedlars who carried books to sell in the villages. Almanacs, ballads, folk tales and other entertaining books, historical tales and romantic novels became popular.PennychapbooksbecamepopularinEngland.InFrance,BiliothequeBleuewerevery popular.

2. The ideas of science and reason became more accessible to people after the printing revolution.Ancientandmedievalscientific textswerecompiled,publishedandmaps,diagramswereprinted.Newtonpublishedhisdiscoveries.ThewritingsofThomasPaine,Rousseau, Voltaire were printed and widely read. Their ideas about science, reason and rationality became a part of popular literature.

3. The printing press helped scientists and philosophers views propagate with pace and made them accessible to the people easily. The ideas of scientists and philosophers now becamemoreaccessible to the commonpeople.Ancient andmedieval scientific textswerecompiledandpublished,mapsandscientificdiagramswerewidelyprinted.Whenscientists like IsaacNewtonbegan to publish their discoveries, they could influencescientifically-mindedreaders.ThewritingsofthinkerssuchasThomasPaine,VoltaireandJeanJacquesRousseauwerealsoprintedandread.

4. The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China from there it reached to JapanandthentoKorea.Thatwasthesystemofhandprinting.From594ADonwards,books in China were printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks.

5. TheprintingpressfirstcametoGoawithPortuguesemissionariesinthemid-16thcentury.By1674,about50bookshadbeenprinted in theKonkaniand inKanara languages.CatholicpriestsprintedthefirstTamilbook in1579atCochin,and in1713thefirstMalayalam book was printed by them. By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts, many of them translations of older works.

Print culture played a vital role in the growth of nationalism in India. Indian press criticisedtheBritishpoliciesandputforwardtheIndianview-point.NewspapersliketheHindu,BombaySamachar,IndianMirror,AmritBazarPatrikaandtheKesarihadagreatinfluenceonIndianpeople.Theyreportedoncolonialmisruleandencouragednationalist activities. Attempts to throttle nationalist criticism provoked militant protest. This in turn led to a renewed cycle of persecution and protests. Print culture changed the mind of the Indians and they started to study and admire the contemporary national movements of European nations. They were able to study the evil effects of foreign rule. Nationalliteratureintheformofnovels,essays,playsandpatrioticpoetryurgedthepeopletouniteandworkfornationalwelfare.ThewritingsofRousseau,J.S.Millenabledthe Indians to understand the value of liberty and democracy. All these things prepared the Indian people to launch a powerful national movement against the British rule.


Worksheet– 32 1. In religious spheres printed books were not welcomed. It was feared that the easier access

to the printed word and the wider circulation of books could persuade people to think differently. Religious authorities and monarchs therefore began to criticise new printed literature.

In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety-Five Theses criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic church. Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely. This led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

2. (i) MartinLutherwrote‘95theses’criticizingmanyofthepracticesandritualsoftheRoman Catholic Church.

(ii) Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely. (iii) This led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant

Reformation. (iv) Luther’stranslationoftheNewTestamentsold5000copieswithinafewweeks. (v) Deeply grateful to print, Luther said, “Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the

greatest one.” Any other relevant point. (Anythreepointstobeexplained) 3. Through the silk routes, Chinese paper reached Europe in the eleventh century. Paper

made possible the production of manuscripts, carefully written by scribes. Then in 1295, Marco Polo, a great explorer, returned to Italy after several years of exploration in China. We know that China had already the technology of woodblock printing. Marco Polo brought thisknowledgebackwithhim.NowItaliansbeganproducingbookswithwoodblocksandsoon the technology spread to other parts of Europe. Luxury editions were still written on expensive vellum, meant for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries which scoffed at printed books as cheap vulgarities. Merchants and students in the university towns bought the cheaper printed copies. As demands for books increased booksellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries.

4. By the mid-eighteenth century, books served as means of spreading progress and enlightenment. Many believed that books could change the world, liberate society from despotismandtyranny.Louise-SebastienMercier,anovelistineighteenth-centuryFrance,stated: ‘The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.’ Many historians have argued that print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred. Three arguments in support of the statement are:

(i) Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers and rule of reason and rationality rather than custom. It attacked the authority of the Church and the despotic power of the state, thus eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were widely read and those who readthesebookssawtheworldthroughneweyes.Theseeyeswerequestioningandcritical.

(ii) Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reasonandrecognisedtheneedtoquestionexistingideasandbeliefs.


(iii) By the 1780s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticisedtheirmorality.Intheprocess,itraisedquestionsabouttheexistingsocialorder. Through cartoons and carticatures monarchy was shown enjoying while the common people suffered immense hardships. This literature circulated underground and led to the growth of intense anger against the system of monarchy.

Worksheet– 33 1. From the early nineteenth century, a wider public could now participate in public

discussions and express their views: 1. Newideasemergedthroughclashesofopinions. 2. Debate over religious reforms took place. 3. Intense debates went on over widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood

and idolatory. 4. RammohanRoypublishedtheSambadKaumudifrom1821andtheHinduorthodoxy

commissionedtheSamacharChandrikatoopposehisopinions. 5. The Muslims used cheap lithographic presses to publish holy scriptures in Persian

andUrdutocounterthemovesofthecolonialpower.Theyalsopublishedreligiousnewspapers and tracts.

6. TheDeobandSeminarypublishedthousandsoffatwastellingMuslimshowtoconductthemselves in their everyday life.

7. Among Hindus, too, print encouraged the reading of religious texts especially in vernacular languages.

8. Thefirstprintededitionof theRamcharitmanasofTulsidas,asixteenth-centurytext, came out from Calcutta in 1810.

9. Fromthe1880s,NavalKishorePressatLucknowandSriVenkateshwarPressinBombay published various religious texts in vernaculars.

10. As these were printed and portable, more and more people began to read them. They were also read out to large groups of illiterate men and women.

11. Religious texts, thus, reached a very wide circle of people, encouraging discussions debates and controversies within and among different religions.

12. Thus,printstimulatedthepublicationofconflictingopinionsamongstcommunities.At the same time it also connected communities and people in different parts of India.Newspapersspreadnewsfromoneplacetoanotherwhichcreatedpan-Indianidentities.

Thus print not only stimulated conflicting opinions amongst communities but alsoconnected communities and people in different parts of India. \

2. Writers started writing on lives and feelings of women. This led to several changes in the society.

1. Women’s readings increased in middle-class homes. 2. Liberal husbands and fathers started educating their womenfolk at home, and sent

them to schools. When women’s schools were set up in the cities and towns after the mid-nineteenth century.

3. Journalsbegancarryingwritingsbywomenandexplainedwhywomenshouldbeeducated.

4. But conservative Hindus and Muslims did not want to educate women. However, manywomendefiedthembylearningtoreadandwrite.


5. In East Bengal, in the early nineteenth century, Rashsundari Debi, a young married girl in a very orthodox household, learnt to read in the secrecy of her kitchen and wroteherautobiographyAmarJibanwhichwaspublishedin1876intheBengalilanguage.

6. From the 1860s, a fewBengaliwomen likeKailashbashiniDebiwrote bookshighlighting the experiences of women, about how they were kept in ignorance within the four walls of the house, forced to do hard domestic labour and treated unjustly by their family members.

7. Inthe1880s,twoMaharashtrianwomenTarabaiShindeandPanditaRamabaiwroteabout the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu women, especially widows.

8. In 1926,BegumRokeyaSakhawatHossein, an educationist and literaryfigure,strongly condemned men for withholding education from women.

3. Indiahadaveryrichandoldtraditionofhandwrittenmanuscripts—inSanskrit,Arabic,Persian, as well as in various vernacular languages.

1. Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper. 2. Pages were sometimes beautifully illustrated. 3. They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure

preservation. 4. Manuscriptswerehighlyexpensiveandfragile.Sotheyhadtobehandledcarefully. 5. Itwasdifficulttoreadthemasthescriptwaswrittenindifferentstyles.Therefore,

they were not widely used in everyday life. 6. Even though pre-colonial Bengal had developed an extensive network of village

primary schools, students very often did not read texts. They only learnt to write. 7. Teachers dictated portions of texts from memory and students wrote them down. Manuscripts continued to be produced till well after the introduction of print, down to the

late nineteenth century. TheprintingpressfirstcametoGoawiththePortuguesemissionariesinthemid-16th

century. JesuitpriestslearntKonkaniandprintedseveraltracts.By1674,about50bookshad

beenprintedintheKonkaniandinKanaralanguages.CatholicpriestsprintedthefirstTamilbookin1579atCochinandin1713thefirstMalayalambookwasprintedbythem.By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts, many of them were translations of older works.

4. After the revolt of 1857, the colonial government decided to clamp down on the ‘native’ press. It viewed vernacular newspapers as nationalist and, therefore, felt the urgency of controlling them by taking strict measures. In 1878, Vernacular Press Act was passed to regulate the vernacular press. This Act imposed several restrictions on Indian press by giving the colonial government enough power:

1. The government could now censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. 2. A regular check was kept on the vernacular newspapers published in different

provinces and were warned if a report was judged as rebellious they had a right to seizethepressandtheprintingmachinery.

Despite repressive measures, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India. They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities which eventually resulted in protests. When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Balgangadhar


TilakwrotewithgreatsympathyabouttheminhisKesari.Thisledtohisimprisonmentin 1908, provoking in turn widespread protests all over India.

Chapter test 1. The art of beautiful writing. 2. Martin Luther was a protestant reformer. According to him, printing was a greatest gift

of God to the human beings. 3. MartinLutherwrote‘95Thesis’in1517,Inthis,hecriticizedthepracticeandritualsof

the Roman Catholic church. 4. Novels,shortstories,lyricsandessays. 5. By the Buddhist missionaries in around 770 AD. 6. Methodsoffeedingpaperimproved,platequalitybecamebetter,automaticpaperreels

were introduced and press operated by electricity accelerated printing operations. 7. Printingpressbegantoprintbooksveryquickly.Itsavedbothmoneyandtime. 8. The Indian Charivari was a journal of caricature and satire published in the late 19th

century. 9. IndiahadaveryrichandoldtraditionofhandwrittenmanuscriptsinSanskrit,Arabic,

and Persian as well as in various vernacular languages. Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper or on bark of the trees even parchments were used as writing material. Pages were beautifully illustrated and covered with wooden covers or sewn.

10. BuddhistmissionariesfromChinabroughtinhandprintingskillintoJapan.TheearliestJapanesebookDiamondSutrawasprintedin868AD.Thisbookhadsixsheetsoftextand woodcut illustrations. Pictures were printed on textiles, playing cards and paper currency.

11. SomepeopleagreethatprintculturewasresponsibleincreatingconditionsforFrenchRevolution. Their arguments in support of their ideas are as follows:

1. Somepeopleagreethatprintcreatedanewcultureofdialogueanddebate.Allvalues,norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become awareofthepowerofreason,andrecognisedtheneedtoquestionexistingideasandbeliefs. Within this public culture, new ideas of social revolution came into being.

2. Somepeoplethinkthatprintpopularisedtheideasofthinkers.Collectively,theirwritings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstitions and despotism. They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom, and demanded that everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality. They attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the despotic power of the state, thus eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely; and those who read these books saw the world through new eyes, eyesthatwerequestioningcriticalandrational.

We think that print helped the spread of ideas. But we should be kept in mind that people did not read just one kind of literature. If they read the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau, theywerealsoexposedtomonarchicalandChurchpropaganda.Theywerenotinfluenceddirectly by everything they read or saw. They accepted some ideas and rejected others. They interpreted things their own way. Print did not directly shape their minds, but it did open up the possibility of thinking differently.



Worksheet– 34 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. T

Worksheet– 35A.1.(e) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)B. 1. Ballad is a historical account or folk legend in verse, usually sung or recited. 2. Eresmus was critical of the print medium. He believed that though some books do provide

worthwhile knowledge, others are simply a ban for scholarship. 3. ThefirstbookthatGutenbergprintedwastheBible,marking180copiesinthreeyears. 4. The Vernacular Press Act gave the government tyrannical rights to censor reports and

editorials in the vernacular press. 5. In1517,MartinLutherwrotethe‘NinetyFiveTheses’,criticisingthepracticesandrituals

of the Roman Catholic Church.

Worksheet– 36 1. Calligraph 2. ‘Vellum’ 3. Woodblock print 4. ‘ukiyo’;KitagawaUtamaro;Edo 5. JohannGutenbery;olive;winepresses 6. Richard M.Hoe; cylindrical press; 8000 sheets; newspapers 7. Jesuitpriests;Konkani;Kannada 8. Irish Press Laws; 1878 9. ‘AmarJiban’;1878 10. NavalKishorePress;SriVenkateshwarPress

Worksheet– 37 Do yourself


Worksheet– 38 1. in England and France 2. Novelisamodernepicwhichportraysthecontemporarysocietyaswellascriticisesthe

modern society. It raises many social issues. 3. Godan(TheGiftofCow) 4. Charles Dickens 5. O.ChanduMenon 6. The women in rural society in early nineteenth century. 7. Yamuna Paryatan. 8. Rokeya Hossain 9. G.A. Henty 10. Hard Times 11. (a)Novelscreatedaworldthatwasabsorbingandbelievablethatreaderscouldidentify

with. (b) While reading novels, the reader was transported to another person’s world and began

looking at life as it was experienced by the characters of the novel. (c) People enjoyed reading in private as well as publicly. They could discuss stories with

family and friends. (d) People became deeply involved in the lives of the characters. 12. (a)Initiallynovelswereexpensive.Ordinarypeoplewhowantedtoreadthemgained

access to them through circulating libraries. Books could be hired by the reader on hour basis.

(b) Later, technological improvements made books cheaper as they were printed on a largescale.Nowmorepeoplecouldbuyandreadbooks.

Worksheet– 39 1. (a) Charles Dickens wrote about the way in which cities grew unregulated leading to

overcrowding. He wrote about the misery of workers, unemployed poor and the homeless who roamed the streets in despair.

(b) He wrote about horrible effects of industrialisation on lives of people such as smoky towns, smoking chimneys, polluted rivers, slums, etc. He wrote how workers began to be known as hands, as if they had no identity other than as operators of machines, e.g. Hard Times.

(c) Hefocusedonlivesofpettycriminals,beggarsandorphans,e.g.OliverTwist. 2. (a) Thomas Hardy wrote about fast vanishing rural communities of England that had

been close knit. This was actually a time when large farmers fenced off land, bought machines and employed labourers to produce for the market.

(b)Oldruralculturewithitsindependentfarmerswasdyingout.

HIST.

8 novels, soCiety and history

39os,sevon heic sil yt dna t ro y

(c) Hardy lamented the loss of the more personalised world and the problems that new order created, e.g. Mayor of Casterbridge.

3. Vernacular language was used in novels that was spoken by ordinary people. It created a senseofsharedworldbetweendiversepeopleinanation.Novelsoftencombinedaclassicallanguage with that of the street languages, thus bringing the elite and the commoners together.

4. Asmiddleclassprospered,womenhadtimetoreadandwrite.Novelsexploredwomen’slives—theiremotionsandidentities,theirexperiencesandproblems.Womenauthorswroteaboutfamilylifeandissueswithauthority.JaneAusten’sPrideandPrejudicegivesinsight into the life of women in genteel rural society of early 19th century England, where theyarepreoccupiedwithmoneyandmarriage.CharlotteBronte’sJaneEyrepublishedin late 19th century depicts women as becoming assertive, independent and rebellious. Love stories were written for young girls.

5. Women authors wrote about domestic life with authority, focusing on women’s emotions andidentities,theirexperiencesandproblems.JaneAusten’sPride and Prejudice depicts the life of women in genteel rural society of early 19th century England. Here women were expected to make good marriages and capture a wealthy husband. It was assured that every single man of good fortune would be in want of a wife. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre written in late 19th century showed women emerging as assertive, independent and rebellious.

6. The novel gives an insight to the world of women in the genteel rural society in early 19th century England. It portrays a society where women’s aim in life was to catch a wealthy husband and make a good marriage. The characters of the novel are pre-occupied with money and marriage.

Worksheet– 40 1. Asmiddleclassprospered,womenhadtimetoreadandwrite.Novelsexploredwomen’s

lives—theiremotionsandidentities,theirexperiencesandproblems.Womenauthorswroteaboutfamilylifeandissueswithauthority.JaneAusten’sPride and Prejudice gives insight into the life of women in genteel rural society of early 19th century England, where they are preoccupied with money and marriage. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre published in late 19th century depicts women as becoming assertive, independent and rebellious. Love stories were written for young girls.

2. Novelswerewrittenforyoungreaderstoo.Thesenovelsforyoungboysidealisedanewtypeofman:someonewhowaspowerful,assertive,independentanddaring.StoriesforboyswerefullofadventuresetinplacesfarawayfromEurope.Storiesaboutwhite-mencolonising the natives and adapting to the strange surroundings appealed to the young boys,forexample,R.L.Stevenson’sTreasure Island,R.Kipling’sJungle Book.Storiesforboys involved great historical events, battles, etc.

Love stories were written for young girls, e.g. RamonabyHelenHuntJackson. 3. G.A. Henty’s historical adventure novels for boys were wildly popular during the heights

oftheBritishempire.Theycreatedexcitementandadventureofconqueringstrangelands.HisstoriesweresetinMexico,AlexandriaandSiberia.Hewroteaboutyoungboyswhowitness grand historical events, get involved in military action and show ‘English’ courage in face of danger.

4. Early novels promoted colonialism by making the reader feel that they were superior. Hero of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe is an adventurer and slave trader. He gets ship wrecked


onanisland.Hetreatsnativesnotasequalsbutasinferiorcreatures.Hetakesanativeas slave, does not even ask for his name but gives him a new name ‘Friday’. Readers do notfindCrusoe’sbehaviourasunacceptableoroddaswhitepeoplesawcolonialismasnatural and necessary to civilise barbaric natives.

5. Early Indian writers tried to translate English novels into Indian languages, e.g. Chandu Menon tried to translate Henrietta Temple written by Benjamin Disraeli into Malayalam butherealisedthatreadersinKeralawerenotfamiliarwiththewayinwhichcharactersof English novels lived. Their clothes, ways of speaking, manners, etc. would appear strange to them, so he gave up the idea and wrote an original novel ‘Indulekha’ in 1889. K.ViresalingamgaveupefforttotranslateOliverGoldsmith’sVicar of Wakefield into Telugu. He wrote an original Telugu novel called Rajasekhara Caritamu in 1878.

6. Chandrakanta—aromanticnovelbecameabestseller.ItwaswrittenbyDevakiNandanKhatri.Thenovelbecameverypopularbecauseofthefollowingreasons:

(a) It was written purely for the pleasure of reading. (b) It gave insights into the fears and desires of the readers.

Worksheet– 41 1. PremchandemergedasapowerfulwriterinUrduandHindi.Hiswritingswerespecial

because (a) They do not simply give moral lessons or purely entertain the reader but show that

he seriously thought about the lives of the ordinary people. (b) He dealt with social issues specially the condition of women in Indian society e.g.

Sewasadan. Issues like child marriage and dowry system are woven into the story of the novel.

Godan is the best known work by Premchand. The story revolves around a peasant couple Hori and his wife Dhania. They are oppressed by the landlords, the mahajans, brahmin priests and colonial bureaucrats. These people exercised lot of control over the lives of ordinary men and poor peasants, Hori and Dhania are deprived of their land yet they retain their dignity. It is an epic of Indian peasantry as it describes the lives of the poor peasants with great accuracy.

2. (a) ManyBengalinovelswerelocatedinthepast,theircharacters,eventsandlovestorieswere all based on historical events.

(b) Anothergroupofnovelsdepictedthedomestic life incontemporarysettings.Plotsrevolved around social problems and romantic relations between men and women.

TheoldmerchanteliteofCalcuttapatronisedentertainmentssuchasKabirlarai(poetrycontests), musical soirees and dance performnances. But new Bhadrolak group widely read novels. They gathered as a group and read a number of novels. For example, the greatBanglanovelistBankimChandraChattopadhyayaorganisedJatrainhishouse.In his room, his family members gathered while he read out his novel ‘Durgeshanadini’ written in 1865.

3. PremchandemergedasapowerfulwriterinUrduandHindi.Hiswritingswerespecialbecause

(a) They do not simply give moral lessons or purely entertain the reader but show that he seriously thought about the lives of the ordinary people.

(b) He dealt with social issues specially the condition of women in Indian society e.g. Sewasadan. Issues like child marriage and dowry system are woven into the story of the novel.


Godan is the best known work by Premchand. The story revolves around a peasant couple Hori and his wife Dhania. They are oppressed by the landlords, the mahajans, brahmin priests and colonial bureaucrats. These people exercised lot of control over the lives of ordinary men and poor peasants, Hori and Dhania are deprived of their land yet they retain their dignity. It is an epic of Indian peasantry as it describes the lives of the poor peasants with great accuracy.

4. Premchand’s novels depict all kinds of characters drawn from all strata of society. He has written about landed aristocracy, middle level peasants, landless peasants, professionals and marginalised groups. His women characters like Nirmala are strong individuals. In Rangbhoomi, his central character is a visually challenged beggar called Surdas. Thus, Premchand found that ordinary, poor were worthy of literary reflection. Surdas tries to prevent the take over of his land for building tobacco factory. As we read the story we wonder about industrialisation and its impact on society and people.

5. Very significant changes came about in the content and style of writing novels. The colonial writers showed Indians as fickle minded, divided and dependent on the British. These writings were meant to establish superiority of the white men and British culture. These did not satisfy the educated intellectuals of India. The Puranic stories of the past were preoccupied with supernatural and divine themes. The newly educated professional class wanted to read about real India, issues in daily lives of ordinary people. Realistic depiction helped to create a sense of Pan- Indian belonging.

6. Saraswativijayam This novel was written by Potheri Kunjambu, a lower-caste writer from north Kerala. This

novel attacks on caste oppression. The novel revolves around a young man who happens to be an ‘untouchable’. He has to leave his village to save himself from the cruelty of his Brahmin landlord. He converts to Christianity, obtains modern education and returns to his village as a judge in the local court. Meanwhile, the villagers, thinking that the landlord’s men had killed him, file a case. At the conclusion of the trial, the judge reveals his identity. The Nambuthiri repents and reforms his ways.

Thus, the novel highlights the importance of education for the upliftment of the lower castes.

Worksheet– 42

1. Three features of the early Bengali novels are: (i) The early Bengali novels lived in two worlds. Many of these novels were located in

the past, their characters, events and love stories based on historical events. (ii) Another group of novels depicted the inner world of domestic life in contemporary

settings. Domestic novels frequently dealt with the social problems and romantic relationships between men and women.

(iii) Novels were read individually. They could also be read in select groups. 2. Srinivas Das’s novel Pariksha-Guru was published in 1882. The novel cautioned young

men of well-to-do families against the dangerous influences of bad company and consequent loose morals.

Pariksha-Guru novel reflects the inner and outer world of the newly emerging middle classes. The characters in the novel are caught in the difficulty of adapting to colonised society and at the same time preserving their own cultural identity. The novel tries to


teach the reader the ‘right-way’ to live and expects all ‘sensible men’ to be worldly-wise and practical, to remain rooted in the values of their own tradition and culture, and to live with dignity and honour.

3. ‘Vernacular’ novels were a valuable source of information on native life and customs. As outsiders, the British knew little about life inside Indian households and the information provided in the novels proved useful for them in governing Indian society, with its large variety of communities and castes. The new novels in Indian languages often had descriptions of domestic life. They showed how people dressed, their forms of religious worship,theirbeliefsandpractices,andsoon.SomeofthesebooksweretranslatedintoEnglish by British administrators or Christian missionaries.

4. (i) Rokeya Hossein was a social reformer. (ii) ShestartedaschoolforgirlsinCalcutta(Kolkata). (iii) ShewrotesatiricfantasyinEnglish. (iv) It shows the world in which women will take the place of men. (v) Her novel ‘Padamarag’ shows the need for women to reform their conditions

themselves. Any other relevant point. (Anythreepointstobeexplained)

Worksheet– 43 1. (a)Novelreadingofferedanescapeforwomenfromtheirharshrealitiestoanimaginary

world. (b) In south India, older women listened to popular novels read out to them by their grand

children as it offered some amusement. (c) Novelscreatedanewimageofwomen,whohadchoicesinmarriageandrelationships.

