Solid waste Management -4Resource and 7Coordinators

Professor KK Pandey IIPA , New Delhi

Sanitation critical for India

Sanitation saves lives

• Diarrhea kills over 100,000 children every year in India

• Equivalent to 2 jumbo jet crashes daily

Health and nutrition

• Lack of sanitation leads to physical and cognitive stunting in children

• 40% of India’s children are stunted, leading to a potentially less productive future workforce

Women’s security and dignity

• Open Defecation a serious threat to safety and dignity of women

• Holding it in till it is dark is a health issue

It is estimated that lack of sanitation costs India 6.4% of our GDP

I dia’s share in World OD

Globally, 1.1 billion people defecate in the open

Issues

• Mixed waste

• Vehicle break-down, foul smell and spillage

• Inefficient monitoring of routes

• More than 80 percent waste –Open Dumping

• Finding new landfill sites –NIMBY

• Lack of Awareness

• High Externalities

Backlogs of Service Level Benchmarks of JnNURM funded projects showed that monetary support alone cannot help meet the challenges of SWM

Sl.No. Performance Indicator Service Level Benchmark

(in percent)

Current Average

Performance ( in

percent)

1. Complaint Redressal 80 89.1

2. Collection Efficiency 100 75.3

3. Household Coverage 100 47.7

4. MSW Recovery 100 31.7

5. User Charges Collection Efficiency 90 31.4

6. MSW Segregation 100 19.5

7. Scientific Disposal 100 8.0

8. Cost Recovery 100 17.3

Source: Karthykeyan, Aziz, Chatri, and Shah (2012)

13

48

41 41

65

75

88

94 93 93

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Class 1 A Class 1 B Class 1C Class II Class III Class IV+

Se

rvic

e B

ack

log

s (P

erc

en

t)

City Size Class

Collection and Transportation Processing Scientific Disposal

Source: MoUD, (2011)

WET WASTE

DRY WASTE

HAZARDOUS WASTE

Insanitary / Home healthcare waste

Infectious waste Infected sharps

Quality and quantity of waste per One lakh population

WASTE FROM HOUSEHOLDS: 44.25 TONS

WASTE FROM MARKETS : 4.0 TONS

SLAUGHTER HOUSE : 0.5 TONS

RAILWAY QUARTERS

& STATION :0.3 TONS

BUS STAND :0.2 TONS

RESTAURANTS :1.5 TONS

HOSPITALS :0.5 TONS

OPEN DRAINAGE :0.3 TONS

COMMERCIAL & ROAD :0.45 TONS

Waste or Resource?

• Of this waste, 50 per cent is wet waste and therefore 25 tons of wet waste per day is generated which can be composted and almost 150 tons of compost is obtained every month.

• Furthermore, about 7 to 10 tons of dry waste can be sold or converted into useful products every day. Both these together can earn upto Rs.25,00,000 per month for the ULB, i.e. Rs.3,00,00,000 annually!

Need for Decentralisation

• Low Normative Base

• Sold Waste-Mixed Waste, collection Ratio, Down Time, Treatment Ratio - NIMBY syndrom

• Manpower Deployment 1 as compared to 3-5

• Sewage is largely untreated

• Storm water drains SWD are not laid down

• Sewage is at times mixed with SWD

National Overview (TOI May 28,2017)

• Urban Waste generation-1.7lakh tonnes per day

• 80% - uncontrolled tipping

• Waste to compost gen = 5 lakh tonnes (LT)p.a. as against installed capacity of 15 L,CUR=33%

• Compost sold = 2 LT

• Reason-Mixed Garbage

Normative Base NFSSMP-2016:Draft

• 62000 MLD liquid waste generated

• 522 out of 816 STPs are operational

• Poor awareness , institutional multiplicity ,lack of integrated approach at city scale

• Limited technology

• Gender and poor sensitive gap

Focus Areas

• Segregation at Source

• Local Treatment

• Restricted use of Plastic (<40 Micron)

• Drainage Plan

• Disposal of Specialised Waste-Coconut ,Sugarcane etc.

• Disposal of Hazardous waste- Domestic, Hospitals ,Roads etc.

