solarphotovoltaic technologies: past, present and future pv... · dye-sensitized solar cells...
TRANSCRIPT
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Solar PhotovoltaicTechnologies:Past,PresentandFuture
XihuaWang,Ph.D.,P.Eng.
AssistantProfessorofElectrical&ComputerEngineering
UniversityofAlberta
April18,2018
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Outline
• Historyofphotovoltaic(PV)technology
• AreviewofcurrentPVdevicesandsystems
• PVindustry
• Abrightfuture:thedevelopmentofsolar
technologies
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Photovoltaic(PV)effect
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect
http://www.britannica.com/science/photovoltaic-effect
Thephotovoltaiceffectisthe
creationofvoltageorelectric
currentinamaterialupon
exposuretolightandisaphysical
andchemicalphenomenon.
Photons(light)
Electrons(electricity)
PVtechnology:solarenergytoelectricity
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4Thehistoryofsolar- U.S.DepartmentofEnergy
1839:FrenchscientistEdmondBecquereldiscoveredthephotovoltaic
effectwhileexperimentingwithanelectrolyticcellmadeupoftwometal
electrodesplacedinanelectricity-conductingsolution.
1883:CharlesFritts,anAmericaninventor,describedthefirstsolarcells
madefromseleniumwafers.
1905:AlbertaEinsteinpublishedhispaperonthephotoelectriceffect
(alongwithapaperonhistheoryofrelativity).HewontheNobelPrizefor
thistheoryin1921.
1954:PhotovoltaictechnologywasbornintheUnitedStateswhenDaryl
Chapin,CalvinFuller,andGeraldPearsondevelopedthesiliconPVcellat
Belllabs.Aone-wattcellcostalmost$300perwattin1956whilea
commercialpowerplantcost50centsawatttobuildatthattime.
1958:TheVangard Ispacesatelliteusedasmall(lessthanonewatt)array
topoweritsradios.TheExplorerVIsatellitelaunchedin1959contained
9600PVcells(solarcells).Thesizewas1cmx2cmeach.
HistoryofPVtechnology
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5Thehistoryofsolar- U.S.DepartmentofEnergy
1964:NASAlaunchedthefirstNimbusspacecraft- satellitepoweredbya
470-wattPVarray.Solarcellswereusedsuccessfullyinpoweringsatellites.
1970s:Dr.ElliotBerman,withhelpfromExxonCorporation,broughtprice
ofsolarcellsdownto$20awatt.Solarcellsbegantopowernavigation
warninglightsandhornsandotherapplicationsinremotelocations.
1973:TheUniversityofDelawarebuilt“SolarOne”,oneoftheworld’sfirst
PVpoweredresidences.
1977:TotalPVmanufacturingproductionexceeded500kilowatts.
1978NASA’sLewisResearchCenterinstalleda3.5-kilowattPVsystemin
southernArizona- theworld’sfirstvillagePVsystem.
1985:TheUniversityofSouthWalesbrokethe20%efficiencybarrierfor
siliconsolarcells.
1994:TheU.S.NationalRenewableEnergyLab(NREL)developedmulti-
junctionGaInP/GaAs cellsexceeding30%efficiency.
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StevenChu,NobelPrizeinPhysicsin1997
SecretaryofEnergy(Jan.2009toApr.2013)
BarackObama
U.S.president
(Jan.2009toJan.2017)
BostonUniversity(U.S.)
Nano-electronicsandnano-optics
UniversityofToronto
QuantumdotPVtechnology
Mypath
toPV
(Jan.2009)
MyresearchhistoryofPVtechnology
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7IwasapostdocinProf.TedSargent’sgroupattheUniversityofToronto (2009-2012).
Solarspectrum
Quantumdotswith
differentsizes
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UniversityofToronto
UniversityofAlberta
ThedevelopmentofphotovoltaicresourcemapsforCanada
31st AnnualConferenceoftheSolarEnergySocietyofCanada.Aug.20-24th 2006.
July,2012
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• Historyofphotovoltaic(PV)technology
• AreviewofcurrentPVdevicesandsystems:
§ HowPVdevices(solarcells)work
§ Solarcell:materialsandefficiencies
§ FromsolarcellstoPVsystems
§ Concentratorphotovoltaics(CPV)
• PVindustry
• Abrightfuture:thedevelopmentofsolar
technologies
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Outline
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HowPVdevices(solarcells)work
Absorbphotonenergy(hn)>bandgap(Eg)
(i)electron-holepairexcitation
(ii)electron-holepairseparationtochargecarriers
(iii)carriertransportation
(iv)carriercollectionbyelectrodes
hν (i)
(ii)
(ii)
(iii)
(iii)
(iv)
(iv)
Light absorber (Eg)
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Firstgenerationsolarcells(CrystallineSicells):Monocrystallinesilicon:1.1eV,worldrecordefficiency26.6%
Polycrystallinesilicon:1.1eV,worldrecordefficiency22.3%
Indirectbandgapsemiconductor– 200umthick
Secondgenerationsolarcells(Thin-filmtechnologies):Amorphoussiliconthinfilm:1.7eV,worldrecordefficiency14.0%
CdTethinfilm:1.5eV,,worldrecordefficiency22.1%
CIGSthinfilm:1.1-1.7eV,worldrecordefficiency22.6%
Directbandgapsemiconductors– 1-2umthick
Thirdgenerationsolarcells(EmergingPV):Organicphotovoltaics(OPV),worldrecordefficiency11.5%
Dye-sensitizedsolarcells(DSSC),worldrecordefficiency11.9%
Colloidalquantumdot(CQD),worldrecordefficiency13.4%
Perovskitesolarcells,worldrecordefficiency22.7%
Solarcell:materialsandefficiencies
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CrystallineSiSolarcellsTherearenonaturalmineraldepositsofSi,asitistooreactive.