It showed them as having some control over their lives. (d) Rokeya Hossein’s novel Padmarag showed that women could change their conditions

by their own actions. 2. (a) ManyBengalinovelswerelocatedinthepast,theircharacters,eventsandlovestories

were all based on historical events. (b) Anothergroupofnovelsdepictedthedomestic life incontemporarysettings.Plots

revolved around social problems and romantic relations between men and women. TheoldmerchanteliteofCalcuttapatronisedentertainmentssuchasKabirlarai(poetry

contests), musical soirees and dance performnances. But new Bhadrolak group widely read novels. They gathered as a group and read a number of novels. For example, the great Bangla novelist Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya organised Jatra in his house. In his room, his family members gathered while he read out his novel ‘Durgeshanadini’ written in 1865.

3. Yes, novels give silent reading. They encouraged reading alone and in silence. Individuals sitting at home or travelling in trains enjoyed them. Even in a crowded room, the novel offered a special world of imagination into which the reader could slip, and be all alone.

Novelsbecamepopularquicklyduetothefollowingreasons: (a) In the past, manuscripts were handwritten. These were circulated among very few

people. In constrast, because of being printed, novels were widely read. (b) Big cities like London were growing rapidly and becoming connected to small towns

and rural areas through print and improved communications.


(c) Novels created anumber of common interests among their scattered and variedreaders.Asreadersweredrawnintothestoryandidentifiedwiththelivesoffictitiouscharacters, they could think about issues such as the relationship between love and marriage, the proper conduct for men and women, and so on.

4. (a)Novelswerepopularamongeducatedmiddleclassasamediumofentertainment. (b) Love stories, detective novels, adventures and mysteries became hugely popular for

they amused people. (c) Novelsallowedindividualsthepleasureofreadinginprivate.Theyofferedaspecial

world of imagination into which the reader could slip and be all alone. Thus, reading a novel was like daydreaming.

(d) Many times people gathered to listen to a novel being read aloud by someone else. There after they could discuss the story and became involved in the characters. Forexample,B.C.ChattopadhyayreadoutDurgeshNandinitoonesuchgatheringof people who were stunned to realise that the Bengali novel had achieved excellence quickly.DevakiNandanKhatri’s‘Chandrakanta’wasaromancewrittenjustforthepleasure of reading.

5. Very often novels presented a pictures of how things should be. The authors created characterswhohadgreatqualitiesthatreaderscouldadmireandimitate.Theseidealcharacters could successfully handle the dilemmas faced by colonial subjects i.e. becoming progressive and modern without rejecting traditions and losing one’s real identity. Many English educated Indians found western ways of living and ideas very attractive but they scared that their own culture would be destroyed.

Example– In ChanduMenon’snovel Indulekha, the hero Madhavan is also English educatedfromMadrasUniversitybutwasalsowellreadinSanskrit.Heworewesternclothesbutkeptalongtuftofhair,accordingtotheNayartradition.

Worksheet– 44

1. (a)Novelstookreadersawayfromrealitytoanimaginaryworldwhereanythingcouldhappen. Many people thought that novels would corrupt specially women and children.

(b) Parents kept novels out of children’s reach but young people often read them in secret. (c) Olderuneducatedwomenenjoyednovelswhentheirgrandchildrenreadoutthem. (d) Women soon became authors writing poems, essays and auto-biographies. They created

anewconceptofwomanhood,wherewomenhadchoices—theycouldchooseorrefusetheirpartnersandrelationships.Novelsdepictedwomenashavingsomecontrolovertheir lives, for example, Rokeya Hossein wrote a satire Sultana’s Dream where women takeplaceofmen.ShewrotePadmarag that showed how women could improve their condition through their own actions. Young women who were assertive, could think for themselves. These developments made Indian men uneasy and suspicious of women writing novels or reading them. Their domination was threatened by women.

2. Indulekha(1889)wasthefirstmodernnovelinMalayalam.ItwaswrittenbyO.ChanduMenon.

(a) India was facing the onslaught of the western culture. Western ideas, lifestyle appealed to the English educated class in India but they faced the dilemma of losing their own traditional values. Characters like Indulekha and Madhavan showed the reader how the two life styles could be brought together.


(b) Animportantissueisthemarriagepracticesofupper-casteHindusinKerala,especiallyNambuthiriBrahminsandNairs.Casteseemstobeanimportantfactorwhileformingmarriage alliances.

(c) SuriNambuthiri,afoolishlandlordcomestomarryIndulekhawhoisintelligent.Sheexercises her choice, rejects him and marries Madhavan, an educated civil servant. It shows that education began to be valued as an asset.

(d) The novel is critical of alliances based on caste, ignorance and immorality among high caste.

3. VaikkomMuhammadBasheer(1908–96)wasoneoftheearlyMuslimwriterstogainwide fame as a novelist in Malayalam.

Basheer’s works were based on his own rich experience rather than scholarly pursuits. Hedidnothavemucheducation.HelefthomeataveryearlyagetotakepartintheSaltSatyagraha.HetravelledwidelyindifferentpartsofIndiaandalsoinArabia.Hespenthisdaysworkinginaship.HehadcloseassociationwithSufisandHindusanyasis.

Basheer’s short novels and stories were written in the ordinary language of conversation. With wonderful humour, Basheer’s novels spoke about details from the everyday life of Muslim households. He also brought into Malayalam writing themes which were consideredveryunusualatthattime–poverty,insanityandlifeinprison.

4. The history written by colonial historians tended to depict Indians as weak, divided and dependent on the British. These histories could not satisfy the tastes of the new Indian administrators and intellectuals. The traditional Puranic stories of the past also could notconvincethoseeducatedandworkingundertheEnglishsystem.Suchmindswantednew view of the past that would show that Indians could be independent minded and had been so in history. The novel provided a solution. In it, the nation could be imagined in a past that also featured historical characters, places, events and dates.

Chapter test 1. Rajasekhara Charitamu 2. He was a famous Russian novelist. He wrote basically on rural life and community. 3. When women started writing novels, some people felt that women would neglect their

traditional role as wives and mothers. 4. Durgeshnandini–BankimChandraChattopadhyay Chandrakanta–DevakiNandanKhatri 5. GeorgeEliotwasawellknownnovelistinthe19thcentury.Shebelievedthatnovelsgave

women an opportunity to express themselves. 6. The Bengali novels give us an idea about two trends: (i) Thefirstonewasagroupofnovelswhichfocusedonthepast,theircharacters,events

and love stories were based on historical events. (ii) Another group of novels narrated the inner world of domestic life in contemporary

settings. Domestic novels frequently dealt with social problems, a romanticrelationship between men and women.

7. (a) CharlesDickenswroteabouttheway inwhichcitiesgrewunregulated leadingtoovercrowding. He wrote about the misery of workers, unemployed poor and the homeless who roamed the streets in despair.


(b) Hewroteabouthorribleeffectsofindustrialisationonlivesofpeoplesuchassmokytowns, smoking chimneys, polluted rivers, slums, etc. He wrote how workers began to be known as hands, as if they had no identity other than as operators of machines, e.g. Hard Times.

(c) Hefocusedonlivesofpettycriminals,beggarsandorphans,e.g.Oliver Twist. 8. MunshiPremchandwasoneofthegreatestliteraryfiguresofmodernHindiandUrdu

literature. Premchand’s characters created community based on democratic values. Premchand’snovels,forinstance,werefilledwithallkindsofpowerfulcharactersdrawnfrom all levels of society like aristocrats and landlords, middle level peasants and landless labourers, middle-class professionals and people from the margins of society. Before MunshiPremchand,Hindi literaturewasconfinedto thetales, thestoriesofmagicalpowers and other such escapist fantasies. His novel Sevasadan(1916)discussesthelivesof ordinary people and social issues. It deals with the poor condition of women in society. Issues like child marriage and dowry are woven into the story of the novel. It also tells us about the ways in which the Indian upper classes used whatever little opportunities they get from colonial authorities to govern themselves. The central character of his novel Rangbhoomi(TheArena),Surdas,isavisuallyimpairedbeggarfromaso-called‘untouchable’ caste. The very act of choosing such a person as the hero of a novel is significant.Itmakesthelivesofthemostoppressedsectionofsocietyasworthyliteraryreflection.ThestoryofSurdaswasinspiredbyGandhi’spersonalityandideas.Godan (TheGiftofCow),publishedin1936,remainsPremchand’sbest-knownwork.Premchandwroteontherealisticissuesoftheday,i.ecommunalism,corruption,zamindari,debt,poverty, colonialism etc.


Worksheet– 45 1. Premchand 2. England; France 3. OliverTwist 4. Robinson Cruseo; Colonisation 5. Henrietta Temple; Malyalam 6. RamashankarRaj;Saudamini 7. Indulekha 8. Treasure land 9. Marathi; the plight of widows 10. Muktamala, Marathi

Worksheet– 46

1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. F


Worksheet– 47 1. Satireisaformofrepresentationthroughwriting,drawing,pointingetc.thatprovidesa

criticism of society in a manner that is witty and clever. 2. InBhudebMukhopadhyay’sAnguriyaBinimoy’,Shivajiengagesinmanybattlesagainst

thetreacherousAurangzeb. 3. Bharatendu Harishchandra was a pioneer of modern Hindi language. 4. Premchand took Hindi novels to another level of excellence. He began writing in Hindi

and later shifted to Hindi and was popular in both language. He used the traditional art ofKissa-goi(storytelling).

5. In espistolary novel, personal and private forms of letters were used to tell a story. For example,SamuelRichardson’sPamela.

6. The British administrators were not familiar with the culture and social life of the Indians. 7. ThefirstattempttotranslateEnglishnovelsintovernacularlanguageswastakenbyO.

Chandu Menon. 8. The great Bengali novelist Bandim Chandra Chattopadhyay hosted jatra in his house.

Inhisroom,hisfamilymembersgatheredwhilehereadouthisnovel‘DurgeshNandini’written in 1865.

9. SrinivasDasofDelhiwrotethefirstpropermodernnovel‘ParikshaGuru’inHindi. 10. EmilaZala’snovelGerminal(1885)isonthelifeofayoungminerisfrance.

Worksheet– 48 Do yourself.

geography(First Term)


Worksheet– 49

1. It is called Resource Planning. 2. These are called Stocks. 3. Non-renewable. 4. Forests are essential for maintaining ecological balance. 5. Black soil. 6. It is known as soil erosion. 7. 3.28 million sq. km. 8. Weathering and erosion. 9. Usara or Urvara. 10. Khadar

Worksheet– 50

1. Ravines are the bad lands in the Chambal basin. 2. Landdegradationismeantbymakingoflandunfitforagriculture. 3. Cotton crop 4. Alluvial soil 5. Terrace farming. 6. Alluvial soil. 7. These are called reserves. 8. It is called Resource. 9. These are biotic resources. 10. Non-renewable resources 11. Human-made resources 12. Renewable and non-renewable resources. 13. Developed resources 14. It is known as Sustainable development. 15. (i) Forests (ii) Waste lands (iii) Current fallow (iv) Net sown area

Worksheet– 51

1. It is called Territorial waters of a country. 2. Renewable resources. 3. Fallow land 4. Resourcesareclassifiedonthebasisofownershipas: Individual Resources: These are owned privately by individuals. Urban people own

plots, houses and other property. Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells etc. are some of the examples of resources owned by individuals.

Community Owned Resources: There are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. Village commons (grazing grounds, burial grounds, village

GEOG.

1 REsouRcEs and dEvElopmEnt

49nR E s o u R c E s a n d d E v E l o p m E t

ponds, etc.) public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds in urban areas are accessible to all the people living there.

International Resources: There are international institutions which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the exclusive economic zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions.

5. Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development. In this process they often consume resources more in quantity which cause depletion of resources. As more technological development occurs there is increased need for input and utilisation of resources. For example, more factories providing employment to more people is a necessity. For the factory, land and metal (for machines) are used. For this mining of minerals/metals increases, causing land degradation and depletion of mineral resources of a certain area. As technical or technological development is closely linked to economic development we can say that both of these have led to more consumption of resources.

6. Resource planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. Resourceplanningisacomplexprocesswhichinvolves: (a)Identificationandinventoryofresourcesacrosstheregionsofthecountry.Thisinvolves

surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.

(b) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.

(c) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans. 7. MeasurestakentocontrollanddegradationindifferentregionsofIndiaare: (a) Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. (b) Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on overgrazing, stabilisation of sand dunes

by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods of checking land degradation. (c) Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and

disposalofindustrialeffluentsandwastesaftertreatmentcanreducelandandwaterdegradation in industrial and suburban areas.

Worksheet– 52

1. The problem of land degradation can be solved in hilly and desert areas by the following methods:

(a) Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. (b) Ploughingalongthecontourlinescandeceleratetheflowofwaterdowntheslopes.

This is called contour ploughing. (c) Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion.

Western and central Himalayas have well-developed terrace farming. 2. Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast. Mainfeaturesofthistypeofsoilare: (a) It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. (b) Towards the river valleys, soil particles are bigger in size. In the upper reaches the

soils are coarse. They are common in piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai. (c) Alluvial soils are of two types on the basis of their age — Khadar and Bangar.


(d) These are very fertile soils and contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.

(e) Regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. (f) Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment

and irrigation. 3. SoilErosion:Thedenudationofthesoilcoverandsubsequentwashingdownisdescribed

as soil erosion. The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels or gullies. The

landbecomesunfitforcultivationandisknownasbadland.IntheChambalbasinsuchlandsarecalledravines.Sometimeswaterflowsasasheetoverlargeareasdownaslope.In such cases the top soil is washed away. This is known as sheet erosion.

4. Majorproblemswhichoccurduetoindiscriminateuseofresourcesare: (a) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. (b) Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divide the society into two

segments i.e. haves and have-nots or rich and poor. (c) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as,

global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation. 5. Resource Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. Reasons: (i) Resources are unevenly distributed over the country. (ii) Someregionsarerichincertaintypesofresourcesbutaredeficientinsomeother

resources. (iii) There are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources. (iv) Resources are limited. (v) Resource planning helps in reducing wastage. (vi) Resource planning takes care of future generation. (vii) Any other relevant point. (Any two points to be explained) 6. Human factors are activities like deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining,

defective methods of farming (ploughing in a wrong way i.e. up and down the slope forms channelsforthequickflowofwaterleadingtosoilerosionetc.)

Physical factors like wind, glacier and water lead to land degradation. (a) The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels or gullies.

Thelandbecomesunfitforcultivationandisknownasbadland.IntheChambalbasinsuchlandsarecalledravines.Sometimeswaterflowsasasheetoverlargeareasdowna slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away. This is known as sheet erosion.

(b)Windblowsloosesoiloffflatorslopinglandknownaswinderosion.

Worksheet– 53

1. Resourceplanningisacomplexprocesswhichinvolves: (a)Identificationandinventoryofresourcesacrosstheregionsofthecountry.Thisinvolves

surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.


(b) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.

(c) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans. 2. Onthebasisofexhaustibilityresourcesareclassifiedasfollowing: (i) Renewable Resources. The resources which can be used again and again and can be

reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes, are known as renewable or replenishable resources. For example, solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife,etc.Therenewableresourcesmayfurtherbedividedintocontinuousorflowand biological resources.

(ii) Non-renewable Resources. The resources which take millions of years in their formation and occur over a very long geological time are known as non-renewable resources. For example, minerals and fossil fuels. Some of the resources like metals are recyclable while fossil fuels cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use.

3. Resource Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. Reasons: (i) Resources are unevenly distributed over the country. (ii) Someregionsarerichincertaintypesofresourcesbutaredeficientinsomeother

resources. (iii) There are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources. (iv) Resources are limited. (v) Resource planning helps in reducing wastage. (vi) Resource planning takes care of future generation. (vii) Any other relevant point. (Any two points to be explained) 4. (i) Territorial waters and exclusive economic zone. The oceanic area up to 12 nautical

miles from the coastline is called territorial waters of a country. The exclusive economic zones are the area up to 200 km from the coastline in which the country has the exclusive rights to exploit the natural resources. It includes territorial waters in it.

(ii) Subtainable economic development. It means development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.

(iii) Planning. Planning is a widely accepted strategy for cautious use of resources. In the country like India it is very important to follow and execute such planning as India has enormous diversity in the availability of resources. Some regions are rich incertaintypesofresourcesbutdeficientinsomeotherresources.Someregionsareself-sufficientintermsoftheavailabilityofresourceswhileothershaveacuteshortageof some vital resources.

5. Human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing and mining have contributed significantlyinlanddegradation.

(i) Mining sites are abandoned after mining work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening.

(ii) In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation has occurred due to mining. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.

(iii) In Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, overirrigation is responsible for land degradation due to waterlogging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.


(iv) The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere whichretardstheprocessofinfiltrationofwaterintothesoilafteritsettlesdownonthe land.

(v) Industrialeffluentsaswastehavebecomeamajorsourceoflandandwaterpollution.

Worksheet– 54 1.


2.

Worksheet– 55 1. Onthebasisofthestatusofdevelopmentresourcesareclassifiedas: PotentialResources:Resourceswhicharefoundinaregion,buthavenotbeenutilised.For

example, the western parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly.

DevelopedResources:Resourceswhicharesurveyedandtheirqualityandquantityhavebeen determined for utilisation. The development of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility.


Stock:Materialsintheenvironmentwhichhavethepotentialtosatisfyhumanneedsbut human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these, are included amongstock.Forexample,waterisacompoundoftwoinflammablegases;hydrogenandoxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy. But we do not have the required technical ‘know-how’ to use them for this purpose. Hence, it can be considered as stock.

Reserves: Thesearethesubsetofthestock,whichcanbeputintousewiththehelpof existing technical ‘know-how‘ but their use has not been started. These can be used for meeting future requirements. River water can be used for generating hydroelectric power but presently, it is being utilised only to a limited extent. Thus, the water in the dams, forests etc. is a reserve which can be used in the future. An equitable distribution of resources has become essential for a sustained quality of life and global peace.

2. The total area of India is 3.28 million square kilometres. According to the land use data, records are available only for about 93% of the total area. Of this 46% is the net sown area, forests cover is 22%, 5% is cultivable land, 8% is fallow land and 4% is covered by pastures, 1% is covered by tree crops. The net sown area and the land under forests have increased over the years. The pattern of net sown area varies from one state to another. TheforestareainIndiaismuchbelowthescientificnormanditneedstoberaisedinorder to restore the ecological balance.

Large scale development projects, industrialisation and urbanisation as well as agricultural expansion have widely reduced forest cover in various parts of the country. Though afforestation and social forestry measures have been adopted, it has led to only a marginal increase in the forest area.

3. Factorsresultinginlanddegradationareasfollows: (a) Human activities such as deforestation due to mining have contributed in land

degradation in the states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha. Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete, leaving deep scars and traces of overburdening.

(b) Overgrazing in the states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra is the main reason for land degradation.

(c) In the states of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, over-irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging, leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.

(d)Miningandquarryinghavecontributedsignificantlyinlanddegradation. (e) The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and

soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retardstheprocessofinfiltrationofwaterintothesoilafteritsettlesdownontheland.

(f) Industrialeffluentsaswasteshavebecomeamajorsourceoflandandwaterpollutionin many parts of the country.

Chapter test 1. Land degradation 2. This region is known for Black soil. 3. Alluvial soil. 4. Red soil

55F O R E S T a n d W I L d L I F E R E S O U R C E S

5. The total area of India is 3.28 million square kilometres. According to the land use data, records are available only for about 93% of the total area. Of this 46% is the net sown area, forests cover is 22%, 5% is cultivable land, 8% is fallow land and 4% is covered by pastures, 1% is covered by tree crops. The net sown area and the land under forests have increased over the years. The pattern of net sown area varies from one state to another. The forest area in India is much below the scientific norm and it needs to be raised in order to restore the ecological balance.

Large scale development projects, industrialisation and urbanisation as well as agricultural expansion have widely reduced forest cover in various parts of the country. Though afforestation and social forestry measures have been adopted, it has led to only a marginal increase in the forest area.

6. Resource planning is a technique or skill of proper utilisation of resources. It is a complex process. It is important in country like India because

(a) There is an enormous diversity in the availability of resources. (b) There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some

other resources. For example, the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits. Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resource but lacks in infrastructural development. The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources.

7. (a) Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. (b) Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.

This is called contour ploughing. (c) Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts,

erosion, western and central Himalayas have well-developed terrace farming. (d) Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. (e) Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on overgrazing, stabilisation of sand dunes

by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods to check land degradation. (f) Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and

disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.


Worksheet– 56

1. Individual Resources 2. Resource Planning 3. Soil Erosion 4. Gross sown area 5. Gullies 6. Sheet erosion 7. Contour ploughing 8. Strip cropping 9. Shelter belts 10. Resource

Worksheet– 57

1. (i) 2. (j) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)

6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (e) 9. (f) 10. (g)

56 OS c i a l S c E ni x–c E

GEOG.

2 FoREst and WildliFE REsouRcEs

Worksheet– 58 1. Each form of life in the earth is dependent either directly or indirectly on the plants. 2. Plants which belong to outside the country are known as exotic plants. 3. These are called critical. 4. It is the physical environment of a place formed by all kinds of plants and animals of that

place. 5. Forest cover has increased. 6. During the colonial period. 7. In 1952. 8. Due to shifting cultivation. 9. In West Bengal. 10. The major threat is Dolomite mining. 11. Grazing and fuel wood collection. 12. In Himachal Pradesh.

Worksheet– 59 1. Central and state governments. 2. In 1973. 3. There are 29 tiger reserves in India. 4. Reserved and Protected Forests. 5. These are 14 biosphere reserve in India. 6. Mahua and Kadamba. 7. (i) Agricultural expansion (ii) Large-scale development projects (iii) Rapid industrialisation

and urbanisation 8. Extinct species. 9. Normal species. 10. Endangered species. 11. Rare species. 12. Endemic species. 13. During colonial period few favoured species were promoted which were termed as

‘enrichment plantation’. In this, a single commercially valuable species was extensively planted and other species eliminated. Plantation of teak had damaged the natural forest in South India and Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) plantations in the Himalayas have replaced the Himalayan oak (Quercius spp.) and Rhododendron forests. As a result of this, biodiversity was destroyed.

14. From the Himalayan Yew tree a chemical compound called ‘taxol’ is extracted from its bark, needles, twigs and roots, and it has been successfully used to treat some cancers–the drug is now the biggest selling anti-cancer drug in the world. The species is under great threat due to over-exploitation. In the last one decade, thousands of yew trees have dried up in various parts of Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh.


Worksheet– 60

1. India’s environment is at great risk because over half of India’s natural forests are gone, one-third of its wetlands drained out, 70 per cent of its surface water bodies polluted, 40 per cent of its mangroves wiped out, and with continued hunting and trade of wild animals and commercially valuable plants, thousands of plant and animal species are heading towards extinction.

2. The destruction of forest and wildlife has affected greatly the forest dependent communities. These communities directly depend on various components of the forest and wildlife for food, drink, medicine, culture, spirituality, etc.

Within the poor, women are affected more than men. In many societies, women bear the major responsibility of collection of fuel, fodder, water and other basic subsistence need and sometimes they have to walk for more than 10 km to collect these resources. This causes serious health problems for women and negligence of home and children because of the increased hours of work, which often has serious social implications.

Theindirectimpactofdegradationsuchasseveredroughtordeforestation-inducedfloods,etc. also hits the poor the hardest.

3. Weneedtoconserveourforestsandwildlifebecause: (a) Environmental destruction results in poverty in the communities that are directly

dependent upon forests and wildlife. Therefore, forests and wildlife are vital to the quality of life and environment in the subcontinent. It is imperative to adapt to sound forest and wildlife conservation strategies.

(b) Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and our life support systems – water, air and soil.