Emerging Models

• Bottom up and top down efforts

• Segregation at Source

• Household and community level treatment

• Ward level Disposal/Treatment

• Zonal level Initiatives

• City Scale efforts

Bengaluru

• Role of Coordintion

• Focus on 3R and R

• Municipal System

• Cloud Sourcing

• Ward /Community Engagement

• Special Waste

Role of se venC

• Court, Commissioner, Corporator/Councillor, Contractor ,civil society/Community , Corporate Sector, Cityzen

• Expert Committee(2013) and Follow up

• Champions-Engagement with Stakeholders

• Accountability-Downward

• Cross-check

Focus on 3R and R

• Decentralisation is the key

• 90 percent garbage can be saved from going to dumping site

• Hazardous waste can be identified separately

• Local treatment of sewage can increase water availability (Cubbon park)

• Local requirement of raw water

• Ultimately it becomes a resource than liability

• Reduce, Reuse and Recycle to make waste a RESOURCE

Municipal System

• Dedicated Cell

• Convergence between Engineering and health wing

• Ward level assignment

• Link with community workers

• Bottom up and top down integration

• Synergy and accountable governance

Cloud Sourcing

• Dedicated Links in the city website

• Commissioner up to Shuchi-mitra

• GPS enabled monitoring

• Whatsapp Groups at City,Zone Ward community levels

• Composting Santhe Vendors, Bengaluru Eco Team, Yelahanka Eco Team, Yalahanka MC Group

Ward /Community Engagement

• Ward Committee (November /December 2017)

• 10 members RWA,NGO,REPUTED PERSONS,SC,ST,WOMEN-Headed by Councillor plus one municipal official as secretary

• Micro plan at 750-1000 households

• Segregation and local treatment

• Monitoring and feedback

• Convergence –Santhe , Whatsapp groups, CSR, Contractor, Purokarmika

Special Waste

• Kitchen waste-Biomethanisation

• Coconut waste-Green fuel

• Sugarcane waste-Green fuel

• C&D waste-Land identified at seven places –to have citywide decentralized approach

Special Projects

• Walkathon – Lake Protection

• Sewage treatment at neighbourhood level

• Cubbon park

• Venjuela

• Local us

• Beutification

• Household dust, sweepings

• Coconut shells

• Tender coconut

• Old Brooms

• Sponge & Dusters

• Crayons

• Wood, Furniture

• Rubber, Cloth

• Rexin

• Discarded Footwear

• Leather, Thermocol

Raheja Residency Apartments, Koramangala 3rd

• Emptied Tin Cans (coke, beer etc.)

• Emptied Tinned food cans

• Pizza and Food Boxes

• Junk Mail, Tickets

• Pamphlets, Bills

• Rinsed Paper Cups and

Plates

• Empty Cartons

• Cardboards, Bubble wrap

• Computer Printouts

• Empty Paper Packets

• Paper Gift Wrapping

• Broken Plastic Toys

• Empty Plastic Medicine Bottles

• Cartons ( used for Packaging )

• Metal

• Washed Milk Covers

• Plastic Bags, Gift Wraps

• Chips and Toffee Wrappers

• Plastic Bottles (Shampoo, Floor

Cleaners, Toothpaste etc.)

• Rinsed Plastic Plates & Cups

• Empty Tetra pack Containers

• Aluminum Foil

• Empty Metal Spray Cans

• Shaving Brushes

• Metal Bottle Caps

• Broken Household Metal

• Unbroken Emptied Bottles (Beer,

sauce & jam bottles, medicine

bottles, glass jars etc.)

• Veg & Fruit Peels

• Tea Leaves

• Egg Shells

• Leftover Food (Veg & Non

Veg)

• Coffee Powder

• Dry Flowers, Seeds

• Small Quantity of dry leaves

• Batteries & Wires, button cells

• CFL bulbs, Expired cards with chips

• CD/ DVD/ Floppy & Tapes

• Broken Electronic Toys

• Bulbs & Tube lights

• Chargers & Adapters

• Printer Cartridges

• Computer and mobile parts

• Other household electronic Items

Recyclable Dry Waste (ITC/RECYCLER)

(Glass Bottles & Tin Cans)

Disposal: In closed marked

bins, to be kept at DOORSTEP

ONLY

Pickup: Daily

Pickup: Weekly Once

On Saturday by 12 noon Disposal: Individuals to dispose in

designated bins

Electronic Waste

(Saahas)

Household Hazardous Waste

(HHW)

(TBD)

Disposal: In closed marked

bins, to be kept at DOORSTEP

ONLY

Pickup: Daily

Rejects (Red Bucket)

(BBMP)

SANITARY WASTE (To be suitably wrapped in

paper a d arked X ) • Sanitary pads,

• Disposable diapers

• Menstrual cloths

• Bandages

• Ear buds, Hair

• Used Cotton

• Any material contaminated

with blood and the like.

