Solid Waste Management

• Solid Waste Management: Quantity,

Composition and Characteristics of Solid

Waste, Methods of Solid Waste Collection,

Conveyance, Treatment and Disposal.

Solid Waste

• Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from

human and animal activities that are normally

solid and that are discarded as useless or

unwanted. The term refuse, is often used

interchangeably with the term solid wastes.

DEFINATION AND IMPORTANT TERMS

•Garbage:- Garbage is the organic waste whichdecomposes in due course of time, producing odourhealth and hazards problems.

•Rubbish:- All non purtrecible wastes. It includes rags,paper pieces, broken pieces of glass, paper packets,glass and plastic bottles, broken crockery etc.

•Ashes:- Ashes are incombustible waste productsobtained from, industries, hearth and furnaces.

•Putrefaction:- Microbial decomposition of organicmatter accompanied.

•Leachate:- Liquid that has travelled through solidwaste or other medium and has extracted, dissolved orsuspended materials from it is called leachate.

Types and sources of solid waste

1. Municipal Waste: 2. Industrial Waste:3. Hazardous Waste:

Municipal waste: Municipal waste are which arise fromhouse hold activities, public places, restaurants, institution,market street-sweeping etc. It includes garbage, rubbish,ashes, and demolition and construction wastes.Industrial wastes: Industrial waste arises from industrialactivities. It typically includes rubbishes, ashes demolition andconstruction waste, special waste and hazardous waste.Hazardous waste: wastes that poses substantial dangerimmediately or over a period of time to human, animal, orplant life are called hazardous waste.

Municipal Wastes

Industrial Wastes

Hazardous Wastes

Causes of Solid Waste Pollution1. Over-population: As the number of people

producing pollutant increase. Pollution willnaturally increase, same is true for solid wastepollution too.

2. Technology: Rapidly growing technologies for mosteconomical goods Shift technology from returnablepackaging or non returnable packaging.

3. Urbanization:- Solid waste is primarily an urbanproblem, though not exclusive urban. Solid wastepollution increases with increases in urbanization.

4. Affluences:- With increase in affluence(increase inwealth and associated material comfort) there is atendency to declare item as being in or out fashion.

Solid Waste Management

• The solid waste management has the followingcomponents:

• Identification of waste and its minimization at thesource

• Collection, segregation and storage at the site ofcollection

• Transportation

• Treatment

• Energy recovery

• Disposal

Solid Waste Management

Identification of Waste and its

Minimization at the Source

Collection, Segregation and Storage

at the Site of Collection

Segregation of Waste

Transportation of Solid Waste

Collection Services For Solid Wastes

• Curb Service: The house owner is responsible forplacing the solid waste containers at the curb on thescheduled day. The workmen come, collect and emptythe container and put back at the curb. The house owneris required to take back the empty containers from thecurb to his house.

• Block Collection: Individual bring the waste containersand hand it over the collection staff who empties in tothe waiting vehicle and returns the container to theindividual.

• Community storage point:- The solid waste is takento a fixed storage bins and stored till the wastecollection agency collects it as per the schedulecollection

Landfilling with Solid Wastes

• Land filling involves the controlled disposal of

solid waste on or in the upper layer of the

earth’s mantle.

• Landfilling Methods and Operations

• The principal methods used for landfilling dry

area may be classified as (1) Area (2) Trench

(3) Depression.

Composting

• Composting as defined earlier is a process inwhich organic matter of the solid waste isdecomposed and converted to humus and stablemineral compounds. The end product ofcomposting process is called compost which isrich fertilizer.

• There are three methods of composting:

• (1) Composting by Trenching

• (2) Open window composting

• (3) Mechanical Composting

Incineration

• Incineration can be defined as a controlled

combustion process for burning solid, liquid

and gaseous combustible wastes to gases and

residue containing non combustible material.

• The minimum temperature in the chamber

should be not less than 670 0C so that all

organic matter is incinerated and foul smelling

gases are oxidized.

Incineration

• Advantages of Incineration

• Most hygienic method

• Complete destruction of pathogens

• No odour trouble

• Heat generated may be used for raising steam power.

• Clinkers produced may be used for road construction.

• Less space Required

• Adverse weather condition has no effect.

• Disadvantages of Incineration

• Large initial expense

• Care and attention required otherwise in complete combustion willincrease air pollution.

• Residues are required to be disposed which needs money.

• Large number of vehicles required for solid waste transport to thesite of incineration.

Incineration

Pyrolysis

• It is defined as heating the solid waste at veryhigh temperature in absence of air.

• Pyrolysis is carried out at a temperature between500 0 C to 1000 0C to produce three componentstreams.

• The char liquid and gases have high calorificvalues.

• It has been observed that even after supplying theheat necessary for pyrolysis, certain amount ofexcess heat still remains which can becommercially exploited.

Pyrolysis

6. Biomedical Waste

Sources:

•Government and private hospital.

•Nursing homes.

•Clinics of physician and dentists.

•Primary healthcare centre.

•Medical research and training centre.

•Pathological laboratories.

•Vaccination centres.

•Biotech institutes.

Collection

Incineration

• Incineration can be defined as a controlled

combustion process for burning solid, liquid

and gaseous combustible wastes to gases and

residue containing non combustible material.

• The minimum temperature in the chamber

should be not less than 670 0C so that all

organic matter is incinerated and foul smelling

gases are oxidized.

Incineration

• Advantages of Incineration

• Most hygienic method

• Complete destruction of pathogens

• No odour trouble

• Heat generated may be used for raising steam power.

• Clinkers produced may be used for road construction.

• Less space Required

• Adverse weather condition has no effect.

• Disadvantages of Incineration

• Large initial expense

• Care and attention required otherwise in complete combustion willincrease air pollution.

• Residues are required to be disposed which needs money.

• Large number of vehicles required for solid waste transport to thesite of incineration.

Incineration

E waste management As per the E-waste (management) Rules, 2016 E-waste is defined as electrical and electronic equipment,whole or in part discarded as waste by the customer orbulk consumer as well as rejects from manufacturing.

Classification or Source of E-waste:-

large house hold appliance like refrigerator/ Freezer,washing machine, dishwasher.

Small house hold appliances like toaster, coffee makers,irons, Hairdryer, Vacuum Cleaners.

Information technology and tele-communicationequipment like personal computers, telephones, mobilephones, laptops, printer, scanner, photocopiers.

• consumer equipment like television, DVD players, Stereo equipment.

• lightning equipment like fluorescent lamps.

• Electrical and Electronic tools like handheld drills, saws, screw drivers,.

• Toys, leisure and sport equipment system.

• Medical equipment system.

• Monitoring and control instruments.

•Automatic dispensers.

Constituent material of E- Wastee- waste generally contains various element andsubstances most of which can be suitably reclaim.1. Precious metal like gold, platinum, silver and

palladium.2. Useful metals like copper, aluminium, iron etc.3. Hazardous material like mercury and radio active

isotopes.4. Toxic substances like dioxins, polychlorinated

biphenyls (PCBs).5. Plastic like high impact poly styrene, acrylonitrile

butadiene styrene, Poly styrene, poly carbonate,poly phenyl oxide.

6. Glass material like cathode ray tube made ofglasses such as Sio, CaO, NaO.

Generation of E-waste

Impacts of e waste•Effects on water

•Effects on air

•Effects on soil

Management of E waste