(c) It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth of species and breeding. For example, in agriculture, we are still dependent on traditional crop varieties. Fisheries too are heavily dependent on the maintenance of aquatic biodiversity.

4. Tiger is one of the key wildlife species in the faunal web. In 1973, the authorities realised that the tiger population had dwindled to 1,827 from an estimated 55,000 at the turn of the century. The major threats to tiger population are numerous, such as poaching for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion of prey base species, growing human population, etc. The trade of tiger skins and the use of their bones in traditional medicines, especially in the Asian countries left the tiger population on the verge of extinction. Since India and Nepal provide habitat to about two-thirds of the surviving tiger population in the world, these two nations became prime targets for poaching and illegal trading. Therefore, it became imperative to formulate Project Tiger to protect tigers.

5. “Project Tiger”, one of the well publicised wildlife campaigns in the world, was launched in 1973. Initially, it showed success as the tiger population went up to 4,002 in 1985 and 4,334 in 1989. But in 1993, the population of the tiger had dropped to 3,600. There are 27 tiger reserves in India covering an area of 37,761 sq km. Tiger conservation has been viewed not only as an effort to save an endangered species, but with equal importance as a means of preserving biotypes of sizeable magnitude. Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, Sunderbans National Park in West Bengal, Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh, Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan, Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam and Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala are some of the tiger reserves in India.


6. The conservation projects are now focusing on biodiversity rather than on a few of its components. There is now a more intensive search for different conservation measures. Increasingly,eveninsectsarebeginningtofindaplaceinconservationplanning.InthenotificationunderWildlifeActof1980and1986,severalhundredbutterflies,months,beetles,anddragonflyhavebeenaddedtothelistofprotectedspecies.In1991,forthefirsttimeplantswerealsoaddedtothelist,startingwithsixspecies.

Worksheet– 61 1. Needtoconserveforestandwildliferesources: (i) Rapid decline in forests and wildlife population. (ii) Conservation maintains the ecological balance. (iii) Forest depletion accelerates soil erosion. (iv) Conservation is needed to protect wildlife because it is threatened by man’s

intervention. (v) Theyprovideeconomicbenefits. (vi) Any other relevant point. (Any three reasons to be explained) 2. Causes of depletion of Flora and Fauna (i) Expansion of the commercial and scientific forestry and mining activities. During the

colonial period due to the expansion of the railways, agriculture, commercial and scientificforestryandminingactivities,Indianforestsgotdepletedtoanextent.

(ii) Agricultural Expansion. Even after Independence, agricultural expansion continues to be one of the major causes of depletion of forest resources. Between 1951 and 1980 over 26,200 sq. km. of forest area was converted into agricultural land especially in the northeastern and central India for shifting cultivation (jhum) and a type of ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.

(iii) Enrichment Plantation. It was a plantation in which a single commercially valuable species was widely planted and other species reduced.

(iv) Development Projects. Large-scale development projects have also contributed significantlytothelossofforests.Projectsstill incontinuationliketheNarmadaSagar Project in Madhya Pradesh have swallowed up 40,000 hectares of forests.

(v) Mining. It is another important factor behind deforestation. The Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal is threatened by the ongoing dolomite mining. It has disturbed the natural habitat of many species and blocked the migration route of several others including the great Indian elephant.

(vi) Unequal Access to Resources. The wealthiest 5% of Indian society cause more ecological damage because of the amount they consume than the poorest 25 per cent and shares minimum responsibilities for environmental well-being.

(vii) Habitat destruction. Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over-exploitation, environmentalpollution,poisoningandforestfiresarefactors,whichhaveledtothedecline in India’s biodiversity.

3. (i) Cutting of the trees in the forests must be stopped. The government has taken adequate steps in this direction. Forest department has been created for this purpose. Laws have been implemented to punish the persons who are found guilty of cutting of trees.


However, awareness among the people is more important. Without this awareness results cannot be satisfactory.

(ii) The people must cooperate to check the felling of trees. Their active participation is most important in this regard.

many persons have come forward for this task. Movements like ‘Chipko Andolan’ have been launched by the people themselves.

(iii) Necessary wood for industrial purposes and for other activities, must be acquired in a well planned manner, so that industrial growth and environment protection both can be achieved.

(iv) Wherever the treeshavebeen cut for any reason;new treesmust beplanted tomaintain the ecological balance.

(v) Festivals like ‘Vanmahotsava’ should be celebrated everywhere. It would help in growing the awareness.

(vi) 33% of the total land area must be brought under forest cover.

Worksheet– 62 1. Forestsareclassifiedunderthefollowingcategories: (a) Reserved Forests: More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved

forests. Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forests and wildlife resources are concerned.

(b) Protected Forests: Almost one-third of the total forest area is protected forest, as declared by the Forest Department. This forest land is protected from any further depletion.

(c) Unclassed Forests: These are other forests and wasteland belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.

2. (a) Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Maharashtra have large percentages of reserved forests of its total forest area.

(b) Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha and Rajasthan have a bulk of it under protected forests.

(c) All North-eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as un-classed forests managed by local communities.

3. (a) The famous Chipko Movement in the Himalayas has successfully resisted deforestation in several areas. It has also shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be enormously successful.

(b) Attempts have been made to revive the traditional conservation methods. At the same time new methods of ecological farming have also been developed. Farmers and citizen’s groups like the ‘Beej Bachao Andolan’ in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequatelevelsofdiversifiedcropproductionwithouttheuseofsyntheticchemicalsare possible as well economically viable.

(c) In our country Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme offers a nice example for involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department. In return themembersofthesecommunitiesaregiventherighttointermediarybenefitssuchasnon-timber forest produces and share in the timber harvested by ‘successful protection’.


4.

Chapter test 1. Extinct species 2. Enrichment plantation 3. Unclassed forests. 4. Reserved forests. 5. Biodiversity or Biological Diversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species,

diverse in form and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple networks of interdependencies. We can say that India is rich in biodiversity because


over81,000speciesoffaunaand47,000speciesoffloraarefoundinthiscountrysofar.Oftheestimate47,000plantspecies,about15,000floweringspeciesareendemic(indigenous) to India.

6. Certainspeciesbecomeendangeredbecausethesurvivalofcertainspeciesisdifficultifthe negative factors that have led to a decline in their population continue to operate. The examples of such species are black buck, crocodile, Indian wild ass, Indian rhino, lion tailed macaque, sangai (a type of deer in Manipur), etc.

7. (a)Toprotectfloraandfauna,theIndianWildlife(Protection)Actwasimplementedin1972, with various provisions for protecting habitats.

(b) An all-India list of protected species was also published. The thrust of the programme was towards protecting the remaining population of certain endangered species by banning hunting, giving legal protection to their habitats, and restricting trade in wildlife.

(c) Central and many state governments established national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.

(d)Thecentralgovernmentannouncedseveralprojectsforprotectingspecificanimals,which were gravely threatened, including the tiger, the one-horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag or hangul, three types of crocodiles – freshwater crocodile, saltwater crocodile and the Gharial, the Asiatic lion, and others. Most recently, the Indian elephant, black buck (chinkara), the great Indian bustard (godawan) and the snow leopard, etc., have been given full or partial legal protection against hunting and trade throughout India.


Worksheet– 63

1. (f) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (g) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (j) 9. (h) 10. (i)

Worksheet– 64

(a) Neem is grown in both tropical and sub-tropical regions. Neem has endless medicinal properties. It is used to control pests and treat pox viruses. Neem is a major ingredient in soaps and shampoos and is healthy for our skin.

(b) Arjuna tree is generally found around river beds. Arjuna is known for its medicinal values in bark. It is used as a diuretic and relief in hypertension. It is considered to be a good cardiac tonic and used in about 12 ayurvedic medicinal preparations.

(c) Rosewood mainly grows on the banks of the river below 900 meter elevation. It is widely found in the state of Haryana. It can also be found in the Periyar National Park. Rosewood holds many medicinal properties. Rosewood oil stimulates new cell growth, regenerate tissues, and helps minimize lines and wrinkles.

(d) Sandalwoodtreeflourishesinregionswheretheclimateiscoolwithmoderaterainfall,plentifulsunshineand longperiodsofdryweather.Sandalwood isverybeneficial fortreating gastric irritability and any other kind of gastric ailments. The wood is used in treatment of dysentery. Since ancient times, sandalwood paste has been used to relieve headache and control the body temperature during fever.


(e) Tulsi is generally grown in rich loamy soil with ample precipitation and strong sunlight. It is grown the best in the North Central plains of India that are near rivers. Tulsi has very potent germicidal, fungicidal, anti-bacterial and anti-biotic properties that are great for resolving fevers. It is a powerful anti-oxidant. Tulsi helps reduce the uric acid levels in the blood. It purifies the blood giving the skin a beautiful glow. It gives a great relief for coughs, cold, and other respiratory disorders.

(f) Cinchona is grown in the hilly terrain of West Bengal. The bark of cinchona is stripped from the tree, dried, and powdered for medicinal uses. It contains quinine, which is a chemical used in the treatment of malaria.

(g) Babool is a tree 5 m–20 m high grown in sandy or sterile regions, with the climate dry during the greater part of the year. It is used for stomach upset and pain, the bark is chewed to protect against scurvy, an infusion is taken for dysentery and diarrhoea.

(h) Khajuri or date palm is grown as an ornamental tree along the Mediterranean shores of Europe, and its leaves are used for the celebration of Palm Sunday among Christians. Date sugar, a commercial product of India, is obtained from the sap of a closely related species.

(i) Teak is well grown in all the parts of India. It is also found in the Gir National Park, Satpura National Park, Pench Tiger Reserve in India. Teak also holds the medicinal value. The bark is bitter tonic and is considered useful in fever, in headache and stomach problems. Digestion may be enhanced by the teak wood or bark. It is used in the furniture making, boat decks and for indoor flooring.

(j) Sundari is distributed widely in the Old World tropics, in eastern Africa and from India eastwards throughout Southeast Asia to tropical Australia, Hawaii and New Caledonia. In India, This tree is found in the inland zone of mangrove forests along the coasts of peninsular India, the Sundarban in West Bengal state and the Andaman Islands. A decoction of the seeds of this plant is given to relieve dysentery and diarrhea. The twigs are used as toothbrushes and the seeds of Sundari are edible.

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Worksheet– 65

1. Three-fourth of earth’s surface is covered with water. 2. Surface run-off 3. It is 97%. 4. 2.5% is freshwater on the earth’s surface. 5. India receives 4% of global precipitation. 6. By the year 2025. 7. Becausetheirflowdependsontherainfall. 8. The uplands that separates two drainage basins is called the water divide. 9. In 11th century. 10. Iltutmish. It is located in Delhi.

Worksheet– 66

1. West Bengal 2. Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh 3. In Rajasthan 4. It refers to streams resembling like the branches of a tree. 5. For irrigation purpose. 6. Dams, reservoirs and embankments have been built. 7. It is the area which is drained by a single river system. It is also called drainage basin. 8. Koyna, Bhima, Tungabhadra, Ghatprabha. 9. Because of displacement of people. 10. Environmental issues 11. Multi-purpose projects are called as the temples of modern India because they not only help

in irrigation but also in electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses,floodcontrol,recreation,inlandnavigationandfishbreeding.Forexample,intheSutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra–Nangal project water is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation. Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integratesconservationofwaterwithfloodcontrol.ThatiswhyJawaharlalNehruproudlyproclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’; the reason being that it would integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy

12. In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. The tanks could be as large as a big room; one household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 metres deep, 4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide. The tankas were parts of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside

water resourcesGEOG.

3


the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’.

13. Over-utilisationandmismanagementofwaterresourcesmaycause: (a) serious health hazards. (b) shortage of availability of food which may adversely affect food security in the country. (c) our livelihoods and productive activities may be affected. (d) degradation of our natural ecosystems. (e) depletion of water resources.

Worksheet– 67 1. Over–exploitation and mismanagement of water resources will impoverish this resource

and cause ecological crisis that may have profound impact on our lives. So, there is a need for conservation of water resources.

2. Damsareclassifiedaccordingtothestructure,intendedpurposeandheight. (a) Classification of dams based on structure and thematerials used: timber dams,

embankment dams or masonry dams. (b)Classificationofdamsbasedontheheight:Largedamsandmajordams,medium

height dams and high dams. 3. Traditional dams were built to impound rivers and rainwater that could be used later

toirrigateagriculturalfieldsonlybutnowmultipurposeprojectsarebuiltnotjustforirrigationbutforelectricitygeneration,watersupplyfordomesticandindustrialuses,floodcontrol,recreation,inlandnavigationandfishbreeding.Hence,damsarenowreferredto as multipurpose projects where the many uses of the impounded water are integrated with one another.

4. Today, dams are built not just for irrigation but for electricity generation, water supply for domesticandindustrialuses,floodcontrol,recreation,inlandnavigationandfishbreeding.Hence, dams are now referred to as multipurpose projects where the many uses of the impounded water are integrated with one another. For example, in the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra–Nangal project water is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation. Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation ofwaterwithfloodcontrol.

5. Qualitative aspect of water scarcity refers to bad quality of water. Even if there is ample water to meet the needs of the people, still the area suffers from water scarcity, much of it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture thus, making it hazardous for human use.

6. Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada Movement is a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) that activated tribal people, farmers, environmentalists and human rightsactiviststofightagainsttheSardarSarovarDambeingbuiltacrosstheNarmadariver in Gujarat. This was initiated to save trees from getting destroyed due to building of dam and to get full rehabilitation facilities from the government for the displaced people.

Worksheet– 68 1. Rainwater harvesting is carried out to conserve and store water. This method reduces water

scarcity. In various regions of India rainwater harvesting system is being adopted to meet the ever-growing water needs. Realising its importance the Tamil Nadu government has made rooftop rainwater hervesting structure compulsory to all houses across the state.

65secruoserretaw

2. Reasonsofscarcityofwater: (i) Rapidly growing population. (ii) Rising demand of food and cash crops. (iii) Water resources are being over-exploited to expand irrigated areas in dry seasons (iv) Industrialisation (v) Any other relevant reason. (Any three reasons to be explained) 3. Water Scarcity or water stress occurs when water availability is not enough to match

the demand for water. It is caused by an increase in population and consequent greater demands for water and unequal access to it. A country with a high industrial demand or which depends on large scale irrigation will therefore be more likely to experience times of scarcity than a country without such demands.

Someofthemajorcausesofwaterscarcity: 1. Overexploitation. Most of the houses and farms have their own private groundwater

pumping devices which allows them easy access to consume water at their will. This eventually leads to overexploitation of water resources, thus leading to depletion of underground water reservoir. Water is not only used for domestic purposes but also to produce more food. To increase foodgrain production, water resources are being over-exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture.

2. Deteriorating Quality. Pollution by domestic and industrial waste is harming the quality of clean water. As a result even areas with abundant water are facing acute shortage of water. Water is polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture, thus making it unsafe for human use.

3. Adverse Effect of Economic Development. Increased business activity is further putting pressure on scarce water resources. Many industries are exploiting water resources to the maximum.

4. Hydroelectric Power. 22% of total electricity produced in India is through hydroelectric power. This creates additional pressure on water resources.

5. River Pollution. India’s rivers have got polluted to such an extent that they have turned into toxic streams. It’s all due to population growth, agricultural modernisation, urbanisation and industrialisation.

6. Unequal distribution and availability of water resources. The distribution and availability of water resources is unequal in space and time, mainly due to the variations in seasonal and annual precipitation.

4. Over-utilisationandmismanagementofwaterresourcesmaycause: (a) serious health hazards. (b) shortage of availability of food which may adversely affect food security in the country. (c) our livelihoods and productive activities may be affected. (d) degradation of our natural ecosystems. (e) depletion of water resources.


Worksheet– 69 1.

2. Hydraulic structures have been in existence since time immemorial. Below is given some hydraulic structures that existed in ancient India.

(a)In thefirstcenturyB.C.,SringaverapuranearAllahabadhadsophisticatedwaterharvestingsystemchannellingthefloodwateroftheriverGanga.

(b) During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.

67secruoserretaw

(c) Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in Kalinga (Odisha), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), Kolhapur (Maharashra), etc.

(d)Inthe11thCentury,BhopalLake,oneofthelargestartificiallakesofitstimewasbuilt.

(e) In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by lltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area.

3. Quantitative aspect of water scarcity (a) Water scarcity may be an outcome of large and growing population and consequent

greater demands for water. (b) A large population means more water to produce more food. Hence, to facilitate higher

food-grain production, water resources are being over-exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture.

(c) Most farmers have their own wells and tube-wells in their farms for irrigation to increase their produce. But it may lead to falling groundwater levels, adversely affecting water availability and food security of the people.

(d)Intensive industrialisation and urbanisation: Large industrial houses are ascommonplace as the industrial units of many MNCs (Multinational Corporations). The ever increasing number of industries are exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources.

(e) Industries require power to run them. Much of this energy comes from hydroelectric power. Today, in India hydroelectric power contributes approximately 22 per cent of the total electricity produced.

(f) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban life-styles have added to water and energy requirements. Most of these have their own groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs. Water resources are being overexploited and have caused their depletion in several of these cities.

Chapter test 1. Rainwater harvesting 2. Bikaner, Phalodi, Barmer 3. Shillong 4. Tamil Nadu 5. Inundation canal 6. 96.5 per cent 7. River Narmada 8. In order to avoid ecological crisis caused due to overexploitation and mismanagement of

water we need (any four) 1. to conserve and manage our water resources. 2. to safeguard ourselves from health hazards. 3. to ensure food security. 4. continuation of our livelihoods. 5. productive activities. 6. to prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems.

9. Today, dams are built not just for irrigation but for electricity generation, water supply for


domesticandindustrialuses,floodcontrol,recreation,inlandnavigationandfishbreeding.Hence, dams are now referred to as multipurpose projects where the many uses of the impounded water are integrated with one another. For example, in the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra–Nangal project water is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation. Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation ofwaterwithfloodcontrol.

10. InRajasthan:

(a) ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water.

(b)Inaridandsemi-aridregions,agriculturalfieldswereconvertedintorain-fedstoragestructures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

(c) In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. The tankas were parts of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas‘.

(d) In western Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on the decline as plenty of water is available due to the perennial Rajasthan Canal, though some houses still maintain the tankas since they do not like the taste of tap water.

The Hydrological Cycle

69secruoserretaw


Worksheet– 70

River State in which it is built1. Damodar West Bengal2. Satluj Punjab3. Mahanadi Odisha4. Kosi Bihar5. Chambal Madhya Pradesh6. Tungabhadra Karnataka7. Krishna Andhra Pradesh8. Narmada Gujarat9. Beas Rajasthan10. Ganga Uttarakhand



Worksheet– 72 1. In North-eastern parts of India. 2. Jute, cotton, natural silk. 3. In Mexico. 4. Wheat 5. UP, AP and Gujarat. 6. Cotton crop 7. Wheat 8. Ragi 9. Maharashtra 10. Karnataka

Worksheet– 73 1. Primitive subsistence agriculture 2. It is a Kharif crop. 3. Andhra Pradesh. 4. JuteiscalledthegoldenfibreofIndia. 5. Uttar Pradesh is the largest sugar cane producing state in India. 6. It is 26%. 7. It is two-third of population. 8. Net sown area. 9. Kharif season. 10. Rabi season. 11. AgricultureisimportantforIndianeconomybecause: (a) Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities. (b) Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume. (c) It also produces raw material for various industries e.g. paper industry, textile

industry etc. 12. Jhumming is a type of Primitive Subsistence Farming. It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.

Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift from that land and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. This type of shifting allows Nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes. It is called Jhumming in North eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Dipa in Bastar District of Chhattisgarh and in Andaman and Nicobar Island, Bewar or Dahiya in Madhya Pradesah, Podu or Penda in Andhra Pradesh, Pama Dabi or Koman or Bringa in Odisha etc.

agRicultuREGEOG.

4

71rA g r i c u l t u e

Worksheet– 74

1. If the land under cultivation gets reduced day by day, soon we will be facing the following consequences:

• Lesslandundercultivationwouldmeanlessproductionoffoodcropscausinglackoffood for people.

• Lesslandwillbeforcedtoyieldmorebyuseofchemicalfertilisersandbiotechnologywhich may degrade the land bringing down crop production.

2. Kerala leads in the production of rubber because it is an equatorial crop. It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm. and temperature above 25°C and Kerala provides the ideal conditions for the growth of rubber.

3. Considering the importance of agriculture in India, the Government of India made concerted efforts to modernise agriculture. Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres,horticulturedevelopment,researchanddevelopmentinthefieldofmeteorologyand weather forecast, etc. were given priority for improving Indian agriculture. Improving the rural infrastructure was also considered essential for the same.

4. Horticulture. It is an art of cultivating fruits and vegetables. India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. India is producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits. India is known for

(a) mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, (b) oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya), (c) bananas of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, (d) lichi and guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, (e) pineapples of Meghalaya, (f ) grapes of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, (g) apples, pears, apricots and walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradeshare

in great demand all over the world. India produces about 13 per cent of the world’s vegetables. It is an important producer of

pea,cauliflower,onion,cabbage,tomato,brinjalandpotato. 5.

Subsistence agriculture Commercial agriculture(a) Subsistence agriculture is practised

on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family/community labour.

(a) The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.

(b) Farmers and his family produce cereals for themselves and for the local market.

(b) Crops are grown on a large scale with a view to export them to other countries.


(c) It is practised in thickly populated areas.

(c) It is practised in sparsely populated areas.

(d) Cereals like wheat, rice, millets are mainly raised.

(d) Wheat, cotton, sugar cane etc. are mainly raised.

Worksheet– 75 1. Rice crop Climaticconditionsforcultivation: Temperature:16°C–27°Candrainfall100cmto200cmisidealforricegrowing.Annual

coverage temperature around 24°C is ideal. Soil:riceisgrownwellonthealluvialsoiloronthefertileriverbasins.Itisalsogrown

in mixed soil or loamy and clayey soil. Land:Plainlandsorgentleslopesaresuitablefortheproductionofrice. Majorstatesproducingrice:WestBengal,Bihar,Orissa,AndhraPradesh,TamilNadu,

Kerala, Assam, Uttar Pradesh are the main rice producing states of India. 2. Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy. It provides employment

and livelihood to the 63% of population. Two-thirds of India’s population is engaged in agricultural activities. Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume. Besides food grains, it also produces raw material for various industries. Moreover, some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices, etc. are also exported. All other sectors of Indian economy heavily depend on agriculture for their growth.

3. The growth rate in agriculture is decelerating. There are several reasons for this. Today, Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition and our government is going ahead with reduction in the public investment in agriculture sector, particularly in irrigation, power, rural roads, market and mechanisation. Subsidy on fertilisers is decreased leading to the increase in the cost of production.

Considering the importance of agriculture in India, the Government of India made concerted efforts to modernise agriculture. Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres,horticulturedevelopment,researchanddevelopmentinthefieldofmeteorologyand weather forecast, etc. were given priority for improving Indian agriculture.

4. Contribution of agriculture Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy. Its share in providing

employment and livelihood to the population continues to be as high as 63 per cent in 2001.

StepstakenbytheGovernment: (i) Indian Council of Agricultural Research established. (ii) Agricultural universities have been established. (iii) Veterinary services have been provided. (iv) Animal breeding centres have been opened. (v) Infrastructure like roads, electricity, cold storage etc is being developed. (vi) Developmentinthefieldofmeteorologyandweatherforecastweregivenpriority. (vii) Any other relevant point. (Any three points to be explained)


Worksheet– 76

1.


2.

Chapter test 1. Zaid season. 2. Slash and burn agriculture 3. Commercial farming 4. Plantation Agriculture 5. Aus, Aman, and Boro. 6. Dry land farming


7. Intensive farming 8. Sericulture 9. The ‘right of inheritance’ leading to the division of land among successive generations has

rendered land-holding size uneconomical. The farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of alternative source of livelihood. Thus, there is enormous pressure on agricultural land.