1. Startingmaterialisultrapuresand(SiO2)
2. Sandisreducedbycarbonathightemperaturetoproduce98%pure
“metallurgicalgradesilicon”orMGS
3. MGSisconvertedtogaseoustrichlorosilane(bp32oC)
4. Trichlorosilaneispurifiedbydistillation(differenceinboilingpointsof
impuritycompounds)
5. TrichlorosilaneconvertedbacktoSibydecomposition,yielding“electronic
gradesilicon”orEGS
Saga,NPGAsiaMaterials(2010).
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Thin-filmsolarcells
• Thicknessoflightabsorbing layerinSisolar
cellsisaround200um.
• Thicknessoflightabsorbing layerinthin-film
solarcellsis1-2um.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell
www.sattransusa.com
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FromsolarcellstoPVsystems
AC
110or220V
DC
~0.6V
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15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system
SunPowerCorporation
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Grid-tie(withorwithout
battery)systems
http://www.aladdinsolar.com/pvsystems.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter
Stand-alonesystems
VariousPVsystems
Inverter
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Concentratingphotovoltaics(CPV)
http://www.geni.org/
Cheapoptics+expensivebuthigh-
efficiencymulti-junctionsolarcells.
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Outline
• Historyofphotovoltaic(PV)technology
• AreviewofcurrentPVdevicesandsystems
• PVindustry:productionandpricetrend
• Abrightfuture:thedevelopmentofsolar
technologies
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19PhotovoltaicsReport,Fraunhofer,ISE,Freiburg,26 February2018;www.ise,fraunhofer.de
Energypay-backtimeofRooftopPVsystemsinGermany
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20PhotovoltaicsReport,Fraunhofer,ISE,Freiburg,26 February2018;www.ise,fraunhofer.de
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GlobalcumulativePVinstallation
until2016(includesoff-grid)
GlobalPVindustryproduction
byregion(2005-2016)
PhotovoltaicsReport,Fraunhofer,ISE,Freiburg,26 February2018;www.ise,fraunhofer.de
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22PhotovoltaicsReport,Fraunhofer,ISE,Freiburg,26 February2018;www.ise,fraunhofer.de
PriceforPVsystemsinGermany
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U.S.SolarPhotovoltaicSystemCostBenchmark,August2017
https://www.nrel.gov
U.S.PVsystemcostbenchmarksummary(inflationadjusted),2010-2017
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Commercialsiliconmoduleefficiency
1955-2005
Prog.Photovolt:Res.Appl.13,447(2005)
EvolutionofPVmoduleefficiency
PhotovoltaicsReport,Fraunhofer,ISE,Freiburg,26
February2018;www.ise,fraunhofer.de
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25PhotovoltaicsReport,Fraunhofer,ISE,Freiburg,26 February2018;www.ise,fraunhofer.de
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Outline
• Historyofphotovoltaic(PV)technology
• AreviewofcurrentPVdevicesandsystems
• PVindustry
• Abrightfuture:thedevelopmentofsolar
technologies
§ EmergingPVtechnologies
§ Newconcept:artificialphotosynthesis
§ Newdevelopment:Luminescentsolarconcentrators
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ResearchCellEfficiencyRecords(Nov2017)
http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/
Perovskite cells:Solution-processedlight-absorbingmaterials,earth-abundant
elements;Compatibletoroll-to-rollprintingprocess(comparedtosolarcellsby
vacuumdepositionandcrystalgrowth),record-efficiency22.7%.
EmergingPVtechnologies
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Perovskitesolarcells
Solution-processed(CH3NH3)PbI3 organic/inorganichybrid
materialsthathavethesamecrystallinestructureas
perovskite(CaTiO3mineral).
NatureEnergy1,16048(2016)
NatureReviewsMaterials3,18017(2018)
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Newconcept:artificialphotosynthesis
Photosynthesisinplants
Inspiredbynature,solar-to-chemicalenergy:
• CO2 reduction
• Watersplitting(H2 generation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis
ChemPhotoChem2,148(2018)
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Photoelectrochemical/photocatalyticwatersplitting:
NatureReviewsMaterials2,17050(2017)
Science334,645(2011)
Photoelectrochemical/photocatalyticCO2 reduction:
AdvancedScience5,1700275(2018)
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Newdevelopment:Luminescentsolarconcentratorsforbuildingintegratedphotovoltaics(BIPV)
http://www.geni.org/
Traditionalconcentratingphotovoltaics
requiretrackingsystems.
Luminescentsolarconcentratorsforbuildingwindowsandparkingcoverages.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics
NatureReviewsMaterials2,17072(2017)
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XihuaWangResearchGroupattheUniversityofAlbertaworksonquantumdotbasedluminescentsolarconcentrators.
Absorptionandemissionspectraoforganic
dyebasedluminescentsolarconcentrators.
Absorptionandemissionspectraofquantum
dotbasedluminescentsolarconcentrators.
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Solar energy:1.5x105 TWatEarthsurface
0.05%(Earthsurface)x20%(efficiency)=15TW
In2002,globalenergyconsumptionrateis~13.5TW(1012 watts).
In2050,expectedglobalenergyconsumptionrateis~30TW. Nocera,Daedalus112(2006)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy
Futureofsolarelectricity