solar resource measurement importance · solar resource measurements are vital to solar projects!...
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Wil Grady P.E. Southern California Edison
Power Supply NREL PV Solar Resource Workshop Denver 2015
Solar Resource Measurement Importance
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Overview of SCE Large service territory
– 14 million residents – 4.9 million customer accounts – 50,000-square-mile service
area
National leader in environmental solutions
– Energy efficiency – Renewable energy
procurement – Electric transportation – Advanced meters – Smart grid
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SCE’s Solar Programs
For Residential Customers
For Independent Power Producers
For Commercial/Industrial Customers
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SCE’s Renewable Portfolio
Small Hydro 2%
Geothermal 39%
Biomass 2%
Wind 42%
Renewable Resources (billion kWh)
17.7
25.1
2014 Actual
Deliveries
2020 33% RPS
Goal
42% Increase
Actual 2014 Renewable Resources: 23.4% of SCE’s portfolio
In order to meet the 33% RPS requirement, SCE will need to increase its renewable purchases by about 42%.
A large amount of this increase will be with solar resources.
Solar 15%
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SCE Solar Portfolio as of December 2014
PV Operating
2,102 PV Contracted
3,027
Thermal Operating
379
Thermal Contracted
100
Wholesale plus NEM Solar (MW Capacity)
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Solar PV Mounting Arrangements, SCE Portfolio
Single Axis 78.6%
Dual Axis 0.1%
Fixed Tilt 21.4%
SCE’s Solar PV portfolio is increasingly made up of single-axis tracking projects.
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Observations
SCE has been conducting renewables solicitations since 2002, and received its current competitive RPS proposals on February 2, 2015. The majority of contracts recently executed by SCE have been Solar PV. The domination of tracking solar arrays requires increased attention to the
plane of array measurement.
Solar Resource measurements are vital to solar project development and performance monitoring. Poor measurements can directly impact a project’s economics. Consideration of the needs for true plane of array irradiance measurements
must acknowledge model results can never replace direct measurements.
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The Importance of Solar Resource Measurements
Development & Design
Solar Resource Report Site Selection Equipment Selection Performance Models Performance Obligations Forecasted Revenues
Operation
Energy Forecasts Performance Monitoring Cost Responsibility for Energy
Deviations After the Fact Analysis of
Delivery Obligations
Solar resource measurements feed directly into the development, design and operational phases of a project’s life-cycle:
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The Simple Power Curve Input: Plane of Array Irradiance > Output: Electricity
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Energy Forecasts in Organized Markets Organized markets require accurate energy forecasts in order to optimize supply and cost-effectively meet demand.
Many Power Purchase Agreements (“PPAs”) include provisions requiring a minimum level of forecasting accuracy, and may penalize projects for over- or under-producing.
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After the Fact Analysis (“AFA”) of Plant Performance
Production guarantees are generally a function of (i) energy yield factors (in kWh AC per kWp DC per year), and (ii) installed DC ratings, and may be adjusted for equipment degradation.
Guarantees may be compared to actual recorded production, as adjusted for certain “lost output” events as defined in the PPA. Such events may include:
– Grid outages – Curtailment orders – Uncontrollable forces (volcanic eruptions, wildfire, tornados, etc.)
Measured solar irradiance and production model(s) are used to help make these adjustments, by determining what would have been produced but for the lost output event.
Many PPAs include provisions guaranteeing a minimum level of energy production each year, and may include shortfall penalties.
Accurate solar measurements are critical to accurate AFA, and could be the difference between meeting performance or incurring a penalty.
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Summary Solar Resource measurements are vital to solar
projects! – Measurements used for the development cycle impact site
selection and project equipment design. – Production models need accurate solar and weather data. – Performance monitoring of projects demands accurate and
reliable data to inform Operating and Maintenance decisions. – Power Purchase Agreements have performance obligations tied
directly to the Solar Resource measurements. – Poor measurements can directly impact a project’s economics,
both hour to hour and at year-end.
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Wil Grady Southern California Edison
Contract Compliance and Technical Services Power Supply
Questions?
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Back-up Slides
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Project Development Process
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Energy Forecasts and Design Must Have Solar Resource Measurements
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Power Purchase Agreements have Performance Obligations Tied Directly to the Solar Resource Report and Modeling Energy Predictions
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Solar Energy + Equipment = Electricity