10. Rice:Geographicalconditionsrequiredforitsgrowth:Temperature-25°Candaboveandrainfall-100 cm. In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.

Wheat:Geographicalconditionsrequiredforthegrowthofwheatisthatitrequiresacoolgrowing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.

11.

Subsistence agriculture Commercial agriculture(a) Subsistence agriculture is practised

on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family/community labour.

(a) The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.

(b) Farmers and his family produce cereals for themselves and for the local market.

(b) Crops are grown on a large scale with a view to export them to other countries.

(c) It is practised in thickly populated areas.

(c) It is practised in sparsely populated areas.

(d) Cereals like wheat, rice, millets are mainly raised.

(d) Wheat, cotton, sugar cane etc. are mainly raised.


Worksheet– 77 1. Banana plantation – Kerala, Karnataka 2. Rice cultivation – West Bengal, Haryana 3. Maize cultivation – Uttar Pradesh, Bihar 4. Sugar cane cultivation – Punjab, Maharashtra 5. Tea cultivation – Assam, Tamil Nadu

Worksheet– 78

1. (i) 2. (g) 3. (d) 4. (f ) 5. (h) 6. (c) 7. (j) 8. (a) 9. (e) 10. (b)


Political Science(First term)

77s h a r i n gp o w e r

Worksheet– 79 1. Sinhalese Buddhists formed majority. 2. The Dutch formed majority. 3. In 1949. 4. 59% people speak Dutch, 40% people speak French and 1% people speak German. 5. Legislature, Executive and Judiciary are the organs of govt in a democratic country. 6. Sinhalese. 7. Ethnic refers to a social division based on shared culture. 8. (d) Division of power between people 9. The population is less than a crore. The Dutch form 59%, the French form 40% and the Germans about 1%. The French

community is in majority in the capital, Brussels. They are rich and powerful and this is not liked by the Dutch. Therefore, tensions exist between the two communities.

Worksheet– 80 1. The central government or the federal government governs the entire country. The

provincial governments or state governments control their respective regions. Constitution generally lays down the powers at each level. At the local level, the Panchayat and municipality exercise power.

2. (a) The French speaking people who were in a minority were rich and powerful. (b) TheDutchspeakingpeoplegotthebenefitofeconomicdevelopmentandeducation

much later. This resulted in tensions during the 1950s and 1960s. (c) In Brussels, the Dutch speakers were in a majority in the country and minority in the

capital. 3. (a) Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The leaders of the Sinhala

community sought to secure dominance over government by virtue of their majority. As a result, majoritarian measures were adopted to establish Sinhala supremacy.

(b) In1956,anActwaspassedtorecogniseSinhalaastheonlyofficiallanguage,thusdisregarding Tamil.

(c) The government followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

(d) A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. All these government measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the

feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained overtime.

4. The Tamils consist of two groups — Sri Lankan Tamils who form 13% of the population while the Indian Tamils who form 1% of the Tamil population. Their forefathers came from India as plantation workers during colonial period. Sri Lankan Tamils live in the north-east parts of the country.

Pol. Sc.

1 Power Sharing


5. Different linguistic and social groups can share power. Community government in Belgium is an example. In many countries, the Constitution provides for the representation of women and weaker sections in the legislatures and administration. In India, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are given reserved constituencies in Parliament and State Legislatures.

This arrangement prevents alienation of people from administration and government. 6. (a) People rule through institutions of self governance. (b) Due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in society. (c) Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies and as many people as possible

should share power.

Worksheet– 81 1. Both the countries are democracies. The leaders of Belgium have followed the path of

accommodating cultural and regional differences in order to preserve the unity of the nation.

In Sri Lanka, the ‘majority’ community namely the Sinhalese want to keep all power and prestige to themselves and refuse to share power. Unity of the country is threatened.

2. The Sinhalese were the majority community in Sri Lanka. They formed 74% of the population. The democratically elected government of 1948 represented the Sinhala majority and adopted majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy.

In the 1956 Act, (a)Sinhalalanguagewasrecognisedastheonlyofficiallanguage. (b) Preferential treatment was given to Sinhalese in university jobs and government jobs. (c) Buddhism which the Sinhalese followed was protected by the state. 3. (a) Power is shared among different organs of government like the legislature, executive

and judiciary. (b) Each organ is equally important in a democracy and they exercise different powers. (c) Separation of powers ensures that all organs exercise their power within limits. (d) Each organ checks the others. This results in the maintenance of balance of power

among various institutions. 4. In modern democracies, power sharing arrangements have taken different forms: (a) Horizontal division of power. Power is shared among different organs of government,

such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. This ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others and thus balance of power amongvarious institutions ismaintained.Ministers andgovernment officials areresponsible to the Parliament or State Assemblies. Similarly, judges though appointed by the executive, keep a check on the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.

(b) Vertical division of power. Power can be shared among governments at different levels. A general government for the entire country which is usually called a Central or Union government in India, governments at the provincial or state level is known by different names in different countries and in India we call them State government and the same principle is extended to the levels lower than state government such as municipalities and panchayats. This type of government was also adopted by Belgium but rejected by Sri Lanka. This is called federal division of power.


(c) Division of power among social groups. The countries having community government share the power among different social groups, such as the religious and linguistic groups. We can best cite the example of Belgium in this regard. This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power.

(d) Division of power among political parties, pressure groups and movements. Politicalparties,pressuregroupsandmovementshelpincontrollingorinfluencingthose who are in power. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power. Such a freedom of choice entails competition among the different parties. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand, but is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance group is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power. Various interest groups such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers and industrial workers have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or bringinginfluenceonthedecisionmakingprocess.

5. (a) Power sharing: When the power does not rest with any one organ of the state rather it is shared among legislature, executive and judiciary.

(b) Majoritarianism: Majority community rules the country in its own way by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority.

6. (i) SinhalatobetheofficiallanguageofSrilanka. (ii) Preferential policy of Sinhalese in government educational institutions and jobs. (iii) To foster Buddhism. (iv) Any other relevant point. (Any three points)

Worksheet– 82 1. In the years 1970-1993, the Constitution of Belgium was amended four times to

accommodate linguistic, cultural and regional differences. (a) The Dutch and French speaking ministers were in equal numbers in the central

government. (b) Special laws required the support of majority of members from each linguistic group. (c) Many powers of the central government had been given to state governments of the

two regions of the country. (d) Brussels had a separate government where both communities were given equal

representation. (e) Community government was introduced. 2. (a) It is an Island nation to the south of India. (b) Tamil natives called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ formed 13% of population. The ‘Indian Tamils’, whose forefathers had come from India as plantation workers

formed the rest. (c) The Sinhalese Buddhists, who were 74% of the population formed the majority

government after independence in 1948. (d) Tamils are either Hindus or Muslims, 7% of the people are Christians who are both

Tamil and Sinhalese. (e) Sinhalese enjoyed majority and can impose their will on the entire country.


3. In modern democracies, power sharing arrangements have taken different forms: (a) Horizontal division of power. Power is shared among different organs of government,

such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. This ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others and thus balance of power amongvarious institutions ismaintained.Ministers andgovernment officials areresponsible to the Parliament or State Assemblies. Similarly, judges though appointed by the executive, keep a check on the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.

(b) Vertical division of power. Power can be shared among governments at different levels. A general government for the entire country which is usually called a Central or Union government in India, governments at the provincial or state level is known by different names in different countries and in India we call them State government and the same principle is extended to the levels lower than state government such as municipalities and panchayats. This type of government was also adopted by Belgium but rejected by Sri Lanka. This is called federal division of power.

(c) Division of power among social groups. The countries having community government share the power among different social groups, such as the religious and linguistic groups. We can best cite the example of Belgium in this regard. This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power.

(d) Division of power among political parties, pressure groups and movements. Political parties, pressure groups andmovementshelp in controlling or influencing thosewho are in power. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power. Such a freedom of choice entails competition among the different parties. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand, but is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance group is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power. Various interest groups such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers and industrial workers have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or bringinginfluenceonthedecisionmakingprocess.

Chapter test 1. (d) 2. (i) Among different organs of the government (ii) among governments at different levels (iii) among various political parties, pressure groups etc. 3. Power shared at different levels of government. 4. (i) It reduces thepossibility of conflict between social groups. (ii) It ensures political

stability in the long run. (iii) It upholds the spirit of democracy. 5. French minority community. 6. The Tamils consist of two groups — Sri Lankan Tamils who form 13% of the population

while the Indian Tamils who form 1% of the Tamil population. Their forefathers came from India as plantation workers during colonial period. Sri Lankan Tamils live in the north-east parts of the country.


7. Legislature, Executive and Judiciary are the organs of govt in a democratic country. 8. The leaders of the Sinhala community tried to secure the dominance of their community

after Independence. They adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. In1956,anActwaspassedtorecogniseSinhalaastheonlyofficiallanguage.Sinhalese

were given special preference in government jobs and university positions. State protection was given to Buddhism which was the religion practised by the Sinhalese.

All these government measures coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. They felt that their language and culture were not given due importance. They also felt that the Constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights. As a result, their relations with the Sinhala community worsened.


Worksheet– 83 1. Community government 2. Power sharing 3. Sinhala 4. political power 5. horizontal 6. federal 7. central 8. Ethnic 9. majoritarianism 10. Civil War


Worksheet– 84 1. Independent states coming together on their own to form a bigger nation is known as

coming together Federation. 2. Defence, Foreign Affairs, Banking and Currency. 3. A government formed by the coming together of at least two political parties is a coalition

government. 4. Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution. 5. Mayor is the political head of a Municipal Corporation. 6. Sarpanch is the president of Village Panchayat. 7. Panchayati Raj 8. To create new states. 9. Power sharing between Union and state governments is basic to the structure of

Constitution. It is not easy to make changes in the power sharing arrangement. Any change hastobefirstpassedbybothHousesofParliamentwithatleasttwo-thirdmajorityandthen has to be approved by the legislatures of at least half of the total states.

Some states enjoy special status. Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution. Many provisions of the Indian Constitution are not applicable to this state with the approval of state Assembly. Indians who are not permanent residents of this state cannot buy a house or land here.

There are some states which enjoy very little power. These are the areas which are too small to become an independent state but could not be merged with any of the existing states. These areas like Chandigarh, or Lakshadweep or the capital city of Delhi, are called Union Territories. These territories do not have the powers of a state. The Central government has special powers in running these areas.

The Union and the state governments have the power to raise resources by levying taxes in order to carry on the government and the responsibilities assigned to each of them.

Judiciary plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures. In case of any dispute about the division of power, High Courts and Supreme Court make a decision. The Supreme Court of India has original powers and has the exclusive authority of settling disputes between the government of India and one or more states, or between two or more states.

Worksheet– 85 1. Education, Forest, marriage, Trade Union. 2. Computer software and cyber laws. 3. Australia, Switzerland, USA. 4. Changes were introduced in the Constitution to reduce the power of the central government

and to give these powers to the regional governments and they were no longer dependent on the centre. Thus, Belgium became a federation. Sri Lanka, on the other hand, is a unitary state while the Sri Lankan Tamils want the country to be a federation.

Pol. Sc.

2 federaliSm

83F E D E r A L I S M

5. (a) Union list includes those subjects on which a uniform policy is needed in the whole country. The Union Government makes laws on these subjects e.g. defence, foreign affairs, banking, communication, etc.

(b) State list includes subjects of state and local importance e.g. police, trade, agriculture, etc.

(c) Concurrent list includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government and the State Governments, e.g. education, forest, marriage, adoption etc.

6. Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country. The power is shared among the central government and various states, regional and local governments. Both the central and non-central governments are answerable to the citizens of the country who elect them.

Features of federalism (i) There are two or more levels (tiers) of government. (ii) Different tiers of government govern same citizens but each tier has its own jurisdiction

inspecificmattersoflegislation,taxationandadministration. (iii) Thejurisdictionofrespectivelevelsarespecifiedintheconstitution.Sotheexistence

and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed. (iv) Fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one

level of government and require the consent of both levels of government. (v) Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of government of

different levels. The highest court acts as the umpire if disputes arise in the exercise of their respective powers.

(vi) Sourcesofrevenuearespecifiedtoensurethefinancialautonomy. (vii) The federal system has dual objectives: — to safeguard and promote the unity of the country. — to accommodate regional diversity. 7. (a) There are 36 lakh elected representatives in the local bodies. (b) These bodies have a Constitutional status. (c) There is reservation for women, SC and ST in these bodies. (d) They have strengthened the democratic system in the country.

Worksheet– 86 1. The centre can legislate on defence, foreign affairs, banking, communication and currency.

The states can make laws on police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. On the subjects listed in the concurrent list like marriage, education, forest etc. both can make lawsandiftheyareconflicting,thenlawofCentralGovernmentprevails.

2. The Constitution originally provided for a two tier system of government. (a) the union government or what we call the Central government representing the union

of India. (b) The State government. (c) A third tier of federalism was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities

in 1992. 3. Constitution clearly provided a three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the

Union Government and the State Government:


1. Union List – Defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking. 2. State List – Police, trade, commerce, agriculture. 3. Concurrent List – Education, forest, trade union, marriage. 4. Residuary Subject – Computer Software, etc. 4. (a) When power is taken away from Central and State Government and given to Local

Government, it is called decentralisation. (b) The basic idea behind decentralisation is that there are a large number of problems

and issues which are best settled at the local level. (c) Local government get constitutional importance in democracy. (d) representation of women on the local bodies. 5. (a) There are two or more levels of government. (b) Each tier has its own jurisdiction. (c) TheseboundariesarespecifiedbytheConstitution. (d) Fundamental changes in the Constitution can’t be done by one level of government.

It has to be done with the consent of both levels. 6. In Brazil, an experiment on decentralisation and participative democracy has been done.

Thirteen lakh people of the city of Porto Alegre participate in making budgets. The city is divided into sectors. People of the sectors meet and discuss issues. These proposals are puttothemunicipality.Thishasresultedinexcellentdecision-makingandefficiency.

7. Hindi is the mother tongue of only 40% of the people of India. There are 21 languages recognised by the Constitution. In state like Tamil Nadu there has been violent opposition to Hindi.

Worksheet– 87

1. A three-tier democracy was introduced in 1992. A step was taken towards creating rural local self government or Panchayati Raj.

– Regular elections to be held for Panchayat. – Seats reserved for SCs, STs and OBCs. – One-third of seats reserved for women. – State Election Commission to conduct elections to local bodies. – State Government to share power and revenue with local bodies. 2. India is a federal state. The Constitution recognises the diversity that exists in the country

and thereby the need for decentralisation and power sharing between centre and states is provided in the Constitution. However, the Central Government tends to be more powerful in comparison to the states. Some states are given special status, e.g. Jammu and Kashmir. This state has its own Constitution.

Then Panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas came into existence in all the states. They are the third tier of democracy and they make it effective and powerful.

3. The Indian Constitution did not make any one language as the national language. Hindi wasidentifiedasanofficiallanguage.Butpeopleareallowedtowritethecivilservicesexams in any of the 21 recognised languages of India.

Englishisalsotobeusedasanofficiallanguage.Thegovernmentdoesnotfollowapolicyof imposing Hindi on non-Hindi speaking states.

85F E D E r A L I S M

4. Constitutional provisions and democratic politics are the real pillars of federalism which help to make it a success.

1. linguistic states. Since 1947 many changes have been done in the political map of India. Many old states have vanished and many new states have been created. Areas, boundaries and names of the states have been changed. In 1947, the boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order to create new states. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state. Some states were created to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. These included states like Nagaland, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand.

2. centre-state relations in india. Earlier in India for a long time, the same party ruled both at centre and states. This meant that state government did not exercise their rights as autonomous federal units. As and when ruling party at state level was different, the parties that ruled at the Centre tried to undermine the power of states. In those days central government would often misuse the Constitution to dismiss the state governments that were controlled by rival parties. This undermined the spirit of federalism.

But after 1990 significant changes occurred.Therewas rise of regional politicalparties in many states of the country. This was also the beginning of the era of the coalition governments at the Centre. Since no single party got clear majority in the Lok Sabha the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several regional parties to form government at the Centre. This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of the state governments. ThistrendwassupportedbytheSupremeCourt’sjudgmentwhichmadeitdifficultfor the Central government to dismiss state governments in an arbitrary manner. Thus, power sharing is more effective today than it was in the early years after the Constitution came into force.

3. language policy. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language toanyonelanguage.HindiwasidentifiedasanofficiallanguagebutHindiisthemother tongue of only 40% of Indians. Therefore, there were many safeguards to protect other languages. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages by the Constitution. A candidate in an examination conducted for the Central government positions may opt any of these languages.

Thestatestoohavetheirownofficiallanguagesandmuchofthegovernmentworktakesplaceintheofficiallanguageoftheconcernedstate.Englishisalsotobeusedasanofficiallanguage.ThegovernmentdoesnotfollowapolicyofimposingHindion non-Hindi speaking states.

Chapter test 1. India, Spain, Belgium. 2. Irrigation, Police, Agriculture, Trade and commerce 3. India, Russia, Canada, USA. 4. A three-tier democracy was introduced in 1992. A step was taken towards creating rural

local self government or Panchayati Raj. – Regular elections to be held for Panchayat. – Seats reserved for SCs, STs and OBCs. – One-third of seats reserved for women.


– State Election Commission to conduct elections to local bodies. – State Government to share power and revenue with local bodies. 5. Local government bodies in towns are called municipalities and municipal corporations

in cities. They are elected bodies. Municipality is headed by the Chairman and the head of the municipal corporation is called the Mayor.

6. Rural local government is popularly known by the name Panchayati Raj. Each village or group of villages in some states has a Gram Panchayat. This is a council consisting of members called Panchs and a president called Sarpanch. They are directly elected by the adult population living in that ward or village. It is the decision making body for the entire village. The panchayat works under the supervision of the gram sabha. All the voters in the village are its members. It has to meet at least twice or thrice in a year to approve the annual budget of the gram panchayat and to review the performance of the gram panchayat.

The local government structure goes right up to the district level. A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form panchayat samiti or block or mandal. The members of this representative body are elected by all the panchayat members in that area. All the panchayat samitis or mandals in a district together constitute the zila Parishad. Most of its members are elected. Members of the Lok Sabha, and MLAs of that district and some otherofficialsofotherdistrictslevelbodiesarealsoitsmembers.ZilaParishadchairmanisthepoliticalheadoftheZilaParishad.


Worksheet– 88

1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T

87A N DD E M O C R A C Y D I V E R I T Ys

Worksheet– 89

1. Descendents of Africa who were brought into America as slaves. 2. Martin Luther King Jr. 3. Those who do not believe in God or any religion. 4. Tommie Smith did so to represent black poverty and to protest against the racial

discrimination done to African-Americans. 5. These meant to symbolise the Black Power. 6. They wanted to draw the international attention to racial discrimination in the United

States. 7. Martin Luther King Jr. was the leader of the movement. He started a reform movement

to abolish legal and racial discrimination against African-Americans. He used non-violent methods to protest.

8. Social divisions affect politics negatively as well as positively. Negative Impact Democracy involves competition among various political parties. Their competiton tends

to divide any society. If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country. For example—Northern Ireland of the United Kingdom have been for many years the site of a violent and bitter ehno-political conflict.

Its population is divided into two major sections of Christianity: 53% Protestants and 44% Catholics. Catholics were represented by the Nationalist parties, who demanded Northern Ireland to be unified with the Republic of Ireland, a predominantly Catholic country. Protestants were represented by the Unionist who wanted to remain with UK, which is predominantly protestant. Hundreds of civilians and militants were killed in the fight between Unionists and Nationalists and between the security forces of the UK and the Nationalists. It was only in 1998 that the UK government and the Nationalists reached a peace treaty after which the latter suspended their armed struggle.

In Yugoslavia the political competition and religious differences led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries. Such examples lead some people to think that politics and social divisions should not be allowed to mix; if social divisions exist in a country they must never be expressed in politics.

Positive Impact Every expression of social division in politics does not lead to disasters. Social divisions of

some or the other kind do exist in every society of the world and are reflected in politics. In democracy it is only natural that political parties would talk about these divisions, make different promises to different communities, look after due representation of various communities and policies to redress the grievances of disadvantaged communities.

POL. SC.

3 democracy and diversity


Worksheet– 90 1. (a) The International Olympic Association held Carlos and Smith guilty of violating the

Olympic spirit by making a political statement. (b) Their medals were taken back. 2. They belonged to African-American community. They protested against racial

discrimination in the 1968 Olympics at Mexico City. They belonged to the Black power movement.

3. In India, Dalits tend to be poor and landless and often face injustice and discrimination. 4. No, all social differences do not lead to divisions. Social divisions of some or the other kind

doexistineverysocietyoftheworldandarereflectedinpolitics.Indemocracyitisonlynatural that political parties talk of these divisions, make different promises to different communities, look after due representation of various communities and make policies to redress the grievances of disadvantaged communities.

5. Northern Ireland of the United Kingdom has been for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict. Its population is divided into twomajor sects ofChristianity—53% are Protestants while 44% are Roman Catholics. The Catholics were represented byNationalist partieswhodemanded thatNorthern Ireland beunifiedwith the Republic of Ireland, a predominantly Catholic country. The Protestants were represented by Unionists who wanted to remain with the UK, which is predominantly Protestant.Thisresultedinseveralconflicts.Hundredsofcivilians,militantsandsecurityforceswerekilledinthefightbetweenUnionistsandNationalistsandbetweenthesecurityforces of the UK and the Nationalists.

6. In Northern Ireland, the population is divided into two major sects of Cristianity— 53% are Protestants and 44% are Roman Catholics. The Catholics are more likely to be poor. They have suffered a history of discrimination. On the other hand, the Protestants are veryrich.ThisresultsinconflictsbetweentheCatholicsandtheProtestants.Thus,wesee that class and religion overlap with each other in Northern Ireland.

7. The social differences can be overlapping and cross-cutting in nature. The difference between Blacks and Whites becomes a social division when Blacks are

found to be poor, racially discriminated and homeless people. Ifsocialdifferencescross-cutoneanother,itisdifficultforgroupstogetpittedagainst

one another e.g. in the Netherlands, class and religion cross-cut each other. Catholics and Protestants are equally rich or poor in that country.

Worksheet– 91 1. In 1968, Olympics were held at Mexico City in which Tommie Smith and John Carlos won

the gold and bronze medals respectively. In the medal ceremony they stood on the dais withclenchedfistsupraisedandheadsbowedwhiletheAmericannationalanthemwasplayed. They received their medals wearing black socks and no shoes to represent ‘Black Poverty’. they did so to draw the international attention to racial discrimination in the UnitedStates.TheblackglovedandraisedclenchedfistsweremeanttosymboliseBlackPower.

2. (i) Social divisions take place when some social difference overlaps with other differences. the difference between blacks and whites became a social division in the US because Blacks tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against. If social differences cross cutoneanother,itisdifficulttopitonegroupofpeopleagainsttheother.


(ii) Consider the cases of Northern lreland and the Netherlands. Both are predominantly Christians but divided between Catholics and Protestants. In Northern lreland, class and religion overlap with each other. If you are Catholic, you are also likely to be poor and you may have suffered a history of discrimination. In the Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut across each other. Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich. The result is that Catholics and Protestants have hadconflictsinNorthernlreland,whiletheydonotdosointheNetherlands.

(iii) Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social division and tensions. Cross-cutting social differences are easier to accommodate.

3. (i) First of all, the outcome depends on how people perceive their identities. If people seetheiridentitiesinsingular,itbecomesdifficulttoaccmmodate.

(ii) Secondly, it depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community.

(iii) Thirdly, it depends on how the government reacts to the demands of different groups. Minorities should also be taken care of with the majority.

4. Every social difference does not lead to social division. (i) Social differences divide similar people from one another but, they also unite different

people. (ii) People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting

across the boundaries of their groups. For example, Carlos and Smith joined hands because both were similar but Peter supported them as they were athletes.

(iii) It is common for people belonging to the same religion feel that they do not belong to the same community because their caste or society is different. It is also possible for the people from different religions to have same caste and feel close to each other.

