solutions © 2009, prentice-hall, inc. osmosis some substances form semipermeable membranes,...

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Solutions © 2009, Prentice- Hall, Inc. Osmosis • Some substances form semipermeable membranes, allowing some smaller particles to pass through, but blocking other larger particles. • In biological systems, most semipermeable membranes allow water to pass through, but solutes are not free to do so.

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Page 1: Solutions © 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Osmosis Some substances form semipermeable membranes, allowing some smaller particles to pass through, but blocking

Solutions

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Osmosis

• Some substances form semipermeable membranes, allowing some smaller particles to pass through, but blocking other larger particles.

• In biological systems, most semipermeable membranes allow water to pass through, but solutes are not free to do so.

Page 2: Solutions © 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Osmosis Some substances form semipermeable membranes, allowing some smaller particles to pass through, but blocking

Solutions

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Osmosis

In osmosis, there is net movement of solvent from the area of higher solvent concentration (lower solute concentration) to the are of lower solvent concentration (higher solute concentration).

Page 3: Solutions © 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Osmosis Some substances form semipermeable membranes, allowing some smaller particles to pass through, but blocking

Solutions

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Osmotic Pressure

The pressure required to stop osmosis, known as osmotic pressure, , is

nV

= ( )RT = MRT

where M is the molarity of the solution.

If the osmotic pressure is the same on both sides of a membrane (i.e., the concentrations are the same), the solutions are isotonic.

Page 4: Solutions © 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Osmosis Some substances form semipermeable membranes, allowing some smaller particles to pass through, but blocking

Solutions

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Osmosis in Blood Cells

• If the solute concentration outside the cell is greater than that inside the cell, the solution is hypertonic.

• Water will flow out of the cell, and crenation results.

Page 5: Solutions © 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Osmosis Some substances form semipermeable membranes, allowing some smaller particles to pass through, but blocking

Solutions

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Osmosis in Cells

• If the solute concentration outside the cell is less than that inside the cell, the solution is hypotonic.

• Water will flow into the cell, and hemolysis results.

Page 6: Solutions © 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Osmosis Some substances form semipermeable membranes, allowing some smaller particles to pass through, but blocking

Solutions

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Colloids

Suspensions of particles larger than individual ions or molecules, but too small to be settled out by gravity are called colloids.

Page 7: Solutions © 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Osmosis Some substances form semipermeable membranes, allowing some smaller particles to pass through, but blocking

Solutions

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Tyndall Effect

• Colloidal suspensions can scatter rays of light.

• This phenomenon is known as the Tyndall effect.

Page 8: Solutions © 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Osmosis Some substances form semipermeable membranes, allowing some smaller particles to pass through, but blocking

Solutions

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Colloids in Biological Systems

Some molecules have a polar, hydrophilic (water-loving) end and a non-polar, hydrophobic (water-hating) end.

Page 9: Solutions © 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Osmosis Some substances form semipermeable membranes, allowing some smaller particles to pass through, but blocking

Solutions

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Colloids in Biological Systems

Sodium stearate is one example of such a molecule.

Page 10: Solutions © 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Osmosis Some substances form semipermeable membranes, allowing some smaller particles to pass through, but blocking

Solutions

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Colloids in Biological Systems

These molecules can aid in the emulsification of fats and oils in aqueous solutions.

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