Recyclable Dry Waste

(ITC/RECYCLER)

Wet Waste

(Daily Collection)

• Cleaning agents, Mosquito Repellants mats,

spray cans

• Paints

• Oils (other than cooking oil)

• Solvents & their containers

• Discarded Medicines/ Syringes/Thermometers

• Chemical Cosmetics

• Razors

• Insecticides & their containers

• Unused/ Expired Metal Spray Cans

• Air Fresheners

Plastic covers, wrappers, packaging of any kind (chips,

biscuits, chocolate, sugar, grains, pulses etc)

Milk, curd, batter packets – rinsed and dried

Netted vegetable bags

Cleaned plastic/glass bottles

any kind of paper, books, newspapers, magazines, flyers

sweet boxes, pizza cartons

tetrapaks, soap boxes, cereal cartons

cardboard packaging of appliances

paper party plates and cups

inner cardboard roll of toilet paper and kitchen towels

hardware: nuts/bolts/nails/screws

DO THROW DO NOT THROW

Plastics soiled with liquids

Expired or unused medicines, strips or bottles

Pizza boxes with pizza stuck

Tetrapacks with liquid inside (drain in the sink

before throwing)

Heavily soiled party plates or cups (rinse before

throwing)

Soiled bathroom tissue (RED BUCKET) or wet

kitchen towels (GREEN BUCKET, if paper)

Containers with unused cleaning agents,

cosmetics (HAZARDOUS)

Heavily soiled food containers from restaurants

(rinse before throwing)

any kind of thermocol (packaging, party plates,

etc.)

Please leave the bags out only on ITC collection day!

Bengaluru Context

Ahmedabad

• Zonal Transfer Stations

• Sale of sewage

• C&D waste

• Lake and River revival and conservation

Driving Forces

• Political Economy-1990s-Reforms-SPV,PPP,Champions

• SRFDC, Janmarg, Kankaria Lake

• Awareness

• Civil Society and Community

• Municipal System-Director SWM to head and coordinate

Lessons Learnt

• Decentralisation holds the key-address NMBY, Cash from trash, Public sector economy in Expenditure

• 3R being achieved

• Emerging as Resource

• 3C are critical-Commissioner,Community,Corporator

• 4th C-Contractor is equally important

Housing Complex at Koramangla, Bangalore 2015 Composter for 40 households within housing complex

Beautification of walls after assuring Cleanliness

Bangalore 2015 contd…

Biomethanation Plant in the Decentralised Ward level DWCC/ MRF

Composting facility for wet waste conversion at DWCC/ MRF

Recyclables (ITC)

Progra i itiated i Aug

All lo ks o oard i May

Weekly collection every Saturday

Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) - Overview

Eradication of Open Defecation in all 4041 Statutory towns

Major Objectives

100% Scientific Solid Waste Management in all 4041 Statutory towns

Individual household toilets

Community toilets/Public toilets

Solid waste management

Information, Education and Communication (IEC)

Capacity Building (CB)

Implementation Components

0.66 crore IHHL 5 lakh CT/PT seats

Awareness Outreach Advocacy

Government of India share: Rs. 14,623 crore

State Governments’ share: Rs. 4,874 crore

Estimated cost of implementation: Rs. 62,009 crore

Achievements- As on 30th January 2018

43.22 Lakh IHHL constructed and 8.95 Lakh

under construction

2.80 lakh CT/PT seats built and 0.37

lakh seats under construction

12 states / UTs have become ODF

2109 cities have self-declared

themselves as ODF, 1705 ODF

certified

Over 68% urban wards have

100% Door to Door Collection of Municipal Solid Waste

Waste to Energy

Current Production of 88.4 MW

Waste to Compost

Production 13.11 Lakh TPA

Waste Processing

Over 23.7% waste

processed

Over 32.5% urban wards have

100% Segregation of Municipal Solid Waste

MSW Generation - 1.45 lakh Tonnes per day

MSW Processed - 34,365 Tonnes per day (23.7%)

Policy Interventions 35% provided as Viability Gap Funding/Grant by Government of India for all Solid Waste management projects

Waste to

Compost

Waste to

Energy

Plastics in Road

Construction

C&D Waste

Management

• M/o Chemicals & Fertilizers has notified policy on promotion of City Compost providing Market Development Assistance of Rs. 1,500 per tonne to fertilizer companies/ ULBs/Compost manufacturers

• M/o Power has revised the Tariff Policy 2006 under the Indian Electricity Act, 2003, making it mandatory for State DISCOMS to purchase power from Waste-to-Energy plants.

• Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) has notified Generic tariff for Waste-to-Energy at Rs. 7.04 per unit and for RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) at Rs. 7.90 per unit

• As per SWM Rules 2016, non-recyclable waste having calorific value of 1500 K/cal/kg or more to be

utilised for generating energy either through RDF not disposed of on landfills and can only be

utilised for generating energy either or through refuse derived fuel or by giving away as feed stock

for preparing refuse derived fuel.