(iv) Rich and poor persons from the same family often do not have close relations with each other for they feel they are very different.

Thus, it can be said that we all have more than one identity and can belong to more than one group.

Worksheet– 92 1. Social differences are mostly based on accident of birth. At the same time, some of the

differences are based on our choices too. 1. Social differences are based on accident of birth. Normally we do not choose to

belong to our community, we belong to it simply because we are born into it. We all experience social differences based on accident of birth in our day to day life. People around us are male or female, they are tall or short, have different complexions, or have different physical abilities or disabilities.

2. Social differences are based on our choices. For example, some people are atheists—they do not believe in God or any religion, Some choose to follow religion other than in which they were born. Most of us choose what to study, which occupation to take up and which games to play or which cultural activities to take part in. All these lead to formation of groups that are based on our choices.

2. Northern Ireland of the United Kingdom has been for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict. Its population is divided into twomajor sects ofChristianity—53% are Protestants while 44% are Roman Catholics. The Catholics were


represented byNationalist partieswhodemanded thatNorthern Ireland beunifiedwith the Republic of Ireland, a predominantly Catholic country. The Protestants were represented by Unionists who wanted to remain with the UK, which is predominantly Protestant.Thisresultedinseveralconflicts.Hundredsofcivilians,militantsandsecurityforceswerekilledinthefightbetweenUnionistsandNationalistsandbetweenthesecurityforces of the UK and the Nationalists.

3. There are three factors which are crucial in deciding the outcomes of politics of social divisions.

1. People’s perception of their identities. It is very important to see how people perceive their identities. If people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomesdifficulttoaccomodate.Itismucheasierifpeopleseethattheiridentitiesare multiple and are complementary with the national identity. This helps them stay together.

2. Representation of a community by political leaders. The outcome of politics of social divisions depends on how the political leaders raise the demands of different social groups. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community. The demand for only Sinhala was at the cost of the interest and identity of Tamil community in Sri Lanka. In Yugoslavia, the leaders of different ethnic communities presented their demands in such a way that these could not be accommodated within a single country.

3. Government’s reaction to such demands. The outcome of politics of social divisions also depends upon how the government responds to demands of various social groups. In Belgium and Sri Lanka, if the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country. If the reasonable demands of a community are suppressed by the government, then it leads to social divisions, which in turn threaten the integrity of the country.

Chapter test 1. In Netherlands, people are predominantly Christians but divided between Catholics and

Protestants and both are equally likely to be rich or poor. 2. Their caste or society is different. 3. North Ireland is divided into Protestants (53%) and Catholics (44%). This ethnic divide

became a political divide when Catholics were represented by Nationalist parties and Protestants by the unionists and violent clashes started between the two.

4. Cross-cutting differences: (a)Ifsocialdifferencescross-cutoneanother,itisdifficulttopitgroupofpeopleagainst

the other. (b) It means those groups that share a common interest on the issue are likely to be on

different sides on a different issue. (c) Example–Northern Ireland and Netherlands both are predominantly Christians but

divided between Catholics and Protestants. In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlap each other, Catholics tend to be poor and have suffered discrimination whereas in Netherlands, class and religion tend to cross-cut each other and both are equally likelytoberichorpoor.ItmeanstheyhaveconflictinNorthernIrelandanditisnotso in Netherlands.

Cross-cutting social differences are easier to accommodate.


5. The combination of politics and social divisions is very explosive and dangerous. (a) Democracy involves competition among various political parties. Their competitions

tend to divide society. (b) If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, they can make social

divisionsintopoliticaldivisionsandleadtoconflict,violenceorevendistintegrationof a country.

(c) Social divisions affect voting in most countries, people from one community tend to prefer one party more than others.

(d) In many countries, there are parties which focus only on one community. Yet all this does not always lead to disintegration.

Examples : 1. As in the case of Northern Ireland, this region of UK has been for many years a sight

ofviolenceandbitterethno-politicalconflict. 2. In a democracy it is only natural that political parties talk of these divisions, make

different promises to different communities, look after their representation and policies to redress the grievances of disadvantaged communities e.g., Dalits and OBCs have been empowered by democratic practices in India.


Worksheet– 93

A. 1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)

B. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (e) 4. (b) 5. (a)


Worksheet– 94 1. At Panchayat level. 2. Other Backward classes (OBCs). 3. Scheduled castes 4. It is 54%. 5. It is 933 girls per 1000 boys. 6. Jyotiba Phule, Mahatma Gandhi, B.R. Ambedkar 7. India. 8. (a) When candidates are chosen for a constituency, the caste composition of the area is

kept in mind and then candidates are nominated who can win the elections. (b) Political parties make appeals to the caste sentiments of the electorate. (c) Caste has become an important factor of political parties. 9. (a) Politics based on caste identity alone is not a healthy feature in a democracy. (b) It can divert attention from other pressing issues like poverty, illiteracy, corruption

etc. (c) Caste politics lead to tensions and violence.

Worksheet– 95 1. Position of women has improved a lot after Independence. They play an important role in

public life as engineers, doctors, managers etc. But the participation remains much lower than countries of Scandavia. Our country continues to be ‘patriarchal’ or male dominated.

2. Social indicators which show that Indian women remain disadvantaged and discriminated in India:

(a) Literacy rate among women is 54% as against among men 76%. (b) Dropout rate of girls from schools is very high. (c) Parents prefer sons and abort a girl child leading to decline in child sex ratio. 3. Boys and girls are brought up to believe that women should be good at household work

and men should do all the work outside home. Most of the jobs done by women at home remain unpaid and unrecognised. Many women do work outside to supplement domestic income.Theyworkinfieldsandearnmoneyforthefamily.

4. (a) It is believed by fundamentalists that people of a religious community have common interests and hence they form a nation.

(b) It is also believed that people belonging to different religions can’t live together as equal citizens within one nation.

(c) Everyone has many identities. Religious identity is only one of them and hence religion alone can’t be the basis of a nation.

5. (a) People can vote on the basis of religion in elections and bring their representatives to power.

Pol. Sc.

4 gender, religion and caSte

93R E L I G I O NG E N D E R, A N D C A S T E

(b) It can ultimately result in the demand of a separate state on the basis of religion. (c) If one religious group is a dominant community then it can lead to majoritarian domin-

ance. (d) It can result in communal tensions and riots. 6. (a) Caste-based politics damages democratic ideals. (b) There is overemphasis on caste interest loyalty rather than national interest. Hence,

mechanisation of the polity gets weakened. (c) It creates an atmosphere of fear in which the voters do not exercise their franchise

freely. (d) It leads to chaos and bargaining in party politics and ministry formation. It also leads

to violence polarisation on caste lines.

Worksheet– 96

1. Thesexualdivisionoflabourprevalentinmostsocietiesisreflectedinmanyways.Womenin different parts of the world organised and agitated for equal rights and demanded voting rights to women. They demanded raising the political and legal status of women and improving the educational and career opportunities for women. The feminist movement demand equality in personal and family life as well.

2. (a) The practice of untouchability has been declared illegal by the Constitution. (b) Caste based discrimination has been prohibited in any form by the Constitution. (c) People belonging to any caste are allowed equal access to education. Reservations for

SC and ST are provided in Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, in education and government services.

3. (a)Casteidentitiesaremadeimportantinthepoliticalfieldbypoliticalparties. (b) Alliances between castes emerge and make an impact on elections. (c) New caste groups like dalits, OBCs and forward castes have emerged in politics. (d)Manydisadvantagedcasteshavegotbenefitsfromthesenewdevelopments. (e) Caste violence and tensions have also increased. 4. It is true that gender division is not based on biology but on social expectations and

stereotypes. Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children. Women do all work inside the home such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes etc. and men do all the work outside the home. It is not that men cannot do household work. They simply think that it is for women to attend to these things. When these jobs are paid for, men are ready to take up these works. Here it is worth mentioning that most tailors or cook in hotels are men. Similarly, women can also work outside. In villages, they fetch water, collect fuel etc. and in urban areas the womenworkinhospitals,offices,factoriesetc.Buttheirworkisnotvalued.

5. When religion is politicised in partisan terms and members of a religious group are presented as superior to those of other religions and the state uses its power to do so, it results in tensions.

Religion is seen as the basis of a separate nation. This belief resulted in the partition of India and communal riots.


Worksheet– 97 1. (a) The literacy rate among women is low. It is only 54% compared to 76% among men. (b) The proportion of women among highly paid and valued jobs is still very small. On

an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet, her work is not counted fairly.

(c) Parentsusuallyprefertohavesonsandfindwaystohavethegirlchildabortedbeforeshe is born.

(d) Various kinds of harassment, exploitation and violence occur frequently against women. Urban areas have become unsafe for women.

2. The work is generally divided on the basis of gender of a person. The women of the family are supposed to do the household work and the men are supposed to go out for work. The work done by women is generally unpaid like cooking, cleaning, washing clothes and takingcareofchildren.Alsonospecificskillisrequiredtodothehouseholdwork.

3. In our country, women still lag much behind men despite some improvement since Independence. It is because Indian society is a male dominated, patriarchal society. It values men over women and gives them more power and women face discrimination and oppression in many ways:

(a) education. The literacy rate of women is still lower than men. Only 54% of the women are literate against 76% literacy among men. This is because a boy’s education is still preferred over sending a girl child to school.

(b) Proportion of women in paid jobs. Women still have a small share in the highly paid jobs. Even though on an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man everyday, her work is not given importance. This results in low paid jobs for women. The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid for equal work. However, in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema to factories andfields,womenarepaidlessthanmen,evenwhenbothdoexactlythesamework.

(c) Preference for a male child.InIndia,parentsprefersonsoverdaughtersandfindways of aborting girl child before she is born. This type of sex-selective abortion has led to decline in child sex ratio (number of girl children per thousand boys).

(d) crime against Women. There are various instances of crime against women. Women are exploited and harassed at the work place and at the home. There are cases of domestic violence against women which make her unsafe even within her family.

Worksheet– 98 1. With economic development, large scale urbanisation, growth of literacy and education,

occupational mobility and the weakening of the position of landlords in the villages, the old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down. In urban areas we don’t see the practice of untouchability anywhere. The Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based discrimination and laid the foundations of policies to reverse the injustices of the caste system.

Caste system also got weakened due to the efforts of our political leaders and social reformers like Jyotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B.R. Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami Naicker. They advocated and worked to establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent.

2. It is true that caste plays a vital role in Indian political scenario, but it doesn’t mean that it is one way process between caste and politics. It is not necessary that only caste or caste system affects the politics but politics also affects caste system and caste identities by

95R E L I G I O NG E N D E R, A N D C A S T E

bringingdifferentcasteleadersintopoliticalfield.Itisnotalonepoliticswhichisaffectedby caste but caste also gets politicised and it takes many forms which are given below :

(a) Every caste group tries to increase its strength by cooperating with its neighbouring castes or sub castes which were broken away from it in earlier times.

(b) Different caste groups try to enter into coalition with other caste and try to negotiate with them to strengthen their base.

(c) Certain new types of caste groups are coming forward in political arena like backward caste groups.

3. Yes, we agree that caste system alone cannot determine election results. The reasons are: (a) It is not necessary that people of the same caste vote for the same political party. They

have different demands and vote according to their choice. It means that no political party represents only one caste.

(b) It does not happen that there are candidates from each caste. It might happen that all the candidates are from one caste and there are more than one candidate from one caste and no candidate from the other caste.

(c) No state legislature in the country has a majority of a particular caste group. Each caste group has its equal right in the Parliament. No caste group can be ignored and every citizen’s vote is important.

Chapter test 1. It is less than 5%. 2. Adivasis 3. Those who spend ` 454 or less per person per month. 4. (i) Votes are generally given on the basis of previous performance of political parties. (ii) Voters have strong attachment to political parties which is often stronger than their

attachment to their caste or community. (iii) People within the same caste or community have varied interests depending on their

economic condition. (iv) Economicstatusalsoinfluencesthevoter’sinterests.Richandpoormenandwomen

often vote very differently. 5. Secular means being neutral and giving no special status to any religion. In India,

communalism has always been major threat and challenge to the spirit of democracy. The model of secular state was chosen by the makers of Constitution as they were aware of this challenge. So they took following provisions to make India a secular country.

(i) ThereisnoofficialreligionfortheIndianstate. (ii) Our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion. 6. Social differences are mostly based on accident of birth. At the same time, some of the

differences are based on our choices too. 1. Social differences are based on accident of birth. Normally we do not choose to belong

to our community, we belong to it simply because we are born into it. We all experience social differences based on accident of birth in our day to day life. People around us are male or female, they are tall or short, have different complexions, or have different physical abilities or disabilities.


2. Social differences are based on our choices. For example, some people are atheists—they do not believe in God or any religion, Some choose to follow religion other than in which they were born. Most of us choose what to study, which occupation to take up and which games to play or which cultural activities to take part in. All these lead to formation of groups that are based on our choices.


Worksheet– 99

A. 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a)

B. Christian — 2.3% Sikh — 1.9% Buddhist — 0.8% Jain — 0.4% No Religion — 0.1%

Worksheet– 100

Do yourself.

97nd e v e l o p m e t

economics(First Term)


Worksheet– 101 1. The development of a country can be determined by its per capita income. 2. People aspire for better quality education, no social discrimination and hard working &

cheap labour. 3. Per capita income. 4. HDI is prepared by UNDP. 5. Per capita income of the country is the basic criterion for comparison. 6. WorldBankclassifiescountriesasdevelopedandunder-developed? 7. (i) Freedom (ii) Security (iii) Equal treatment. 8. The life expectancy at birth (average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth)

is much higher in Sri Lanka than India. Even the Gross Enrolment Ratio of Sri Lanka for three levels (enrolment ratio for primary school, secondary school and higher education beyond secondary school) is also comparatively much better. Last but not least the per capita income of Sri Lanka is also the highest among all the neighbouring countries.

Eventually it can be said that a small country like Sri Lanka, is much ahead of India in every respect.

9. Following indicators are generally used for the comparison of economic development of different nations/states:

(i) Per capita income: It helps in comparison of the level of development of different regions within the country or different nations.

(ii) infant mortality rate: It refers to deaths among children before the age of one year per thousand children born in a year.

(iii) Literacy rate: It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.

(iv) Life expectancy: Average expected length of life of a person. (v) Gross enrolment ratio: For three levels i.e. primary, secondary and higher education. (vi) Persons living below poverty line. (Any three points to be explained)

Worksheet– 102 1. Bihar 2. Sri Lanka 3. (i) Educational levels of people, (ii) health status of people, (iii) Per capita income. 4. Sri Lanka 5. People desire regular work, better wages, and decent price for their crops or other products

that they produce. In other words, they want more income. At the same time, people also want equal treatment, freedom, security and respect for

others. They resent discrimination.

ECO.

1 DEVELOPMENT


6. No, the goals of different categories of people are different. For example, to some sections shoppingmallsareanimportantaspectofdevelopmentandforothersitisthefulfilmentof basic needs.

7. Sustainable Development: Development without damaging surroundings. The regular process without harming the productivity of future generation and satisfy the need of present generation.

8. Average Income: It is total income of the country divided by its total population. Also known as per capita income.

NationalIncome:Itissumofvalueoffinalgoodsproducedwithinthecountryandincomefrom foreign factors.

9. (a) World Development Report 2006, “In 2004 countries with per capita income of ̀ 453000 per annum are called rich or developed countries.”

(b) Those with per capita income of ` 37000 or less are called low income countries. (c) Human Development Report 2006 published by UNDP, “Development is based on per

capita income, educational levels of the people and their health status.”

Worksheet– 103

1. The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the one used by the World Bank in the sense that it uses a combination of factors such as health, education and income as indicators of development. It does not rely solely on per capita income, as is the case with the World Bank.

According to the HDR, health and education are the indicators of the development besides food, clothes and shelter. Thus, HDR compares countries on the basis of educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.

2. The total income of a country is the income of all the residents of that country. This gives us the total income of the country.

The average income called per capita income is calculated as the total income of the country divided by its total population.

3. Ifyougetajobinafar-offplace,beforeacceptingityouwouldtrytoconsidermanyfactors,apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn.

A job may pay you less but may offer regular employment that will make you feel secure. A job may offer high pay but no job security and leave no time for your family. This will

reduce your sense of security and freedom. So, the choice is made by the individual on the basis of his/her goals in life. 4. The dignity of women in household and society increases if women do paid work. When

there is respect for women the members of the household are willing to share housework and accept women working outside their homes to earn a livelihood.

A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.

5. Non-renewableresourcesarethosewhichwillgetexhaustedafteryearsofuse.Wehaveafixedstockonearthwhichcannotbereplenished.Wediscovernewresourcesthatwedid not know earlier. New sources in this way add to the stock. However, over time, even this will get exhausted.


6. (i) Punjab has a high infant mortality rate in comparison to Kerala.

(ii) Bihar has a very low rate of literacy in comparison to Kerala.

(iii) Bihar has a very low net attendance ratio in comparison to Punjab.

Worksheet– 104

I. 1. (a) Country A – 10000 Country B – 10000 (b) No. Both the countries are not equally developed because in country A, income

distribution is equitably done while in country B, most citizens are poor except one who is extremely rich.

(c) Most will prefer to live in country A because in country A, income distribution is equitably done.

II. 1. The reason is that money cannot buy all the goods and services that we need to live a healthy and happy life. Therefore, income in itself is not the only adequate indicator of the material goods and services that citizens are able to use. For, example normally our money cannot buy us a pollution free environment or ensure that we get unadulterated medicines, unless we can afford to shift to a community that already has all these things.

2. The average income called per capita income criterion is used in classifying countries. In the World Development Report 2006, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying countries as developed countries and low income countries.

3. Income is considered to be one of the most important attributes of developed countries. The countries with higher income are considered as more developed than ones with less income.

4. 1. Per capita Income. It is obtained by dividing national income with the total population of the country. Per capita income cannot be a true measure of development because if per capita income of a country has been increasing over a period, we cannot conclude that all sections of the society have become better off as there may not be equitable distribution of income. The gap between rich and poor may widen. Rich may become richer while poor man may become poorer. The income of a rich man may increase many fold but the income of a poor man may remain at the same level. It cannot be called as true development of the country because the condition of rich will become better and the poor will become poorer. So per capita income is not the true indicator of development.

2. Economic Welfare. If with the increase in average income the gap between rich and poorshortens,thiswilldefinetlyindicatetheeconomicwelfareofthecountry.Equitabledistribution of income and wealth indicates economic welfare. Therefore, economic welfare can be a true indicator of development.

5. Average Income: It is total income of the country divided by its total population. Also known as per capita income.

NationalIncome:Itissumofvalueoffinalgoodsproducedwithinthecountryandincomefrom foreign factors.


Worksheet– 105

Developed countries Developing countries1. Countries with more average income and

higher per capita income.1. Countries with low average income and

less per capita income.2. The rates of saving, investment, capital

information are also very high, and the commodities are produced on a large scale with the help of modern technology.

2. These are on the path of development, and the level of income is on rise along with the advancement of technology.

3. The standard of living of the people is very high.

3. The standard of living of the people is not very high.

4. Life is better due to good health facilities. 4. Life is not better due to less health facilities.

5. Literacy rates would be more due to better education.

5. Literacy rates would be less due to less educational facilities.

6. Life expectancy would be more. 6. Life expectancy would be less.7. Example– USA 7. Example– India

2. Sustainability of development means that development which is not only for the present times but is also for the future generations. Sustainability is the capacity to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance. Every generation wants to the getthemaximumbenefitsfromtheavailableresourcesbutsuchathingwouldbequitedisastrous because the available resources shall be exhausted within a short time and the future generations will be deprived of such resources. Environmental degradation can be observed in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of ground water, soil erosion, water pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution especially in urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation.

The issue of sustainability is important for development because — Development must be in relation with the future. — If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point

of time. — Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country

has achieved. This is because in the future, those resources will not be available for further progress.

Sustainable Development can be achieved in these ways: — Scientificandproperuseofnaturalresources. — Judicious use of resources for better future. — No increase in pollution or environmental degradation. — Protectionoffloraandfaunafromhumanexploitation. — Resources like water, wind, solar energy, etc., are inexhaustible but we must see that

they are not put to wrong use. — There is no harm in using the land for cultivation but we should see that its fertility

is maintained otherwise sooner or later it will turn into a wasteland.


Sustainable development can be achieved by judicious mix use of both renewable and non-renewableresourcesandwithoutharmingthebalanceofenvironmentkeepinginmind the requirement for present and future generations.

3. National development means the ideology of different persons regarding countries’ development.Theseideologiescouldbeattimesconflicting.Itismeasuredby

(a) Average Income (b) Per Capita Income Developmental goals are the aspirations and desires of the people. They are different

for different individuals. Since people come from different situations, therefore, their developmental goals differ. An urban unemployed youth would aspire for a good salaried job, promotions etc. and on the other hand, a rural unemployed would want better job opportunities in the village, job security and dignity of labour.

Peoplehaveconflictinggoalsmeansthatdevelopmentforonemaynotbedevelopmentfortheother.Theirgoalsmayclash.TheSardarSarovarDamisanexampleofconflictingdevelopmental goals for the people who are being affected by it. While the people of Gujarat are happy as they will get water for irrigation and drinking in the areas which aredeficientinwaterbutthepeopleofMadhyaPradesharedisappointedastheirvillagesand large part of land will submerge in water there by leaving them landless, uprooted fromtheirplaceofworkwithinsufficientcompensationandnosourceofjobattheplaceof their living.

Chapter test 1. Low income countries. 2. Life expectancy at birth, per capita income and literacy rate in the country. 3. Per Capita Income 4. High levels of income and better quality of life. 5. (a) 5% (b) Males – 1.8%, Females – 3.5% (c) Agegroup10-14years 6. The average income is compared which is calculated as the total income of the country

divided by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income. In World Development Report 2006, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used

in classifying countries. Countries with per capita income of Rs 4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of Rs 37,000 or less are called low income countries. India comes in the category of low income countries because its per capita income in 2004 was just Rs. 28,000 per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries.

7. Sustainability of development means that development which is not only for the present times but is also for the future generations. Sustainability is the capacity to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance. Every generation wants to the getthemaximumbenefitsfromtheavailableresourcesbutsuchathingwouldbequitedisastrous because the available resources shall be exhausted within a short time and the future generations will be deprived of such resources. Environmental degradation can be observed in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of ground water, soil erosion,


water pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution especially in urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation.






is maintained otherwise sooner or later it will turn into a wasteland. Sustainable development can be achieved by judicious mix use of both renewable and

non-renewableresourcesandwithoutharmingthebalanceofenvironmentkeepinginmind the requirement for present and future generations.


Worksheet– 106 1. per capita income 2. World Bank; per capita income 3. the educational levels of the people, their health status 4. Kerala; Punjab 5. environmental degradation 6. the nutritional status; food available to the poor people 7. NetAttendanceRatio;agegroupof6-10 8. Sustainable development 9. developed 10. developing

Worksheet– 107

A. 1. (F) 2. (F) 3. (F) 4. (T) 5. (T) B. 1. (e) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)


104 OS C i a l S C E ni x–C E

Worksheet– 109

Do yourself.

Worksheet– 110

1. Adult people are guaranteed a minimum of 100 days of employment by the government. If the government fails to provide employment, unemployment allowance will be paid to people.

2. Public sector and Private Sector. 3. Ownershipofenterprisesisthebasisofclassification. 4. Primary sector. 5. These goods are known as Intermediate goods. 6. When people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their

potential. 7. Primary sector employs most of the people. 8. The Central government undertakes the task of measuring GDP. 9. Itisthevalueoffinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinayear. 10. Agriculture,dairy,fishingandforestry.

Worksheet– 111

1. More than half of the workers in the country are working in agriculture, producing only a quarter of the GDP. In other words, workers in agricultural sector are underemployed. Each one is doing some work but no one is fully employed. This kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does not have a job and is clearly visible as unemployed. Hence, it is also called disguised unemployment.

