soloists% duetvs.%solo% -...
TRANSCRIPT
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MUSICAL TEXTURE
Ways to Describe What You Hear
Performance Size
• Soloist – No accompaniment – Accompaniment
• Duet – Equal importance
• Small Ensemble / Chamber Music – Trio, Quartet, Quintet, Sextet, Octet
• Large Ensemble – Orchestra, Band, Choir, ‘Symphony’
Soloists
• Unaccompanied Accompanied
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjZXWUtp7Qw
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjZXWUtp7Qw
Undefined meter; Arabic tuned scale Simple meter 4/4 Arabic tuned scale
Duet vs. Solo • Duet -‐ contrapuntal Soloist w/ Accompaniment
polyphonic w/ chordal accompaniment
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjZXWUtp7Qw hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZwZJONDPqE
Simple meter in 4/4; Western major scale Compound meter 12/8 Western major scale
Duets: Alternafng phrases vs. simultaneous phrases
Monophonic, vocalists alternate Simple 2/4 Arabic tuning and scale
Polyphonic, woman sings harmony on top of male lead Meter of 4 Western influenced scale (minor key)
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJISfR9S1u4
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Z_69WDxiqw
Trio – Monophonic
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVqqr0L84B8
Western influenced Phrygian scale (because of clarinet’s equally spaced keys) Simple Meter of 7/4
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Trio – Mono and then Polyphonic; (Pseudo-‐contrapuntal) Meter 2/4
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFYlgait0MI
Western based Phrygian scale because of Clarinet equally spaced keys
Quartet: “Duophonic” Bass clarinet and Oud play one melody together; Bass guitar play a ‘bass line
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvca5hD2wbk Western influenced Phrygian scale because of clarinet and bass guitar
Quintet: Completely Polyphonic
Simple Meter in 4/4; Chordal accompaniment from guitar, Western influenced scales (guitar and Clarinet; Jazz influenced harmonies
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGn51ejn0n4
Larger Ensembles – Monophonic
Simple 4/4 meter Western influenced scale due to accordion, flute, guitar, clarinet hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFWqHUXect8
Larger ensemble, Polyphonic Contrapuntal, Some rhythmic interest.
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uppqquKdf8
Music uses a Western Major scale once the tuneful Lafn melody Begins Melody is good Example of ‘off beat’ Syncopafon Simple 4/4 meter
Chinese Large Ensemble: Excerpt is Monophonic
In Simple 4/4, Minor scale, not a pentatonic scale
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzG9a8OE9Ao
The enfre piece on the web features non-‐metrical secfons, percussion solo and ensemble In addifon to monophonic secfons
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Chinese Large Ensemble: Monophonic Pentatonic scale with one foreign note
In simple 4/4, Pentatonic scale A C D E G; an F is played three notes from the end
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzG9a8OE9Ao
The enfre piece on the web features non-‐metrical secfons, percussion solo and ensemble In addifon to monophonic secfons
Performance Venues and Purposes
• Chamber Music – music meant for homes • Concert Music – music meant for large audiences • Religious Music – churches, temples, houses of worship • Patriofc Music – music for baTle, polifcal ceremony, celebrafons,
• Ceremonial Music – weddings, births, funerals, • Spiritual Music – music for healing, meditafon, worship • Secular Music – music for dancing, entertainment, celebrafons.
Tradifonal Are’are musicians from the Solomon Islands
Living in the remote Oterama Village on Malaita, Narasirato are farmers and fishermen who keep their musical culture, dafng back 75 generafons, alive. Simple 4/4 meter; Western major scale; simple I-‐IV-‐V harmonies
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMspIsLEOvY
Rabbit Dance – Nafve American
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=544xzCzj_Uk Compound 12/8 fme
Pentatonic scale used
Chinese Chamber Music: This example is monophonic, in simple 4/4 meter
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1iAAqQ71P8 Western major scale is used
Concert Music – Entertainment Oye Como Va – Tito Puente
Simple 4/4 meter
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lj_XxBKG53g Western minor scale (dorian mode) used
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Religious Chamber Music
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KL9ToBIME7M
Os Jusf – Anton Bruckner
No clearly repeafng meter; Western Major scale used
Otumfuo Opoku Ware II King of the Ashan6 people in Ghana
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvuOcMpTQgs Poly-‐metrical; no melody
Krishnastakam -‐ Pandit Jasraj
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCk9F6VECDo Compound meter in 12/8; Western Major scale used unfl last few notes
Performance mixture
• Purely instrumental music • Purely choral music • Mixture of choral and instrumental music • Passive audience • Audience parfcipafon: – Singing, – Dancing – No audience – everyone involved.
