solid and hazardous waste chapter 24. solid waste footprint us = 4.4 lbs per person per day 229...
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Solid and Hazardous
Waste
Chapter 24
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Solid Waste Footprint
US = 4.4 lbs per person per day
229 million tons per year
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Solid Waste
Types of Solid Waste Paper andPaperboard
Yard Waste
Food Waste
Plastics
Metals
Rubber, leather, &textiles
Glass
Wood
Other
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Solid Waste
Disposal of Solid Waste
SanitaryLandfills
Recycling
Incineration
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Sanitary Landfills
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Problems Associated with Sanitary Landfills
• Methane gas production
• Surface water / ground water contamination
• Not a long-term remedy
• Even when closed, considerable cost
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Mass Burn Incinerator
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Incineration of Solid Waste
CO2 emissions per kwatt-hour of electricity production
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Problems Associated with Incineration
• Always some air pollution
• Produce large amounts of ash
• Site selection often controversial
• NIMBY
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Industrial Composting
• Reduces yard waste in landfills
• Can be sold or distributed to community
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The Three R’s
Three goals:
1) Reduce
2) Reuse
3) Recycle
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Reducing the Amount of Waste
Pollution Prevention Act (1990)
Dematerialization - cans/toasters
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Reusing The Waste
Reusing Products
• Refilling glass beverage bottles
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Recycling The WasteSolid waste produced by average family of four in one year in US
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Recycling into What?
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The Special Problem of Plastic
• Shear amount is staggering
• Do not readily breakdown
• Chemical Complexity
Plastics have large macromolecules.
When different types of plastics are melted together they tend to phase-separate, like oil and water, and set in these layers. The phase boundaries cause structural weakness in the resulting material.
Another barrier to recycling is the widespread use of dyes, fillers, and other additives in plastics. Additives are less used in beverage containers and plastic bags, allowing them to be recycled.
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The Special Problem of TiresUsing Old Tires
• Crumb Recycling
• Incineration
• Retreads
• Low Grade Rubber
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Bottle Bills
Energy Savings
Bauxite
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Waste Prevention
Integrated Waste Management
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Voluntary Simplicity
Organic ManGranola ManEnvironmental Man
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E-Waste1999 average lifespan of a computer 4-6 years.
2005 it dropped to less than 2 years.
Personal computers contain toxic heavy metals such as barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, zinc, nickel and lead.
All of these materials are regulated by the EPA.
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Waste = FoodVoluntary Simplicity on an industrial scale1.Proprietary - Plastics and many containers are
an amalgamation of materials2.An ounce of prevention is worth?
Pollution Prevention Act 1990Pollution prevention is reducing or eliminating waste at the source by modifying production processes, promoting the use of non-toxic or less-toxic substances, implementing conservation techniques, and re-using materials rather than putting them into the waste stream.
Under this initiative, EPA focuses on an industry-by-industry approach rather than a pollutant-by-pollutant approach to regulatory policy.
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Hazardous Waste
Examples:
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Hazardous Waste
Management of Hazardous Waste
• Cleaning Up Existing Toxic Waste: The Superfund Program
Old toxic waste dump site
Cleanup
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Super Fund
Superfund National Priorities List (2002)
1234 sites currently listed
259 removed from list
20081255 - Sites Listed332 - Delisted63 New sites proposed
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Superfund$$$
1. Common name for: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
2. A response to “The Love Canal”
3. Where does the money come from?• 70% parties responsible pay cleanup• 30% payed for by a tax on chemical and oil
companies
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The Biological Treatment of Hazardous Contaminants
- Bioremediation
- Phytoremediation
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Management of Hazardous Waste
1) Source reduction
2) Conversion to less hazardous materials
3) Long-term storage
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Hazardous waste landfill
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Environmental Justice
• Environmental Justice and Ethical Issues
Rights of poor/ Minorities / disenfranchised vs. rights of rich & powerful
• Mandating Environmental Justice at the Federal Level