2. The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. The product is not produced by nature but has to be made and therefore some process of manufacturing is essential. This could be in a factory, a workshop or at home. For example, using sugar cane as a raw material we make sugar or gur.

3. The tertiary activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not produce goods but they are an aid or a support for theproductionprocess.Forexample,usingcottonfibrefromtheplant,wespinyarnandweave cloth.

4. Thevalueoffinalgoodsandservicesproducedineachsectorduringaparticularyearprovides the total production of the sector for that year. And the sum of production in the three sectors gives what is called the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. It isthevalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryduringaparticularyear.

SEcTOrS Of ThE INDIaN EcONOMyECO.

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105ymonocenaidniehtfosrotces

In India, the task of measuring GDP is undertaken by the central government ministry. This Ministry, with the help of various government departments of all the Indian states and union territories, collects information relating to total volume of goods and services and their prices and then estimates the GDP.

5. There are a large number of activities which are the primary responsibilities of the government. They include providing health, education facilities i.e. providing quality education, particularly elementary education. Government also needs to pay attention to the various aspects of human development such as safe drinking water, housing facilities, food and nutrition for the poor.

6. The problem of underemployment is very high in the agricultural sector. The government can spend some money or banks can provide a loan to construct a well to irrigate the land so that the productivity increases and more people in the household will be usefully employed and will be able to earn reasonably well. This could lead to a lot of employment generation within the agricultural sector itself reducing the problem of underemployment.

7. The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. The product is produced by a process of manufacturing in a factory, a workshop or at home. Forexample,usingcottonfibrefromtheplant,wespinyarnandweavecloth.Thissectoris also called an industrial sector.

Worksheet– 112 1. Working in an unorganised sector is not considered secured because unorganised units

are not registered by the government and remain outside the control of the government. Many are small and scattered units. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed. Jobs here are low paid often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc.

2. Public sector is a government owned sector. In private sector the ownership of assets and delivery of services is in private hands. For example, railways is a public sector and RelianceIndustriesisaprivatesector.Theaimofpublicsectorisnottoearnprofitsbutto provide goods and services at reasonable cost. In contrary, the aim of the private sector istomakeprofits.

3. A few examples include provision of water, electricity and some modes of transport. The government has taken these up because water and power are the basic needs of every individual. If the work of providing electricity and water is left to private enterprises, the latter might exploit this opportunity and sell these at rates which the masses cannot afford. Hence, to ensure that basic amenities like water and power are available for all, the government supplies these at low and affordable rates and ensures its uninterrupted supply to public.

4. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005: (a) 100 days work guarantee in year by the government. (b) If government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment

allowances. (c) Types of work given to improve production of land. 5. Three secors of economic activities are: (a) Primary Sector (b) Secondary Sector (c) Tertiary Sector


(a) Primary sector. It covers activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. It is called primary sector because it forms the base for all other products. Sincemostofthenaturalproductswegetarefromagriculture,dairy,fishing,forestryso this sector is also called agriculture and related sector. Example: dairy, cultivation, miningofmineralores,fishing,forestry,etc.

(b) Secondary sector. It covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activities. The product is not produced by nature but has to be made, therefore, some process of manufacturing is essential. Since this sector gradually became associated with different kinds of industries that came up, it is also called as industrial sector. Example: sugar orgurismanufacturedfromsugarcane,breadfromwheatflouretc.

(c) Tertiary sector. These are the activities that help in the development of primary and secondary sectors. These activities do not produce goods but they are an aid or support for the production process. Since these activities generate services rather than goods, the tertiary sector is also called service sector. Example: Transport, storage, communication, etc.

6. In the last 30 years, tertiary sector has achieved importance. It has emerged as the single largest producing sector in India. This is because in growing economies, certain ‘basic services’ like good hospitals, schools, banks, insurance companies are required.

With the growth of agricultural sector, infrastructural facilities like transport, storage etc. are needed.

The richer people want restaurants, shopping malls, tourism etc. in big cities. It has become an essential service. On one hand we have highly educated and skilled workers andontheotherilliterateandsemi-skilledworkerswhoarepoor.

7. Underemployment is a situation, where people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential. If few people move out, it will not affect the production. It is hidden in contrast to the open unemployment where a person is clearly or visibly without job. It is also called disguised unemployment.

Underemployment conditions are more prevalent in primary sector especially in agriculture because there are more people than necessary and even if we move a few people out, production will not be affected. In other words, workers in the agricultural sector are under-employedbecauseeithertheydon’thaveanyotherworktodoortheydon’thavemoney to invest to expand their practising work.

This underemployment also happens in the other sectors. For example, there are thousands of casual workers in service sector in the urban areas such as painters, plumbers, repair personsandothersdoingoddjobs.Manyofthemdon’tfindworkeveryday.

Worksheet– 113I. 1. (a) The share of employment has decreased by 11%. (b) The primary sector continues to be the largest employer in India. There are not enough

jobs created in the secondary and tertiary sectors. The secondary and tertiary sectors share in the production is 75% but they employ lesser number of people.

2. (a) 7.02%. (b) (i) A large number of people are there in the unorganised sector of agriculture because

it requires a lot of unskilled labour which is easily available. Thus, this fact is taken as an advantage by the landowners who make labourers work under drastic conditions.


(ii) The unorganised sector is mushrooming because there are no rules and regulations and there is no one to supervise its functioning and hence easy to exploit workers.

II. 1. (a) Primary sector produces goods by exploiting natural resources. It includes agriculture and related sector.

(b) In the secondary sector, natural products are changed into other forms through the way of manufacturing. It is also known as Industrial sector.

(c) The tertiary sector activities are done by themselves, do not produce goods but they support the production process. It is also known as service sector.

2. Unemployment refers to a situation when a person is able and willing to work but does not get an opportunity to work. Disguised unemployment is a situation in which more persons are employed on a job than are optimally required. If a part of the labour force is withdrawn and the total production remains unchanged, this withdrawn labour will be known as disguised unemployed labour.

3. Health and Education are two key areas in which the government has a primary responsibility to improve.

Illiteracy, infant mortality rates, deaths during child birth, malnutrition among children aretoseriouslyrectified.Otheraspectslikesafedrinkingwater,housingforthepoorandfood and nutrition are also necessary.

4. Underemployment can happen in secondary and tertiary sectors as well. For example, thousand of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas search for daily employment andmanydon’tfindworkeveryday.Theyareemployedaspainters,plumbers,repairpersons and others doing odd jobs.

We see other people of the service sector on the street pushing a cart or selling something where they may spend the whole day but earn very little. They are doing this work because they do not have better opportunities.

Worksheet– 114 1. There are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. The

cultivation of cotton takes place within a crop season. For the growth of the cotton plant, we depend mainly, but not entirely, on natural factors like rainfall, sunshine and climate. The product of this activity, cotton is a natural product. Similarly, in the case of an activity like dairy, we are dependent on the biological process of the animals and availability of fodder etc. The product here, milk also is a natural product. Similarly, minerals and ores are also natural products. When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector. This is because it forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy,fishing,forestry,thissectorisalsocalledagricultureandrelatedsector.

2. As income levels rise, certain sections of people in cities start demanding many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc., especially in big cities.

3. The tertiary sector activities help or support for the production process and in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. For example, goods that are produced in the primary or secondary sector would need to be transported by trucks or trains or stored in godowns. For example, transport, storage, communication, banking, trade are some examples of tertiary activities. It also includes essential service providers such as teachers, doctors, washermen, barbers, cobblers, lawyers, and people who do administrative and accounting works, internet cafe, ATM booths, call centres, software companies etc.


4. The role of the government is crucial. The problem of under employment is very high in the agricultural sector. The government can spend some money or banks can provide a loan to construct a well to irrigate the land so that the productivity increases and more people in the household will be usefully employed and will be able to earn reasonably well. This could lead to a lot of employment generation within the agricultural sector itself reducing the problem of underemployment.

If the government invests some money in transportation and storage of crops, or makes better rural roads so that mini-trucks reach everywhere, farmers who have access to water, can continue to grow and sell crops, can provide productive employment to not just farmers but also others such as those in services like transport or trade.

If the local bank gives credit to farmers at a reasonable rate of interest, they will be able to buy seeds, fertilisers, agricultural equipments and pump sets to draw water in time and cultivate their land.

5. Underemployment is a situation, where people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential. If few people move out, it will not affect the production. It is hidden in contrast to the open unemployment where a person is clearly or visibly without job. It is also called disguised unemployment.

Underemployment conditions are more prevalent in primary sector especially in agriculture because there are more people than necessary and even if we move a few people out, production will not be affected. In other words, workers in the agricultural sector are under-employed because either they don’t have any other work to do or they don’t have money to invest to expand their practising work.

This underemployment also happens in the other sectors. For example, there are thousands of casual workers in service sector in the urban areas such as painters, plumbers, repair persons and others doing odd jobs. Many of them don’t find work everyday.

Worksheet– 115 1. There are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. The

cultivation of cotton takes place within a crop season. For the growth of the cotton plant, we depend mainly, but not entirely, on natural factors like rainfall, sunshine and climate. The product of this activity, cotton is a natural product. Similarly, in the case of an activity like dairy, we are dependent on the biological process of the animals and availability of fodder etc. The product here, milk also is a natural product. Similarly, minerals and ores are also natural products. When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector. This is because it forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector is also called agriculture and related sector.

2. The tertiary Sector is becoming important: (a) In any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, defence,

transport, banks etc. are required. (b) The development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services like

transport, banks etc. (c) The development of agriculture and industry lends to the development of services such

as transport, trade, storage. (d) As income levels rise, certain sections of people start demanding many more services

like tourism, shopping, private hospitals and private schools etc.


(e) Over the past decade or so certain new services such as those based on information and communication technology.

3. (i) Workers are paid less wages, there is no job security. (ii) Working conditions are poor. (iii) They have to work for long hours. (iv) Any other relevant point. (Any three points to be explained)

Chapter test 1. Industries or manufacturing units. 2. Indian Oil Corporation, State Bank of India, Indian Railways. 3. Police Station, Storage facilities, Fire Brigade 4. Hospitals, Educational institutions, Police stations. 5. Right to Work. 6. Forproducingfinalgoodsandservices. 7. Secondary sector. 8. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005: (a) 100 days work guarantee in year by the government. (b) If government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment

allowances. (c) Types of work given to improve production of land. 9.

Organised sector Unorganised sector(a) It covers those enterprises or places of

work where the terms of employment are regular and some formal processes and procedures are followed.

(a) Many are small and scattered units.

(b) People have assured work and enjoy security of employment.

(b) People have no secur i ty o f employment.

(c) They are registered by the government. (c) It is largely outside the control of the government.

(d) They have to follow its rules and regulations such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of GratuityAct,ShopsandEstablish-mentsAct etc.

(d) There are rules and regulations but these are not followed.

(e) They get several other benefits from the employers like paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity, medical benefits, pensions etc. and facilities like drinking water and a safe working environment.

(e) Jobs here are low paid and often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc.


10. More employment in rural areas can be created by: (i) Constructing dams, canals or digging wells in villages. (ii) Creating storage facilities and providing transport services. (iii) Agrobasedindustriescanbeset-upinruralareasorinsemi-belts. (iv) Construction of schools. (v) Making provision for education and health service in rural belts can also result in

employment. (vi) Promoting rural crafts and rural tourism is also an employment generation proposal.


Worksheet– 116

A. 1. disguised unemployment 2. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA 2005) 3. organised 4. unorganised 5. private

B. 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (F) 5. (T)

Worksheet– 117 1. Do yourself

disaster management

(First term)



Worksheet–118

A. 1. Do yourself.

B. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b)

6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c)

C. Do yourself D. Do yourself E. Do yourself

Worksheet–119

A. Do yourself. B. Do yourself. C. Do yourself D. Do yourself

Worksheet–120

A. 1. Search and rescue 2. Infra-red cameras 3. Acoustic devices

4. Bio radars 5. First aid 6. Ingested poison

7. Inhaled poisons 8. Absorbed poisons 9. DRABCD

10. Dog bite

B. Do yourself C. Do yourself D. Do yourself

E. Do yourself F. Do yourself

Worksheet–121

A. 1. Public Switched Telephone Network 2. National Information Centre

3. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited 4. International Telecommunication Union

5. Communication Satellites 6. Satellite Communication

7. Satellite Phone Terminal 8. Amateur Station Operators Licence

9. Indian National Satellite 10. Indian Remote Sensing

B. 1. Public wired telephone 2. Radio waves

3. Walky talky 4. Amateur radio

5. Amateurs or Hams 6. Satellite based communication systems

7. COMSATs 8. SATCOMs

9. SATPHONE 10. Transponder

C. Do yourself D. Do yourself

Worksheet–122

Do yourself.

Answers to Practice Papers

(First Term)


1. Europe. 2. Reserves. 3. Descendents of Africans who were brought into America as slaves. 4. Indiaisasecularcountryanddoesnothaveanofficialreligion. 5. Yes, Sinhala Only Bill (1956) Act passed by the Govt. of Ceylon making Sinhala as the

officiallanguage. 6. Per Capita Income is the basic criterion for comparing an underdeveloped country with a

developed country. 7. 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households. To address chronic poverty,

empowering Panchayati Raj. 8. Definedaseffortsthatseektoimprovetheeconomicwellbeingandqualityoflifefora

community by creating jobs or growing income and tax base. 9.ThePortugueseandSpanishconquestscolonisedAmericabythemid-sixteenthcentury.

Europeanconquestwasnotaresultofsuperiorfirepower.Theycarriedalotofgermssuchas those of smallpox on their person.

America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against this disease that came from Europe. Smallpox proved deadly killer. Once introduced, it killed and decimated whole communities,pavingthewayforconquest.

Or A number of products could be produced only with hand labour. Many goods with intricate

designsandspecificshapescouldbeonlyhandmade.Aristocratsandbourgeosiepreferredrefinedandclassyproductswhichwerehandmade.

10. The migrants into the city of Bombay encountered problems and real pressures in daily life.ThesehavebeenshowninmanyfilmsincludingCIDandGuestHouse.

Or Booksellers employed pedlars who carried books to sell in the villages. Almanacs, ballads,

folk tales and other entertaining books, historical tales and romantic novels became popular.PennychapbooksbecamepopularinEngland.InFrance,BiliothequeBleuewerevery popular.

11. The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant population, even though it did not have large factories. London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of a graving number of semi skilled and sweated outworkers, of soldiers and servants, of casual labourers, street sellers, and beggars.

Apart from the London clockyard, 5 major types of industries employed large numbers: clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, precision products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metals.

During the First World War (1914 – 1918) London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods and the numbers of large factories increased until they accounted for 1/3 of all jobs in the city.

12.Forestsareclassifiedunderthefollowingcategories: (i) Reserved Forests: More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved

forests. Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned.

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(ii) ProtectedForests:Almostone-thirdofthetotalforestareaisunderprotectedforest,as declared by the Forest Department. This forest land is protected from any further depletion.

(iii) Unclassed Forests: These are other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.

13. (a) Plains (b) It provides facilities for agriculture and industry.

(c) Mountains. 14. In order to avoid ecological crises causing due to overexploitation and mismanagement of

water we need 1. to conserve and manage our water resources 2. to safeguard ourselves from health hazards 3. to ensure food security 4. to ensure continuation of our livelihoods 5. to ensure productive activities 6. to prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems. 15. It was thought that all powers should be in the hands of one person or a group of persons.

Ifpowerissharedordispersed,thenquickdecisionscan’tbetakenorenforced.16.Hindiisthemothertongueofonly40%ofthepeopleofIndia.Thereare21languages

recognised by the Constitution. In state like Tamil Nadu there has been violent opposition toHindi.

17.Manycastegroupsdidnothaveequalaccesstoeducationpriortoindependenceandhencethe upper castes form the bulk of urban middle class population in India. Thus, caste is closely linked to economic status.

18. Do yourself.

19. Income is considered to be one of the most important attributes of developed countries. The countries with higher income are considered as more developed than ones with less income.

20. The problem of underemployment is very high in the agricultural sector. The government can spend some money or banks can provide a loan to construct a well to irrigate the land so that the productivity increases and more people in the household will be usefully employed and will be able to earn reasonably well. This could lead to a lot of employment generation within the agricultural sector itself reducing the problem of underemployment.

21. The role of the government is crucial. The problem of under employment is very high in the agricultural sector. The government can spend some money or banks can provide a loan to construct a well to irrigate the land so that the productivity increases and more people in the household will be usefully employed and will be able to earn reasonably well. This could lead to a lot of employment generation within the agricultural sector itself reducing the problem of underemployment.

If the government invests some money in transportation and storage of crops, or makes betterruralroadssothatmini-trucksreacheverywhere,farmerswhohaveaccesstowater,can continue to grow and sell crops, can provide productive employment to not just farmers but also others such as those in services like transport or trade.

If the local bank gives credit to farmers at a reasonable rate of interest, they will be able tobuyseeds,fertilisers,agriculturalequipmentsandpumpsetstodrawwaterintimeandcultivate their land.


Thegovernmentcanidentify,promoteandlocateindustriesandservicesinsemi-ruralareaswhere a large number of people may be employed. For instance, opening a cold storage could give an opportunity for farmers to store their products like potatoes and onions andsellthemwhenthepriceisgood.Itisalsopossibletoset-upindustriesthatprocessvegetables and agricultural produce like potato, sweet potato, rice, wheat, tomato, fruits, which can be sold in outside markets. This will provide employment in industries located insemi-ruralareasandnotnecessarilyinlargeurbancentres.

22 & 23. (a) Novels were popular among educated middle class as a medium of entertainment. (b) Love stories, detective novels, adventures and mysteries became hugely popular for

they amused people. (c) Novels allowed individuals the pleasure of reading in private. They offered a special

world of imagination into which the reader could slip and be all alone. Thus, reading a novel was like daydreaming.

(d) Many times people gathered to listen to a novel being read aloud by someone else. There after they could discuss the story and became involved in the characters. e.g. B.C. Chattopadhyay read out Durgesh Nandini to one such gathering of people whowerestunnedtorealisethattheBengalinovelhadachievedexcellencequickly..Devaki Nandan Khatri’s ‘Chandrakanta’ was a romance written just for the pleasure of reading.

24. (i) Alluvial Soils: These are formed by the deposition of sediments by rivers. They are rich in humus and very fertile. They are found in Great Northern plain, lower valleys of Narmada and Tapti and Northern Gujarat. These soils are renewed every year.

(ii) BlackSoils:Thesesoilsaremadeupofvolcanicrocksandlava-flow.Itisconcentratedin parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. It consists of Lime, Iron, Magnesium and also Potash but lacks in Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Organic matter.

(iii) Red Soils: These are derived from weathering of ancient metamorphic rocks of Deccan Plateau. Its redness is due to iron composition. When iron content is lower it is yellow or brown. They cover almost the whole of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and parts of Orissa.

(iv) Laterite Soils: These soils are formed due to intense leaching and are well developed on the summits of hills and uplands. They are commonly found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.

(v) Mountain Soils: These soils are formed as a result of the accumulation of organic matterderivedfromforestgrowth.TheyarefoundinHimalayanregionandvaryin different regions according to altitude. Tea is grown in those areas which receive sufficientrainfall.

(vi) Desert Soils: In the desert regions of Rajasthan, soils are not well developed. As evaporation is in excess of rainfall, the soil has a high salt content and saline layer formsahardcrust.Thesesoilsaregenerallysandyanddeficientinorganicmatter.

25. Rooftop rainwater harvesting was commonly practised to store drinking water in Rajasthan. In arid and semi-arid regions, agriculturalfieldswere converted into rainfed storagestructures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

In the semi-arid andarid regions ofRajasthan, particularly inBikaner,Phalodi andBarmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. The tanks could be as large as a big room and were built inside the main

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house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’.

In western Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on decline because of the perennial Rajasthan canal. This canal provides plenty of water. Despite this, some houses still maintain the tankas since they do not like the taste of tap water.

26.Athree-tierdemocracywasintroducedin1992.Astepwastakentowardscreatingrurallocal self government or Panchayati Raj.

– Regular elections to be held for Panchayat. – Seats reserved for SCs STs and OBCs. – One-thirdseats,reservedforwomen. – State Election Commission to conduct elections to local bodies. – State government to share power and revenue with local bodies. 27.Thesocialdifferencescanbeoverlappingandcross-cuttinginnature. The difference between Blacks and Whites becomes a social division when Blacks are found

to be poor, racially discriminated and homeless people. Ifsocialdifferencescross-cutoneanother,itisdifficultforgroupstogetpittedagainst

oneanothere.g.intheNetherlands,classandreligioncross-cuteachother.CatholicsandProtestantsareequallyrichorpoorinthatcountry.

28. Punjab has a high per capita income but its literacy level is very low. There are various reasons for this scenario. Majority of children are not sent to school or not provided with quality education. Punjab is known for its fertile plains and five perennial rivers. They have good irrigation facilities and are the largest producer of wheat. Apart from wheat, Punjab produces many other food grains. As agriculture is predominant and the agricultural income is very good, people of Punjab are more inclined towards farming and allied businesses. They are known for their hard work and common sense derived out of experience and attach little importance to education.

29. Organised sector Unorganised sector

1. Itistheonewherethetermsofemploy- 1. Thesearesmallandscatteredunits ment are regular and people have which are largely outside the control assured work. of the government.

2. They are registered by the government 2. There are rules and regulations but and have to follow its rules and these are not followed. regulations which are given in various lawssuchastheFactoriesAct,Mini- mum Wages Act, etc. 3. Itiscalledorganisedbecauseithas 3. Jobsherearelow-paidandoftennot some formal processes and procedures. regular.

4. Workers in the organised sector enjoy 4. Employment is not secure as people security of employment. They are can be asked to leave without any expectedtoworkonlyafixednumber reason. of hours. If they work more, they have to be paid overtime by the employer.

5. Theyalsogetseveralotherbenefits 5. Thereisnoprovisionforovertime, from the employers like paid leave, paid leave, holidays, leave due to payment during holidays, provident sickness etc. fund,pensions,gratuity,medicalbene- fitsetc.


30.

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1. Manchester, London 2. 71% 3. When resources in a given society are distributed unevenly. 4. 50%seatsforwomenatlocalselfgovernmentlevel. 5. Astateistobeofficiallyneutralinmattersofreligion. 6. 68. 7. Agriculture,forestry,fishingandmining. 8. Between50%and60%.

9.Theywerescaredbecauseofpollutioninthecompartments.Therewasdifficultyinsmoking.It was seen as creating a mess and an unhealthy atmosphere in the city.

Or

In the nineteenth century thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers migrated to work on plantations, in mines, and in road and railway construction projects around theworld. In India theywerehiredundercontracts forfiveyears forplantationworkand they would return back home once the contract and work was over. Most Indian indenturedworkerscamefromthepresent-dayregionsofeasternUttarPradesh,Bihar,central India and the dry districts of Tamil Nadu. The circumstances that took shape in themid-19th century compelled them tomigrate.Cottage industriesdeclined, landrent rose, lands were cleared for mine and plantations. All this affected the lives of the poor people. Many believed indenture was nothing but a ‘new system of slavery’ as the living and working conditions of labourers were harsh and they had few legal rights.

10. The system of hand printing is known in China from 594 AD. It was printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of wood blocks. As both sides could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side.

Or The novel uses the vernacular, the language that is spoken by common people. Even

those who are not highly educated can read it, identify with characters and feel part of the community that the novel creates. A novel may take a classical language and combine it with the language of the streets and make them all the part of the vernacular that it uses. Like the nation, the novel brings together many cultures.

11. 1. City development has always taken place at the expense of ecology and environment. 2. Natural features and habitats were removed and transformed to accommodate the

growing demand for space for factories, housing, and other institutions. 3. Large amounts of industrial refuse and waste products were sent out into the

atmosphere, rivers and other water bodies thus polluting air and water. Due to urbanization and heavy industrialization, noise has become a permanent feature of cities.