Instrumental Dance: MACHITO AND HIS AFRO-‐CUBAN
ORCHESTRA Sambia
MACHITO AND HIS AFRO-‐CUBAN ORCHESTRA Sambia Simple meter 4/4; relafvely syncopated rhythms; Western Major scale
Estrella morente -‐ Volver -‐ www.estrella-‐morente.com
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upsF0jpz4kg Relafvely non-‐metrical beginning; Western minor scale used
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Soweto Gospel Choir
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zd6sy5DKpxk
Simple meter in 2/4; uneven phrases of words; Western Major scale used
Melodic, Harmonic or Rhythmic Emphasis
• Music that emphasizes melody deemphasizes harmony; performers play in unison and add ornaments and embellishments to the melody.
• Music that emphasizes harmony ouen deemphasizes rhythmic complexity – usually there are more pitched instruments than un-‐pitched instruments
• Music that emphasizes rhythm usually de-‐emphasizes harmony and somefmes deemphasizes melody
Melodic Complexity Monophonic or Polyphonic
• Monophonic – Soloist w/o accompaniment – Ensemble singing or playing in unison – Accompaniment is purely rhythmic or – Accompaniment simply doubles the melody or – Accompaniment adds ornaments to the melody
Polyphonic: Homophonic or Contrapuntal
• Homophonic – one main melody with chordal or melodic accompaniment; the other singers or instruments support those singing the melody
• Contrapuntal – two or more (but rarely more than five) equal, independent melodies that take turns capturing the listener’s aTenfon.
• Much Western music combines elements of homophony and counterpoint. True contrapuntal music makes all performers equal.
Monophonic: In this example, even the percussionist seems to be ‘playing’ the
melody because he imitates the rhythms of the melodic instruments
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWzpyEx4COY
Meter alternates from one phrase to another. Scale similar to Western Major scale
‘Classic’ Homophonic music: The singers say the words together
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zd6sy5DKpxk
Soweto Gospel Choir
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Homophonic: Once the main melody begins, the musicians seem to be playing
together to ‘say’ one thing; Beginning is without meter; simple 4/4 meter when tempo begins; Pentatonic scale
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiXOspvQTQo �Pipa & Zheng -‐ River Flowers in Moonlight -‐ Wan Yeung & Jillian Liao -‐ Bowers Museum�
Homophonic (with hints of counterpoint; the musicians seem to be having a conversafon)
Free meter – no regular beat or pulse; Western minor scale
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOO2drhjmeo Double Bass & Flamenco Guitar | Arcoluz
Counterpoint
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2owxxWqlsRU
Begins with counterpoint, then a secfon of homophony, then a soloist, then more counterpoint First secfon is in compound 12/8 (swing) meter; switches to simple 4/4; soloist secfon is in 12/8
‘Classic’ Vocal Counterpoint – words are not sung together
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3DMEa4LLHE William Byrd Motet: Sing Joy: Western Major scale; Simple Duple meter
More vocal counterpoint
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxAX74gM8DY
Compound meter of 12/8; This is called ‘Swing’ style. This example has a bit of ‘back beat’ accent on 4 and 10 Western major scale; Nofce that the singers sing souer when another singer ‘enters’ with a melody; Counterpoint makes it Difficult to understand the words.
Some instrumental counterpoint
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iiXl8Nq0ePY
Odd meter (3 + 4 + 3) in simple division – Arabic scale
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Harmonic Complexity
• Harmony may be completely missing – this results in monophonic music.
• Harmony may be stafc – Much of the music of India has stafc (unchanging). Pitches that do not change are called ‘drones.’
• Harmony may be simple – folk music ouen uses only 2 or 3 chords.
• Simple harmonies use triads (3 note chords) • Complex harmonies (see next slide)
Stafc Harmony
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldPMifPbngc
Compound meter switching between 6/8 and 9/8; scale is similar to Western minor scale
Stafc Harmony (Nofce that the vocalists don’t always sing the correct pitches)
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hD445aiu5VU Compound ?/8 meter
Simple Harmony – I, IV & V chords
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeBz2i-‐00x0&
Simple 2/4; Western major scale
Complex Harmony
• Harmonies that use six or more chords • Harmonies that change chords ouen (quick harmonic rhythm)
• Diatonic harmonies create chords from one scale • Chromafc harmonies create chords from several scales
• Key Changes • Chords with more than three notes. ‘Altered Chords’
Complex Harmonies – Autumn Leaves Piano Solo
hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AO32dVF6fgo No clear meter; use of Bb, G minor and chromafc scales