• M/o Road Transport and Highways has notified use of plastic waste in bituminous mixes in construction of National highways

• Central Public Works Dept. has notified mandatory use of recycled portions of C&D Waste in construction activities, if the same is available within 100 kms. of the construction site.

Sanitation

• Railways have now allowed for provision of mobile and eco-friendly toilets by ULBs on railway land to address issue of OD by encroachers.

Collection and Transportation

• 100% door to door collection of MSW in every ward of all cities is being encouraged

• Enablers such as app-based collection, GPS-fitted transportation vehicles to improve efficiencies, etc.

• Segregation of MSW at source and along value chain will ensure approx. 80% of SWM is addressed

• 50% wet waste that can be converted into compost, 20-30% is recyclable

• Target to have 100% wards practice source segregation within mission period

Multi-channel addressal of SWM challenge

Bulk Waste

Generators

• Cities being asked to identify all bulk waste generators, notify them about their responsibility to manage their own waste, and enforce the same

• About 20% of wet waste can be processed in this manner

Segregation Material Recovery

Facility

• Cities being encouraged to set up MRFs to act as collection, sorting, further segregation, recycling and processing units

• May reduce dry waste to 0% as achieved in Ambikapur

RDF standards

• Ministry is revising RDF standards and policy to encourage greater take-off of RDF and more optimum utilization of RDF as fuel

• C&D waste comprises almost 20% of solid waste, which end up as inerts and sent to landfills

• Cities being encouraged to segregate this waste, and collect, transport, process and recycle it separately

C&D Waste

management

Plastic Waste

management

• Aside from encouraging usage of plastics in road construction, the ministry will be working with MOEF to address the implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) rules to ensure better management of plastic waste

Processing

• Where composting is not feasible, Waste to Energy is being encouraged

• Decentralised composting by Bulk Waste Generators is being pushed

Star Rating Protocol for Garbage Free Cities

A star rating framework in consultation with cities to ensure no visible garbage and enhanced waste processing in all cities/towns, launched on 20th January 2018

Third party certification at 3, 5 and 7 star stages

Assessment to begin after announcement of Swachh Survekshan 2018 results

SINGLE METRIC MEASURABLE ACHIEVABLE RIGOROUS VERIFICATION

TARGETED

TOWARDS OUTCOMES

SEVEN STAR RATING devised to ensure holistic evaluation across entire SWM Chain

The rating is based on 12 key components

7. User Fees, Penalties, Spot Fines for littering and Enforcement of Ban on Plastic

8. Citizen grievance redressal and feedback system

9. Eradication of crude dumping of garbage and dump remediation

10. Cleaning of storm drains and surface of water bodies

11. Visible beautification in the city

12. Waste reduction

1. Door-to-Door Collection

2. Segregation at source

3. Sweeping of public, commercial and residential areas (no visible eyesores on streets)

4. Waste Storage Bins, Litter Bins and material recovery facility

5. Bulk Waste Generators compliance

6. Scientific Waste Processing, Scientific Landfilling and C&D Waste Management

Swachh Survekshan - Competitive framework for evaluating progress and expediting efforts

• City ranking survey on mission-related parameters, to foster competition among cities as well as monitor progress under the mission,

• First ever Pan India Sanitation Survey impacting around 40 crore citizens

• Largest ever swachh survey in the world

• Increased focus on innovation, outcomes and sustainability

ULB documentation

Independent observation and verification

Citizen feedback

Survey methodology

1

2

3

Swachh Survekshan - 2016

Swachh Survekshan - 2017

Swachh Survekshan - 2018

73 Cities

With Million+ population and State Capitals

434 Cities

With 1 Lakh+

Population and State Capitals

All 4,041 Cities

Cleanest City: Mysuru Cleanest City : Indore Cleanest City : TBD

Capacity Building

Technical Advisories & Standard Operating Procedures E-Learning

5.62 lakh Course

Certifications across India

E-learning Courses Available

As on date

21 145

August 2015

Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual (2016)-3 Volumes

Guidelines on ‘My Swachh Neighbourhood’ and ‘Implementing MSW 2016 Rules for Bulk Solid Waste Generators’

Waste to Wealth Technology Compendium

Standard Operating Procedures-Segregation at Source

Sum up

• SWM –Undergoing Transformation

• Coordination and Resource

• Stakeholders

• Decentralised Treatment

• Government Initiatives

• Awareness and participation is Key