4. With less number of trees around, combustion of coal and wood cause air pollution.

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12.Humanfactorsareactivities likedeforestation,over-grazing,constructionandmining,defective methods of farming (ploughing in a wrong way i.e. up and down the slope form channelsforthequickflowofwaterleadingtosoilerosionetc.)

Physical factors like wind, glacier and water lead to land degradation. (a) The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies.

Thelandbecomesunfitforcultivationandisknownasbadland.IntheChambalbasinsuchlandsarecalledravines.Sometimeswaterflowsasasheetoverlargeareasdowna slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away. This is known as sheet erosion.

(b)Windblowsloosesoiloffflatorslopinglandknownaswinderosion.

13. Biodiversity or Biological Diversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple networks of interdependencies. We can say that India is rich in biodiversity because over 81,000 speciesoffaunaand47,000speciesoffloraarefoundinthiscountrysofar.Oftheestimate47,000plantspecies,about15,000floweringspeciesareendemic(indigenous)toIndia.

14. Agriculture is important for Indian economy because: 1.Two-thirdsofitspopulationisengagedinagriculturalactivities. 2. Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume. 3. It also produces raw material for various industries e.g. paper industry, textile industry etc.

4. Some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices, etc. are also exported.

15. The population is less than a crore.

TheDutchform59%,andthentheFrenchform40%andtheGermansabout1%.TheFrench community is in majority in the capital, Brussels. They are rich and powerful and this is not liked by the Dutch. Therefore, tensions exist between the two communities.

16.Afeministisaperson(amanorawoman)whobelievesinequalrightsandopportunitiesfor all human beings (men and women).

The main aim of feminist movement was to develop a positive approach for empowerment and upliftment of women. It is strongly believed that the gender of the person should not decidetheavailabilityof jobsandopportunitiesforapersonandequalsocial,politicaland economic rights should be given to both men and women in the society.

17.Thedifficultiesfacedbylocalgovernmentbodiesare: (a) Although elections are held regularly, gram sabhas are not held regularly. (b) Moststategovernmentshavenottransferredsignificantpowerstothelocalgovern-

ments. (c) Theyhavenotgivenadequateresourcestothelocalbodies.

18. The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. The product is produced by a process of manufacturing in a factory, a workshop or at home. Forexample,usingcottonfibrefromtheplant,wespinyarnandweavecloth.Thissectoris also called an industrial sector.

19. In any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices,municipalcorporations, banks, defence, transport, insurance companies etc are required.Theseservices are called the’ basic services.’ In the developing countries the government has to take the responsibility for provision of these services.

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20.Non-renewableresourcesarethosewhichwillgetexhaustedafteryearsofuse.Wehaveafixedstockonearchwhichcannotbereplenished.Wecandiscovernewresourcesthatwedidnotknowofearlier.Newsourcesinthiswayaddtothestock.However,overtime,eventhiswillgetexhausted.Inthatsituationlifewouldbedifficultforus.Therewouldbe total chaos all over the world.

21. Indiaisalreadystrivingtobecomeadevelopedcountry.However,therearesomegapareas.Although, today the government of India may claim to be an emerging super power but the realityisquitedifferentfromwhatthegovernmentofIndiaorthemediaofIndiaportrayto the world. Lately, the government of India has come up with several developmental plans and they have helped boost the country’s economy in some ways. But the long term impact of these plans should focus on prosperity of the common man. Investment is pouring in from within the Country and abroad, but the poor man remains poor all his life. The country may boast of an increase in international trade, an increased export revenue, but the number of poor has not changed! A good way to become a developed country is to improvegovernance,provideeducationtoall,controlinflation,introduceacrediblefiscalpolicy,liberalizefinancialmarkets,increasetradewithneighbours,increaseagriculturalproductivity,improveinfrastructureandimproveenvironmentalquality.

22. The First World War boosted the US economy. The US became an international creditor. After a short period of economic trouble in the years after the war, the US economy resumed its strong growth in the early 1920s.

One important feature of the US economy of the 1920s was mass production. The move towards mass production had begun in the late 19th century, but in the 1920s it became acharacteristicfeatureofindustrialproductionintheUS.Awell-knownpioneerofmassproductionwasthecarmanufacturerHenryFord.Headoptedthe‘assemblyline’methodof production which would allow a faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles.

Mass production lowered costs and prices of engineered goods. As wages of workers in-creased, they could now afford to purchase durable comsumer goods such as cars. There was also a spurt in the purchase of the refrigerators, washing machines, radios etc. all through a system of ‘hire purchase’. There was also a boom in house construction and homeownership,financedbyloans.

The housing and consumer boom of the 1920s created the bases of prosperity in the US. Large investments in housing and household goods seemed to create a cycle of higher employments and incomes, rising consumption demand, more investment and yet more employment and incomes.

23. 1. There was a general conviction among the people in the 18th century that books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment. Many believed that books could change the world, liberate society from depotism and tyranny and herald a time when reason and intellect would rule.

2. Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively, their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism. They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom and demanded that everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality.

3. Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions werere-evaluatedanddiscussedbyapublicthathadbecomeawareofthepowerofreasonand recognised theneed to question existing ideasandbeliefs.Within thispublic culture, new ideas of social revolution came into being.


4. By the 1780s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality. Questions began to be raised about the existing social order.

Or

Peasants and artisans who found no work in the villages went to the industrial cities in searchofwork.Over50%workersgotworkintheBombaycottonindustries.

Asthenewsofemploymentspread,workersinhugenumbercametocitiestofindworkinthemills.Asaresult,gettingjobbecamedifficult.Thenumbersseekingworkbecamemore than the jobs available. The industrialists usually employed a jobber to get the new recruits. The jobber got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in thecityandprovidedthemmoneyintheirneed.Thejobberthusbecamepowerful.Hebegan demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of the workers. These workers were bound to work in hazardous conditions. They usually worked on a 10-hoursshift.Theywereverypronetodiseaseslikeasthma.

24. Forests of the following types are found in India: 1. Reserved Forests. Reserved forests are the forests that are regarded as the most

valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned. More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests.

2. Protected Forests. This forest land is protected from any further depletion. Almost one-third of the total forest area is protected forest, as declared by the ForestDepartment.

3. Unclassed Forests. These are other forests and wastelands that belong to both government and private individuals and communities.

Reserved and protected forests are also referred to as permanent forest estates maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest produce and for protective reasons. Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests constituting 75% of its total forest area. JammuandKashmir,AndhraPradesh,Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Maharashtra have large percentages of reserved forests of its total forest area. Bihar,Haryana, Punjab,HimachalPradesh,OrissaandRajasthanhaveabulkofitunderprotectedforests.Allnorth-easternstatesandpartsofGujarathaveaveryhighpercentageoftheirforestsas unclassed forests. Local communities manage these forests.

25. Natural vegetation supports vital functions in all the spheres of our biosphere. First, vegetation plays an important role in maintaining energy balance in the surrounding. Itregulatestheflowofnumberofbiogeochemicalcycleslikethatofwater,carbon,andnitrogen. These cycles are not only crucial for determining vegetation patterns but also for the climatic conditions. Second, vegetation strongly affects soil characteristics, including soil volume, chemistry and texture, productivity and structure. Third, vegetation serves as wildlife habitat and the energy source for the vast array of animal species. Vegetation is important to the world economy, especially in the use of fossil fuels as an energy source and also in the production of food, wood, fuel and other materials. Vegetation also includes algal varieties which have been the primary source of oxygen in the atmosphere, enabling the aerobic metabolism systems to evolve and persist. Vegetation is important to humans as we are dependent on it for food, shelter, and medicine.

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26. The leaders of the Sinhala community tried to secure the dominance of their community after Independence.

They adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. In1956,anActwaspassedtorecogniseSinhalaastheonlyofficiallanguage.Sinhalese

were given special preference in government jobs and university positions. State protection was given to Buddhism which was the religion practised by the Sinhalese.

All these government measures coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. They felt that their language and culture were not given due importance. They also felt that the Constitution and government policies deniedthemequalpoliticalrights.Asaresult,theirrelationswiththeSinhalacommunityworsened.

27. Constitutional provisions and democratic politics are the real pillars of federalism which help to make it a success.

1. Linguistic states. Since 1947 many changes have been done in the political map of India. Many old states have vanished and many new states have been created. Areas, boundaries and names of the states have been changed. In 1947, the boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order to create new states. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state. Some states were created to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. These included states like Nagaland, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand.

2. Centre-state relations in India. Earlier in India for a long time, the same party ruled both at centre and states. This meant that state government did not exercise their rights as autonomous federal units. As and when ruling party at state level was different, the parties that ruled at the Centre tried to undermine the power of states. In those days central government would often misuse the Constitution to dismiss the state governments that were controlled by rival parties. This undermined the spirit of federalism.

But after 1990 significant changes occurred.Therewas rise of regional politicalparties in many states of the country. This was also the beginning of the era of the coalition governments at the Centre. Since no single party got clear majority in the Lok Sabha the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several regional parties to form government at the Centre. This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of the state governments. ThistrendwassupportedbytheSupremeCourt’sjudgmentwhichmadeitdifficultfor the Central government to dismiss state governments in an arbitrary manner. Thus, power sharing is more effective today than it was in the early years after the Constitution came into force.

3. Language policy. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language.Hindiwas identifiedasan official languagebutHindi is themother tongue of only 40%of Indians.Therefore, thereweremany safeguards toprotectotherlanguages.BesidesHindi,thereare21otherlanguagesrecognisedasScheduled Languages by the Constitution. A candidate in an examination conducted for the Central government positions may opt any of these languages.

Thestatestoohavetheirownofficiallanguagesandmuchofthegovernmentworktakesplaceintheofficiallanguageoftheconcernedstate.Englishisalsotobeusedasanofficial language.Thegovernmentdoesnot followapolicyof imposingHindionnon-Hindispeakingstates.


28.

29. (a)7.02%. (b) (i) A large number of people are there in the unorganised sector of agriculture because it

requiresalotofunskilledlabourwhichiseasilyavailable.Thus,thisfactistakenasan advantage by the landowners who make labourers work under drastic conditions.

(ii) The unorganised sector is mushrooming because there are no rules and regulations and there is no one to supervise its functioning and hence easy to exploit workers.

Developed Countries Developing Countries 1. Countries with more average income 1. Countries with low average income

and higher per capita income. and less per capita income.

2. The rates of saving, investment, 2. These are on the path of development,

capital information are also very high, and the level of income is on rise

and the commodities are produced on along with the advancement of

a large scale with the help of modern technology.

technology.

3. The standard for living of the people 3. The standard for living of the people

is very high. is not very high.

4. Life is better due to good health 4. Life is not better due to less health

facilities. facilities.

5. Literacy rates would be more due to 5. Literacy rates would be less due to

better education. less educational facilities.

6. Life expectancy would be more. 6. Life expectancy would be less.

7. Example, U.S.A. 7. Example, India.

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1. Bombay and Calcutta. 2. A stock or supply of money, materials, staff and other assets that can be drawn on by

a person or organisation in order to function effectively. 3. May 22, 1972. 4. Forests, protection of wild animals, adulteration, drugs and poisons, etc. 5. 33%. 6. Per Capita Income. 7. Raw materials, food manufacturing, textile manufacturing industries. 8. 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households.

9. Several steps were taken to clean up London: 1. Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce population

and landscape the city. 2. Large blocks of apartments were built. 3. Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War to ease the

impact of a severe housing problem.Or

Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency in 1819. Large trading communities of traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers had settled in Bombay.

Whenthefirsttextilemillswerestartedin1854,alargenumberofpeoplefromnearbydistrict of Ratnagiri came to work in Bombay mills.

10. The Bretton Woods system inaugurated an era of unprecedented growth of trade and incomes for the Western industrial nations and Japan. World trade grew annually at over 8 per cent between 1950 and 1970. Incomes of people in western countries grew at 5 per cent. The growth was stable, without fluctuations. The unemployment rateaveraged less than 5 per cent in most industrial countries. There was worldwide spread of technology and enterprise. Developing countries were in a hurry to catch up with the advanced industrial countries. Therefore, they invested vast amounts of capital,

importing industrial plant and equipment featuring modern technology.

Or

PostFirstWorldWareconomicrecoveryproveddifficultforBritain.Itfacedaprolongedcrisis.IndustrialdevelopmenthadstoredinIndiaandJapanandBritainfounditdifficultto recapture its earlier position of dominance in the Indian market, and compete with Japan internationally.

BritainhadborrowedheavilyfromtheUStofinancewarexpendituresandwasburdenedwith huge external debts.

The war had led to an economic boom. When the war boom ended, production contracted andunemploymentincreased.In1921oneineveryfiveBritishworkerswasunemployed.

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11. Industrialization and growth of British textile industries marked a drastic change in the Indian weaving segment. Indian textiles, which had made a mark in the global market, suffered severely. Their export market collapsed as heavy import duties were imposed on textilescomingfromIndia.ThelocalmarketforIndiantextilesshrankduetofloodingofManchester imports. The imported goods were so cheap because the machine produced clothes were of lower price and Indian weavers could not compete with them. By 1860’s, weaversfacedanothermajorproblemwheretheycouldnotgetsufficientsupplyofrawcottonofgoodquality.WhentheAmericancivil-warbrokeoutandthecottonsuppliesfrom the US were cut off, Britain turned to India and as the exports increased the prices escalated.

12. With the emergence of the modern press, both English and Vernacular, the latter half of the19thcenturysawanunprecedentedgrowthofIndian-ownedEnglishandVernacularnewspapers. The Indian Press played a notable role in mobilising public opinion, organising politicalmovements,fightingoutpublicopinionsandpromotingnationalism.

13. Measures taken to control land degradation in different regions of India are: (a) Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. (b) Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on overgrazing, stabilisation of sand dunes

by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods of check land degradation. (c) Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and

disposalofindustrialeffluentsandwastesaftertreatmentcanreducelandandwaterdegradation in industrial and suburban areas.

14.FromtheHimalayanYewtreeachemicalcompoundcalled ‘taxol’ isextractedfromitsbark, needles, twigs and roots, and it has been successfully used to treat some can-cers – thedrug isnowthebiggestsellinganti-cancerdrug intheworld.Thespecies isunder great threat due to over-exploitation. In the last one decade, thousands of yew

treeshavedriedup in variousparts ofHimachalPradeshandArunachalPradesh.

15.Multi-purpose projects are called as the temples of modern India because they notonly help in irrigation but also in electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrialuses,floodcontrol, recreation, inlandnavigationandfishbreeding.Forexample, in the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra–Nangal project water is beingusedboth forhydelpowerproductionand irrigation.Similarly, theHirakudproject intheMahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control. That is whyJawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’; the reason being that it would integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.

16. (a) People rule through institutions of self governance. (b) Due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in society. (c) Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies and as many people as possible

should share power.

17.NorthIrelandisdividedintoProtestants(53%)andCatholics(44%).Thisethnicdividebecame a political divide when Catholics were represented by Nationalist parties and Protestants by the unionists and violent clashes started between the two.


18. Parents prefer sons and the girl child is aborted before she is born. This has led to a decline in the sex ratio in the country.

Dropout rate of girls from schools is high because parents prefer to educate boys more than girls.

19. If you get a job in a far-off place, before accepting it youwould try to considermanyfactors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn.

A job may pay you less but may offer regular employment that will make you feel secure.

A job may offer high pay but no job security and leave no time for your family. This will reduce your sense of security and freedom.

So the choice is made by the individual on the basis of his/her goals in life.

20. The life expectancy at birth (average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth) is much higher in Sri Lanka than India. Even the Gross Enrolment Ratio of Sri Lanka for three levels (enrolment ratio for primary school, secondary school and higher education beyond secondary school) is also comparatively much better. Last but not least the Per Capita Income of Sri Lanka is also the highest among all the neighbouring countries. Eventually it can be said that a small country like Sri Lanka, is much ahead of India in every respect.

21. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005: (a) 100 days work guarantee in year by the government. (b) If government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment

allowances. (c) Types of work given to improve production of land.

22.The technological inventions increased the efficacy of each step of the productionprocess, i.e. carding, twisting and spinning and rolling. They enhanced the output per worker enabling each worker to produce more and they made possible the production

of stronger threads and yarn. Richard Arkwright devised the cotton mill. It increased efficiency of the production.

Now the cloth production shifted from village households to factories where production was done under one roof. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process,awatchoverqualityand the regulationof labour.Asa result ofall thispro-duction increased to a great extent.

23.ThewritingsofPremchandaredescribedastheachievementofexcellenceintheHindiliterature.HebeganwritinginUrduandlatershiftedtoHindiandwaspopularinbothlanguages.Heusedkissa-goiorstory-telling.ItisarguedthathisnovelSewasadan.(TheAbode of Service) published in 1916 lifted theHindi novel from the realm of fantasyand moralising. Sewasadan deals with the poor condition of women in society. Issues likechildmarriageanddowrywereimportantthemesofthenovel.Hismostreadandadmired work Godan is an ultimate work of a perfect humanitarian writer.

Or Indulekha (1889)was thefirstmodernnovel inMalayalam. Itwaswrittenby

Chandu Menon.

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(a) India was facing the onslaught of the western culture. Western ideas, life style appealed to the English educated class in India but they faced the dilemma of losing their own traditional values. Characters like Indulekha and Madhavan showed the reader how the two life styles could be brought together.

(b) An important issue is the marriage practices of upper-caste Hindus in Kerala, especially Nambuthiri Brahmins and Nayars. Caste seems to be an important factor while forming marriage alliances.

(c) Suri Nambuthiri, a foolish landlord comes to marry Indulekha who is intelligent. She exercises her choice, rejects him and marries Madhavan, an educated civil servant. It shows that education began to be valued as an asset.

(d) The novel is critical of alliances based on caste, ignorance and immorality among high caste.

24. (i) • Evergreen trees are those whose foliage persist throughout the year. Evergreens can survive under low nutrient levels in the soil. But a huge portion of internal nutrients is removed during the defoliation in deciduous trees. Nutrient requirement of evergreens is somewhat high during bad weather conditions due to need of the foliage maintenance.

• Deciduous trees are adapted to tolerate the cold and dry weather conditions by shedding their leaves seasonally, whereas evergreens do not. But in the case of deciduous plants it is high after the harsh time because of renewal of the foliage. Deciduous plants are more sensitive to changes in temperature and rain fall than evergreen plants.

(ii) • The term Flora is used to denote plants of a particular region or species. They make their food by photosynthesis.

• The term Fauna refers to the species of animals. They cannot make their own food and depend on other sources for nutrition. Herbivores are dependent on Flora for their food.

25. There are three types of cropping seasons: 1. Rabi crops — These crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in

summer from April to June. — Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. — North and northwestern states such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,

Jammu and Kashmir, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh are important producers of rabi crops.

— The success of the Green Revolution in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan has helped in the growth rabi crops.

2. Kharif crops — These crops are grown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September-

October. — Important crops grown during this season are rice (paddy), maize, jowar, bajra,

tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.


— Some of the most important kharif regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Orissa, the Konkan coast, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

— In states like Assam, West Bengal and Orissa, three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These are Aus, Aman and Boro.

3. Zaid season — This season is in between the rabi and the kharif seasons, — This is a short season during the summer months. — Some of the crops produced during zaid are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber,

vegetables and fodder crops. 26. (a) It is believed by fundamentalists that people of a religious community have common

interests and hence they form a nation. (b) It is also believed that people belonging to different religions can’t live together as

equal citizenswithin onenation. (c) Everyone has many identities. Religious identity is only one of them and hence

religion alone can’t be the basis of a nation. 27.CasteinequalitieshavenotcompletelydisappearedfromIndia.Eventoday,mostpeople

marry within their own caste or tribe. Despite constitutional prohibition, untouchability has not ended completely. Education is not easily available to the so called ‘low castes’. Economic status is closely linked to the caste system. In modern India, like in pre-independence India, the poor are mostly the ‘low castes’ while the rich are the ’high castes’, thereby showing that caste inequalities are still continuing in India.

28.No,it’snottrue.Infacttertiarysectorisplayingasignificantroleinthedevelopmentof the Indian economy.

— The tertiary sector has contributed vastly to the Indian economy, especially in the last two decades.

— Inthelastdecade,thefieldofinformationtechnologyhasgrown,andconsequently,theGDPshareof the tertiarysectorhasgrownfromaround40%in1973tomorethan50% in2003.

— It helps in the development of primary and secondary sectors. — Though it does not produce goods but they are an aid or support for the production

processes. 29. National development means the ideology of different persons regarding countries’

development.These ideologies couldbeat times conflicting. It ismeasuredby (a) Average Income (b) Per Capita Income Developmental goals are the aspirations and desires of the people. They are different

for different individuals. Since people come from different situations, therefore, their developmental goals differ. An urban unemployed youth would aspire for a good salaried job, promotions, etc. and on the other hand, a rural unemployed would want better job opportunities in the village, job security and dignity of labour.

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(a) Tungabhadra


1. Andrew Yule, Jardine Skinner Co, etc. 2. Rain water harvest technique. 3. The french speaking community was relatively rich and powerful in Belgium. 4. Descendents of Africans who were brought into America as slaves. 5. Holding together federation in one where a large country decides to divide its power between

the constituent states and the national government like India, Belgium and Spain. 6. Private and Public sectors. 7. Life expectancy, Education Index, GUI per capita. 8. Ministry of statistics and Programme implementation. 9. The travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas,

inventions, and even germs and diseases. The Indus valley civilisation had an active coastal trade linked with present-day West Asia

around 3000 BCE. The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between

distant parts of the world. The noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. TheArabtraderstookpastatofifthcenturySicilyinItaly.

Or SteamEngineincreasedproductivityandefficiencyofindustries.Therewere80steam

engines in cotton industries, 9 in wool and the rest in mining, canal works and iron works. 10. Gomasthas were appointed by the Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and

examine the quality of cloth. These people were outsiders who had no long-term social link with the village. They acted arrogantly. They usually came into villages with sepoys and peonsandoftenbeatandfloggedtheweaversfordelaysinsupply.Theweaverscouldnotbargain for prices and sell to different buyers. The Company did not pay them fair prices. The loans they had taken tied them to the Company.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers left villages and settled to new places. Over time several weavers refused to take loans. They closed down their workshops andbeganworkinginagriculturalfield.

Or Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency in 1819. Large trading communities of

traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers had settled in Bombay. Whenthefirsttextilemillswerestartedin1854,alargenumberofpeoplefromnearby

district of Ratnagiri came to work in Bombay mills. 11. Novels were written for young readers too. These novels for young boys idealised a new

type of man: someone who was powerful, assertive, independent and daring. Stories for

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boyswerefullofadventuresetinplacesfarawayfromEurope.Storiesaboutwhite-mencolonising the natives and adapting to the strange surroundings appealed to the young boys, for example, R.L. Stevenson’s Treasure Island, R. Kipling’s Jungle Book. Stories for boys involved great historical events, battles, etc.

Love stories were written for young girls, e.g. RamonabyHelenHuntJackson. 12. We need to conserve our forests and wildlife because: (a) Environmental destruction results in poverty in the communities that are directly

dependent upon forests and wildlife. Therefore, forests and wildlife are vital to the qualityoflifeandenvironmentinthesubcontinent.Itisimperativetoadapttosoundforest and wildlife conservation strategies.

(b) Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and our life support systems – water, air and soil.

(c) It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth of species and breeding. For example, in agriculture, we are still dependent on traditional cropvarieties.Fisheries too areheavilydependent on themaintenance of aquatic

biodiversity. 13. Major problems occurred due to indiscriminate use of resources are: (a) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. (b) Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two

segments i.e. haves and havenots or rich and poor. (c) Indiscriminate exploitation of resource has led to global ecological crises such as, global

warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation. 14. Over exploitation and mismanagement of water resources will impoverish this resource

and cause ecological crisis that may have profound impact on our lives. So, there is a need for conservation of water resources.

15. To improve agriculture in the country, various measures are taken both by the central and state governments from time to time. They are:

1. Differenttypesofactivitieswereentrustedtospecificpublicagenciestoimprovetheworking conditions.

2. Zamindari system has been abolished. It was followed with the consolidation of small holdings to make them economically viable.

3. Anotherimportantinputwasthewidespreaduseofradioandtelevisionforacquaintingfarmerswithnewandimprovedtechniquesofcultivation.

4. The crop insurance was another step to protect the farmers against losses caused by cropfailureonaccountofnaturalcalamitieslikedrought,flood,hailstorm,cyclone,fire,diseases,etc.

5. Easyavailabilityofcapitalorinvestmentinputthroughawell-knitnetworkofruralbanking and small scale cooperative societies with low interest rates were other facilities provided to the farmers for modernisation of agriculture.

6. Special weather bulletins for farmers were introduced on radio and television. 7. The government has announced a minimum support price for various crops removing

the elements of uncertainty. It ensures minimum price for the crop grown by the farmers.


16. SriLankahastwocrorepeople.74%areSinhala-speakersand18%areTamil-speakers.AmongTamils there are two sub-groups.Tamil natives of the country are called ‘SriLankanTamils.’Theyconstitute13%oftheTamilpeopleandliveinNorthernandEasternparts of Sri Lanka. The rest, whose forefathers came from India as plantation workers duringcolonialperiod,arecalled‘IndianTamils.’MostoftheSinhala-speakingpeopleareBuddhistswhilemostoftheTamilsareHindusorMuslims.Thereareabout7%Christianswho are both Tamil and Sinhala.

17. Blackpowermovementstartedin1966andlastedtill1975.Itwasamilitantanti-racistmovement. Leaders included Malcolm X.

18. Federal system has dual objectives to safeguard and promote unity of the country and accommodate regional diversity. The ideal federal system is based on mutual trust and agreement to live together.

19. (a) World Development Report 2006, “In 2004 countries with per capita income of Rs. 453000 per annum are called rich or developed countries.”

(b) Those with per capita income of Rs. 37000 or less are called low income countries. (c)HumanDevelopmentReport2006publishedbyUNDP,“Developmentisbasedonper

capita income, educational levels of the people and their health status.” 20. Working in an unorganised sector is not considered secured because unorganised units are

not registered by the government and remain outside the control of the government. Many are small and scattered units. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed. Jobs here are low paid often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc.

21. The income of a country is the income of all the residents of that country. This gives us the total income of the country.

The average income called per capita income is calculated as the total income of the country divided by its total population.

22. (a) Novels created a world that was absorbing and believable that readers could identify with.

(b) While reading novels, the reader was transported to another person’s world and began looking at life as it was experienced by the characters of the novel.

(c) People enjoyed reading in private as well as publicly. They could discuss stories with family and friends.

(d) People became deeply involved in the lives of the characters. Vernacular language was used in novels that was spoken by ordinary people. It created a

sense of shared world between diverse people in a nation. Novels often combined a classical language with that of the street languages, thus bringing the elite and the commoners together.

23. (a) Production, employment, incomes and trade declined disastrously in most parts of the world.

(b) Agricultural regions and communities got affected badly because the fall in agricultural prices was greater and more prolonged than that of the prices of industrial goods.

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(c) Agricultural overproduction led to the fall in agricultural prices which further led to the decline of agricultural incomes. When the farmers tried to expand production to maintain their income, it worsened the surplus in the market and led to more downfalls in the prices.

(d)The farm produce decayed due to lack of buyers.Householdswere ruined andbusinesses got collapsed.

(e) When the crisis started US withdrew the loans which affected the rest of the world. Many major banks and currencies collapsed such as the British pound sterling.

(f ) In Latin America the agricultural and raw material prices declined. (g) The US was also the industrial country most severely affected by the depression. (h) US banks cut the domestic lending and called back loans. ( i) Those who failed to repay what they had borrowed were forced to give up their homes,

cars and other consumer durables. (j) Unemployment soared and the US banking system collapsed. Thus the Great Depression affected the society, politics and international relations.

Or Many cities were carefully planned and organised unlike Bombay. For instance—modern

Singapore. Though today Singapore is a successful rich, and well planned city, a model for city planning worldwide but until 1965, it was overcrowded, lacked sanitation facility, had poor housing and poverty.

The changes occurred when the city became an independent nation in 1965 under the leadership of Lee Kuan Yew, President of the People’s Action Party. A huge housing and development programme was undertaken. The tall housing blocks which were well ventilated and serviced, were examples of good physical planning.

The buildings also redesigned social life: — Crime was reduced through external corridors. — The elderly people were inhabited alongside their families. — ‘Voiddecks’oremptyfloorswereprovidedinallbuildingsforcommunityactivities. — Migration into the city was strictly controlled. — Social relations between the three major groups of people (the Chinese, the Malays

andtheIndians)werealsowatchedtoavoidracialconflict. — Newspapers and journals and all forms of communication and association were also

strictly controlled.

24. The vegetation in mountainous region is called montane forests. Due to the increase in altitude and decrease in temperature, the vegetation in that region varies. The succession of natural vegetation belt in mountains is similar to that seen from tropical to tundra region. Between 1000 and 2000 metres of altitude, the wet temperate forests with trees like oaks and chestnuts are seen. Between 1500 and 3000 metres, temperate forests consisting of coniferous trees like pine, cedar, deodar are seen. At higher elevations, generally above 3,600metres,Alpinevegetationisseen.Silverfir,pines,junipers,birchesarethetypesoftrees predominantly seen in this region. As the forest approaches the snow line, the trees are stunted and are found to merge with the Alpine grassland.


25. Forests in India are home to a number of communities. These communities have a complex relationshipwiththefloraandfaunaaroundthem.InsomeareasofIndia,localcommunitiesarestrugglingtoconservethesehabitatsalongwithgovernmentofficials.

(a) In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act.

(b) In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and openly rejecting government involvement.The inhabitants of five villages in theAlwar district ofRajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the ‘Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri’, declaring their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting, and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments.

(c) Nature worship is an age old tribal belief based on the premise that all creations of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have preserved several virgin forests in pristine form called Sacred Groves (the forests of God and Goddesses). These patches of forest or parts of large forests have been left untouched by the local people and any interference with them is banned.

Even trees are preserved in name of worship. The Mundas and the Santhal of Chhota Nagpur region worship mahua (Bassia latifolia) and kadamba (Anthocaphalus cadamba) trees, and the tribals of Orissa and Bihar worship the tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees during weddings. To many of us, peepal and banyan trees are considered sacred.

(d)Troopsofmacaquesandlangursarefoundaroundseveraltemples.Theyarefeddailyand treated as a part of temple devotees. In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, herds of blackbuck (chinkara), nilgai and peacocks can be seen as an integral part of the community and nobody harms them.

(e) ThefamousChipkoMovementintheHimalayasandJointForestManagement(JFM)programme offer good examples for involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. (Any four)

26. Overlapping difference happens when some social differences overlap other differences. Situations of this kind produce social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities. Overlapping differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. For example—(a) the difference between Blacks and Whites in the US becomes a social division because the Blacks tend to be poor and landless, and often face injustice and discrimination. (b) In our country Dalits tend to be poor and landless and often face injustice and discrimination.

Ifsocialdifferencescross-cutoneanother,itisdifficulttopitonegroupofpeopleagainstthe other. It means those groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issue. Cross-cut social differences are easier toaccommodate. For example—Northern Ireland and Netherlands both are predominantly Christians but divided between Catholics and Protestants. In Northern Ireland class and religion overlap each other. Catholics tend to be poor and have suffered discrimination whereas in Netherland, class and religion tend to cross-cut each other and both areequallylikelytoberichorpoor.ItmeanstheyhaveconflictinNorthernIrelandbutitis not so in Netherlands.

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27. In modern democracies, power sharing arrangements have taken different forms: (i) Horizontal division of power. Power is shared among different organs of government,

such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. This ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others and thus balance of power among various institutions ismaintained.Ministers and government officials areresponsible to the Parliament or State Assemblies. Similarly, judges though appointed by the executive, keep a check on the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.

(ii) Vertical division of power. Power can be shared among governments at different levels. A general government for the entire country which is usually called a Central or Union government in India, governments at the provincial or state level is known by different names in different countries and in India we call them State government and the same principle is extended to the levels lower than state government such as municipalities and panchayats. This type of government was also adopted by Belgium but rejected by Sri Lanka. This is called federal division of power.

(iii) Division of power among social groups. The countries having community government share the power among different social groups, such as the religious and linguistic groups. We can best cite the example of Belgium in this regard. This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power.

(iv) Division of power among political parties, pressure groups and movements. Political parties, pressure groups andmovements help in controlling or influencing thosewho are in power. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power. Such a freedom of choice entails competition among the different parties. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand, but is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance group is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power. Various interest groups such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers and industrial workers have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or bringinginfluenceonthedecisionmakingprocess.

28. Sustainability of development means that development which is not only for the present times but is also for the future generations. Sustainability is the capacity to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance. Every generation wants to the getthemaximumbenefitsfromtheavailableresourcesbutsuchathingwouldbequitedisastrous because the available resources shall be exhausted within a short time and the future generations will be deprived of such resources. Environmental degradation can be observed in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of ground water, soil erosion, water pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution especially in urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation.


Organised sector

(a) It covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and some formal processes and procedures are followed.

(b) People have assured work and enjoy security of employment.

(c) They are registered by the government.

(d) They have to follow its rules and regulations such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of GratuityAct, Shops andEstablish-ments Act etc.

(e)Theyget several other benefits fromthe employers like paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity,medical benefits, pensionsetc. and facilities like drinking water and a safe working environment.

Unorganised sector

(a) Many are small and scattered units.

(b) People have no security of employment.

(c) It is largely outside the control of the government.

(d) There are rules and regulations but these are not followed.

(e) Jobs here are low paid and often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc.






is maintained otherwise sooner or later it will turn into a wasteland. Sustainable development can be achieved by judicious mix use of both renewable and

non-renewable resourcesandwithoutharming thebalance of environmentkeeping inmindtherequirementforpresentandfuturegenerations.

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1. Madras. 2. Sardar Sarovar Project. 3. Eelam Tamils. 4. Manipur.

5. A class of structure that is determined by birth.

6. More income, No social discrimination, etc.

7. Construction of roads, bridges etc.

8. Farming,fishing,mining,hunting,forestryetc.

9.Thedeveloping countriesdidnot benefit from the fast growth theWestern economiesexperienced in the 1950s and 1960s under the guidance of WB and IMF. They organised themselvesasagroup—theGroupof77 (orG-77)—todemandanewinternationaleconomic order (NIEO). NIEO means a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.

Or

Charles Dickens was very critical of the growth of industry. According to him, the growth of industry was accompanied by an economic philosophy which celebrated the pursuit of profitandundervaluedthelivesofworkers.HisnovelHardTimesdescribesCoketown,afictitiousindustrialtown,asagrimplacefullofmachinery,smokingchimneys,riverspollutedpurpleandbuildingsthatalllookedthesame.Hereworkersareknownas‘hands’,as if they had no identity other than as operators of machines. Dickens criticised not just thegreedforprofitsbutalsotheideasthatreducedhumanbeingsintosimpleinstrumentsof production.

10. The European companies gradually established control over the Indian trade. First of all they secured a variety of concessions from local courts. Afterwards they got success in achieving monopoly rights to trade. This resulted in a decline of the old ports of Surat andHooglythroughwhichlocalmerchantshadoperated.Exportsfromtheseportsfelldramatically,thecreditthathadfinancedtheearliertradebegandryingup,andthelocalbankers slowly went bankrupt.

WhileSurat andHoogly decayed,BombayandCalcutta grew.This shift from the oldports to the new ones was an indicator of the growth of colonial power. Trade through these new ports began to be controlled by European companies and was carried in Eu-ropean ships.

Or

ArchitectandplannerEbenezerHowarddevelopedtheconceptoftheGardenCity.Ac-cordingtoHowardtheGardenCitywouldbeapleasantspace fullofplantsandtreeswherepeoplewouldbothliveandwork.Hebelievedthiswouldalsoproducebetter-qual-itycitizens.FollowingHoward’sideasRaymondUnwinandBarryParkerdesignedtheGarden City of New Earswick. There were common garden spaces, beautiful views and great attention to detail.

Practice PaPer-5

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11. The poor, unhealthy living conditions in the residential areas posed serious problems to the London residents. Fire hazard was another major problem due to heavy congestion of houses. These were aggravated with the fear of rebellion and social disorder after the Russian Revolution in 1917. Commuting within the city and lack of public transport was also a major problem in London.

12.Over-utilisationandmismanagementofwaterresourcesmaycause: (i) Serious health hazards (ii) Shortage of availability of food which may adversely affect food security in the country. (iii) Our livelihoods and productive activities may be affected. (iv) Degradation of our natural ecosystems. (v) Depletion of water resources.

13. Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast. Main features of this type of soil are: (a) It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. (b) Towards the river valleys, soil particles are bigger in size. In the upper reaches the

soils are coarse. They are common in piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai. (c) Alluvial soils are of two types on the basis of their age — Khadar and Bangar. (d) Theseareveryfertilesoilsandcontainadequateproportionofpotash,phosphoricacid

and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.

(e) Regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. (f) Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment

and irrigation.

14. “Project Tiger”, one of the well publicised wildlife campaigns in the world, was launched in 1973. Initially, it showed success as the tiger population went up to 4,002 in 1985 and 4,334 in 1989. But in 1993, the population of the tiger had dropped to 3,600. There are 27tigerreservesinIndiacoveringanareaof37,761sqkm.Tigerconservationhasbeenviewednotonlyasanefforttosaveanendangeredspecies,butwithequalimportanceasameans of preserving biotypes of sizeable magnitude. Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, Sunderbans National Park in West Bengal, Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh, Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan, Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam and Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala are some of the tiger reserves in India.

15. The population of Belgium is a little over one crore. The ethnic composition of this small country is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language. Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining one per cent of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city Brussels, 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch speaking.

16. Differences (a) Municipalities are set up in towns. Big cities are constituted into municipal

corporations. (b) Municpal Chairperson is the political head of the municipality. In municipal

corporation such an authority is called the Mayor. Similarities (a) Both municipalities and municipal corporations are controlled by elected bodies

consisting people’s representatives.


17. Social differences are the differences and discriminations that occurs in the society. Many social differences are generally based on the accidents of birth. The differences between males and females, people having different heights and complexion are all examples of socialdifferencescausedduetobirth.However,notallsocialdifferencesarebasedonbirth.Some people are atheists, some are God fearing. These differences are chosen by the people themselves.

18. Religion can be used in a positive manner in politics. As stated by Mahatma Ghandhi, politics is guided by ethics of religion. The ethical values taught by any religion should be imbibed by us into politics for better governance. It should be thoroughly ensured that religion is not used in politics to create discrimination and oppression. Religion should be a medium to teach oneness and guide politics to do good for its people. It should not be used to arouse communal misunderstandings, distrust and suspicion.

19. The present sources of energy that are used by the people of India are electricity, coal, crudeoil,cowdungandsolarenergy.Otherpossibilitiesfiftyyearsfromnowcouldincludeethanol,bio-diesel,nuclearenergyandabetterutilisationofwindenergy.

20. Environmental degradation can be observed in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of ground water, soil erosion, water pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution especially in urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation.

21.No,it’snottrue.Infacttertiarysectorisplayingasignificantroleinthedevelopmentofthe Indian economy.

— The tertiary sector has contributed vastly to the Indian economy, especially in the last two decades.

— Inthelastdecade,thefieldofinformationtechnologyhasgrown,andconsequently,theGDPshareof the tertiarysectorhasgrownfromaround40%in1973tomorethan50%in2003.

— It helps in the development of primary and secondary sectors. — Though it does not produce goods but they are an aid or support for the production

processes.

22. Bombay was a crowded city unlike London. With the rapid and unplanned expansion of the city the crisis of housing and water supply became severe. Many families could reside in a tenementofoneroom.Forsomeitbecamedifficulttofindhouses.Thearrivalofthetextilemills increased the pressure on Bombay’s housing. But not all had the same problems. The richpeoplelivedinspaciousbungalows.Incontrastabout70%oftheworkingpeoplelivedin the crowded chawls of Bombay.

Chawlsweremulti-storeyedstructuresinthe‘native’partsofthetownwhichwereownedby private landlords, merchants, bankers, and building contractors. Each chawl was divided into smaller one-room tenementswhichhadnoprivate toilets.The conditionsof chawls were awful.

Many families could reside at a time in a tenement. Rents were high. People had to keeptheroomwindowsclosedduetothenearnessoffilthygutters,buffalostablesetc.There was shortage of water.

Bombay’sfirstMunicipalCommissioner,ArthurCrawford,wasappointed in1865.Hetriedtokeepseveral‘dangeroustrades’outofsouthBombay.Hedescribedhowbuildersand entrepreneurs bribed inspectors to continue with their unsystematic use of space.

Finally planning of Bombay started as a result of fears about the plague epidemic. The

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city of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898. The trust focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre. By 1918, trust’s schemes had deprived 64,000 people oftheirhomes,butonly14,000werere-housed.

In 1918, a Rent Act was passed to keep rents reasonable, but it had an adverse effect on the poor as the landlords stopped renting their houses.

23. The novel Indulekhadealswithanimportantissue,i.e.themarriagepracticesofupper-casteHindusinKerala,especiallytheNambuthiriBrahminsandtheNayars.Casteseemsto be an important factor in establishing marriage alliances.

Nambuthiris were major landlords in Kerala at that time and a large section of the Nayars were their tenants. In the late-19th century Kerala, a younger generation ofEnglish-educatedNayarmenafteracquiringpropertyandwealthontheirown,beganarguing against Nambuthiri alliances with Nayar women. They wanted new laws re-garding marriage and property.

The story of Indulekhaisworth-mentioninghere.SuriNambuthiri,thefoolishlandlordcomes to marry Indulekha, who is very intelligent. She rejects him and marries Madha-van who is an educated civil servant. The novelist Chandu Menon wanted his readers to appreciate the new values of his hero and heroine and criticise the ignorance and immorality of Suri Nambuthiri.

Another novel SaraswativijayamwaswrittenbyPotheriKunjambu,alower-castewriterfrom north Kerala. This novel attacks on caste oppression. The novel revolves around ayoungmanwhohappens tobean ‘untouchable’.Hehas to leavehis village to savehimself fromthecrueltyofhisBrahmin landlord.HeconvertstoChristianity,obtainsmodern education and returns to his village as a judge in the local court. Meanwhile, the villagers,thinkingthatthelandlord’smenhadkilledhim,fileacase.Attheconclusionof the trial, the judge reveals his identity. The Nambuthiri repents and reforms his ways.

Thus, the novel highlights the importance of education for the upliftment of the lower castes.

Or

HenryFordadoptedthe‘assemblyline’methodinordertoproducevechiclesinafasterand cheaper way. The assembly line forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously at a pace dictated by the conveyor belt. This was a way of increasing the output per worker by speeding up the pace of work. Standing in front of a conveyor belt no worker could afford to delay the motions, take a break or talk with his workmate. AsaresultHenryFord’scarcameofftheassemblylineatthree-minuteintervals.

AtfirstworkersattheFordfactoryfounditdifficulttocopewiththestressofworkingonassemblylinesinwhichtheycouldnotcontrolthepaceofwork.Sotheyquitinbignumbers. Ford then doubled the daily wage. At the same time he banned trade unions from operating in his plants.

HenryFordrecoveredthehighwagebyrepeatedlyspeedinguptheproductionlineandforcing workers to work ever harder. Soon he found that his decision to double the daily wageasthe‘bestcost-cuttingdecision’hehadevermade.

24.Cause:SewageandWastewater-Untreatedsewagewaterisamajorproblemindevelopingcountrieswithinadequatesanitation.Washingsfrompharmaceuticalandotherchemicalcompanies is also a major hazard.


Effect-Rawsewageinwatercausesenvironmentalcontaminationandhumanillnesseslike diarrhea. Chemicals and pharmaceuticals are harmful to the environment, wildlife, and humans.

Cause:IndustrialWaste-Manyindustrialplantsworldwideusefreshwatertodisposeoftheir waste, polluting rivers, lakes, and oceans.

Effect-Industrialchemicalscantravelformanymilesandcauseextremebiomagnificationwithinthe food chain. This affects all predators and humans, causing illness and death.

25. Different methods of controlling soil erosion are: • In hilly areas: 1.Ploughingalongthecontourlinescanslowdowntheflowofwaterdowntheslopes.

This is called contour ploughing. 2. Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts ero-

sion.WesternandcentralHimalayashavewelldevelopedterracefarming. • In agricultural regions.Largefieldscanbedividedintostrips.Stripsofgrassare

left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.

• In dry areas. Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works in a similar way. Rows of such trees are called shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed sig-nificantlytothestabilisationofsanddunesandinstabilisingthedesert inwesternIndia.

• In industrial and suburban areas. Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastesafter treatment can reduce land and water degradation.

26.Thesocialdifferencescanbeoverlappingandcross-cuttinginnature. The difference between Blacks and Whites becomes a social division when Blacks are found

to be poor, racially discriminated and homeless people. Ifsocialdifferencescross-cutoneanother,itisdifficultforgroupstogetpittedagainst

oneanothere.g.intheNetherlands,classandreligioncross-cuteachother.CatholicsandProtestantsareequallyrichorpoorinthatcountry.

27. In our country, women still lag much behind men despite some improvement since Independence. It is because Indian society is a male dominated, patriarchal society. It values men over women and gives them more power and women face discrimination and oppression in many ways:

(i) Education. The literacy rate ofwomen is still lower thanmen.Only 54%of thewomenareliterateagainst76%literacyamongmen.Thisisbecauseaboy’seducationis still preferred over sending a girl child to school.

(ii) Proportion of women in paid jobs. Women still have a small share in the highly paid jobs. Even though on an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day, her work is not given importance. This results in low paid jobsforwomen.TheEqualWagesActprovidesthatequalwagesshouldbepaidtoequalwork.However,inalmostallareasofwork,fromsportsandcinematofactoriesandfields,womenarepaidlessthanmen,evenwhenbothdoexactlythesamework.

(iii) Preference for a male child.InIndia,parentsprefersonsoverdaughtersandfindwaysofabortinggirlchildbeforesheisborn.Thistypeofsex-selectiveabortionhasled to decline in child sex ratio (number of girl children per thousand boys).

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(iv) Crime against Women. There are various instances of crime against women. Women are exploited and harassed at the work place and at the home. There are cases of domestic violence against women which make her unsafe even within her family.

28. (i) ThenutritionallevelsofpeopleinKeralaandMadhyaPradesharedifferent.While22%and19%menandwomenrespectivelyareundernourishedinKerala,therespectivepercentagesofmaleandfemaleundernourishmentinMadhyaPradeshare43%and42%.ThisimpliesthatKeralahasbetternourishedpeoplethanMadhyaPradesh.Also,theunder-nourishmentaverageforMadhyaPradeshisgreaterthanthatfortheentirecountry, while that for Kerala is lower than the national average.

(ii) Despite thepresence of adequate food in the country, around40%of Indians areundernourished. This is because of the erratic and unsystematic distribution of food. Some states in the country ensure smooth running of ration shops and other forms of Public Distribution System (PDS). The supply of essential commodities to the people through government agencies is known as Public Distribution System.Itbenefitsthe weaker section of the society. The ration shops under the PDS system help the population maintain the nutritional status of the people by making food available. However,onaccountofexcessexportsandinconsistent foodsupplytothemasses,nearly40%oftheIndianpeopleareundernourished.

29. Primary sector Secondary sector

1. It covers activities that are undertaken 1. It covers activities in which natural by directly using natural resources. products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activities.

2. Itusesnaturalresources. 2. Itusesman-madeproducts.

3. Since most of the natural products we 3. Since this sector gradually became getarefromagriculture,dairy,fishing, associatedwithdifferentkindsof forestry so this sector is also called industries that came up, it is also agriculture and related sector. called as industrial sector.

4. Example: dairy, cultivation, mining of 4. Example: Sugar or gur is manufactured mineralores,fishing,forestry,etc. fromsugarcane,andbreadfrom wheatflouretc.


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